INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/alpha DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 1.4.2 on the _a_l_p_h_a platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t. _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on Unix-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally pre- sented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UN*X-like operating system derived from the Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on twenty different system architectures featuring eight distinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 1.4.2 release contains complete binary releases for fifteen different machine types. (The remaining ones are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distri- bution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, The X Window System, and nu- merous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. UUppggrraaddee ppaatthh ttoo NNeettBBSSDD 11..44..22 If you are not installing your system ``from scratch'' but instead are going to upgrade an existing system already running NetBSD you need to know which versions you can upgrade with NetBSD 1.4.2. NetBSD 1.4.2 is an upgrade of NetBSD 1.4.1, NetBSD 1.4 and earlier re- leases of NetBSD such as versions 1.3.3, 1.2 etc. The intermediate development versions of code available on the main trunk in our CVS repository (also known as ``NetBSD-current'') from _a_f_t_e_r the point where the release cycle for 1.4 was started are designated by ver- sion identifiers such as 1.4A, 1.4B, 1.4P etc. These identifiers do not designate releases, but indicate major changes in internal kernel APIs. Note that the kernel from NetBSD 1.4.2 can _n_o_t be used to upgrade a sys- tem running one of those intermediate development versions. Trying to use the NetBSD 1.4.2 kernel on such a system _w_i_l_l in all probability re- sult in problems. Please also note that it is not possible to do a direct ``version'' com- parison between any of the intermediate development versions mentioned above and 1.4.2 to determine if a given feature is present or absent in 1.4.2. The development of 1.4, 1.4.1 and 1.4.2 is done on a separate branch in the CVS repository which was created when the release cylcle for 1.4 was started, and during the release cycles for all these versions selective fixes (with minor impact on the stability of the code on the release branch) have been imported from the main development trunk. So, there are features in 1.4.2 which were not in e.g. 1.4H, but the reverse is also true. MMaajjoorr CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn 11..44..11 aanndd 11..44..22 The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4.1 and 1.4.2 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.2 in the top directory of the source tree. The following are the highlights only. ++oo A driver for the Alteon Gigabit Ethernet cards has been added, see ti(4). ++oo A driver for the Realtek 8129/8239 Fast Ethernet PCI cards have been added, see rl(4). ++oo A driver for the DPT SmartCache and SmartRAID III or IV SCSI adapters has been added, see dpt(4). ++oo A driver for the BOCA IOAT66 6-port ISA serial adapter has been added, see ioat(4). ++oo Support for the X-surf Amiga board has been added. ++oo Support has been added for ext2fs revision 1, with read-only support for the ``sparse super'' and the ``filetype'' options. ++oo BIND has been upgraded to version 8.2.2-P5. ++oo The IPF packet filtering software has been updated to version 3.3.5. ++oo Tcpdump now does hex/ascii dumps of packet contents if asked to do so. ++oo An implementation of the System V user management utilities has been added. ++oo The name ``errno'' is now always a macro which expands to a function call. This is done to ease the integration of thread libraries with the code in both system and third-party libraries. Please include to access the correct definition of ``errno''. ++oo A utility for making temporary files for shell scripts has been added, see mktemp(1). ++oo The automounter utility amd(8) has been updated to fix a security problem. ++oo A security problem in procfs has been fixed. Procfs is not used by default in NetBSD. ++oo The floating point emulation on the ports using the m68k CPU has been reverted to the version in NetBSD 1.4 (the version in 1.4.1 had prob- lems). ++oo Several subsystems have received substantial work, such as RAIDframe, LFS, and the package tools. In addition, many, many bugs have been fixed -- more than 100 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and many other non-reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.4.2 file for the complete list. KKnnoowwnn ccaavveeaattss wwiitthh 11..44..22 The following are the major known issues with NetBSD 1.4.2. ++oo The upgrade of ipf(8) caused a change of the kernel API. Thus, if you are using ipf(8) you need to upgrade both the kernel and the us- er-land utilities to control that feature in order for it to work. ++oo As part of fixing a kernel bug, ``struct vfsnode'' needed to change size. This will unfortunately, and contrary to tradition for patch releases, cause incompatibilities for users of file system LKMs com- piled for 1.4 and 1.4.1. ++oo Although LFS has been improved between 1.4.1 and 1.4.2, it can proba- bly still be characterized as being of ``beta test'' quality, e.g. filling the file system still gives ``interesting'' effects. It should probably not be used to store critical data quite yet. ++oo The version of the IPF packet filtering software in NetBSD 1.4.2 must be enabled with ``ipf -E'' before filtering or NAT rules can be set. Failure to do so may result in a panic. MMaajjoorr CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn 11..44 aanndd 11..44..11 The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4 and 1.4.1 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.1 in the top directory of the source tree. ++oo The NetBSD/alpha port's compatibility for Digital UNIX executables has been greatly improved. ++oo Many bug fixes and improvements of the installation tools and utili- ties. ++oo Support for more PCI serial/parallel cards has been added. ++oo It is now possible to boot NetBSD/i386 on systems with 1GB of RAM. ++oo The floating point emulation on the ports using the m68k CPU has been upgraded. ++oo A fatal problem with /dev/random has been found and fixed. ++oo Support for Alpha 21264 ev6 based systems has been added to NetB- SD/alpha. MMaajjoorr CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn 11..33 aanndd 11..44 The NetBSD 1.4 release is a substantial improvement over its predeces- sors. We have provided numerous significant functional enhancements, in- cluding support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fix- es, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhancements. The results of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize the nearly two years of develop- ment that went into the NetBSD 1.4 release. Some highlights include: ++oo Substantial improvements in the TCP/IP implementation, including nu- merous performance enhancements and bug fixes by Jason Thorpe and others. ++oo A new, high efficiency kernel memory pool allocator by Paul Kranen- burg. This has been integrated into most kernel subsystems. ++oo A new, totally rewritten virtual memory subsystem, UVM, created by Chuck Cranor, which is substantially cleaner and better performing than the old Mach derived VM subsystem. ++oo Improved POSIX and XPG standards compliance. ++oo Completion of the integration of all remaining 4.4BSD Lite-2 kernel improvements and bug fixes that had not been previously integrated. (Integration of all userland components was completed before NetBSD 1.3) ++oo Several new ports, including macppc, bebox, sparc64, next68k, and others, have been integrated into the source tree. ++oo The system compilers have been upgraded to egcs 1.1.1, and the system compiler toolchain now (mostly) uses the latest versions of GNU binu- tils instead of the obsolete versions left over from 4.4BSD Lite. ++oo Everyone's favorite ftp(1) client has been improved even further. See the man page for details. ++oo A new architecture independent console driver, wscons(4), has been integrated into many ports. ++oo Numerous improvements have been made to the audio subsystem support, including support for MIDI device drivers. ++oo Linux compatibility support has been improved. ++oo A number of scheduler enhancements have yielded dramatic improvements in interactive performance and better control of background tasks. ++oo Several network tunneling protocols, including GRE and IP in IP, have been implemented. ++oo Kernel support for the CODA distributed file system has been added. ++oo Manuel Bouyer completed major changes to the IDE support. It is now architecture independent. Major changes have been made to the IDE code for better error handling, improved ATAPI support, 32 bit data I/O support and bus-master DMA support on PCI IDE controllers. ++oo Lennart Augustsson has added full USB support, permitting the use of a wide variety of Universal Serial Bus peripherals. The drivers should easily port to any future platforms that support the PCI bus. See usb(4) for an overview. ++oo RAIDframe, version 1.1, from the Parallel Data Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, has been integrated. Supports RAID levels 0, 1, 4, 5, and more. ++oo Luke Mewburn added nsswitch.conf(5) functionality to the system to specify the search order for system databases. ++oo syslogd(8) now supports listening on multiple sockets, to make the chrooting of servers easier. ++oo Most third party packages have been updated to the latest stable re- lease. As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. There have been many, many Alpha-specific enchancements since the 1.3 re- lease. These include: ++oo Many new system types are supported: -- EB66 Evaluation Board -- ALPHABook 1 -- Digital AlphaServer 4100 systems -- Digital AlphaServer 1000 systems -- Digital AlphaServer 1000A systems -- Digital AlphaServer 800 systems -- Digital Server 330x systems ++oo Jason Thorpe's new virtual memory code provides full support for the alpha's large address space with context switching and translation buffer state optimizations. ++oo Extensive scheduler work enables process nice levels to work as ex- pected, fixing ancient BSD scheduler bugs that affected NetBSD/alpha more than other ports with slower clock Hz defaults. Nice +19 and +20 processes now take no time away from nice +0 programs regardless of load average. ++oo Many new device drivers and sound cards are supported. Floppy disk drives are now supported. ++oo IDE peripheral devices are now supported on Multia and AXPPCI33 sys- tems. ++oo A new multi-volume boot loader allows all supported system types and device drivers to be present on floppy disk media, and enables the _s_y_s_i_n_s_t screen-menu installation program to be included on floppy disks as well. Although two floppies are now used, they load much faster than the single floppy did in 1.3. ++oo Installation from CD and magnetic tape media is now supported. ++oo A new set of boot programs provides considerable operational and per- formance enhancement. NetBSD 1.4.2 on alpha is, as usual, also fully backward compatible with old NetBSD/alpha binaries, so you don't need to recompile all your local programs. TThhee FFuuttuurree ooff NNeettBBSSDD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: ++oo providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. ++oo providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. ++oo providing a better position from which to undertake promotional ac- tivities. ++oo periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even _m_o_r_e hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. In addition, Anonymous CVS access to the NetBSD source tree has been added since NetBSD 1.4.1; see hhttttpp::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//CChhaannggeess//##aannoonnccvvss--aavvaaiillaabbllee We have also added a browsable CVS repository on the web at hhttttpp::////ccvvsswweebb..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ccggii--bbiinn//ccvvsswweebb..ccggii// We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the us- ability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Please refer to hhttttpp::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//SSiitteess//nneett..hhttmmll. NNeettBBSSDD 11..44..22 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 1.4.2 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_1_._4_._2_/ BUGS Known bugs list (somewhat incomplete and out of date). CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.4.2 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one di- rectory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.4.2 has a binary distribution. There are also 'README.export- control' files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution (i.e. the `domestic' portion) that may be subject to export regulations of the United States. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly. The NetBSD project maintains a web page at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..OORRGG//MMiisscc//ccrryyppttoo--eexxppoorrtt..hhttmmll which should contain up-to-date information on this issue. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the "source" subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: secrsrc.tgz: This set contains the "domestic" sources. These sources may be subject to United States export regulations. _4_2_1_K _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d gnusrc.tgz: This set contains the "gnu" sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. _1_9_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8_4_._3_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d syssrc.tgz: This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.4.2 ker- nel, config(8), and dbsym(8). _1_3_._9_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _6_8_._3_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d sharesrc.tgz: This set contains the "share" sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any par- ticular program, the sources for the typesettable docu- ment set, the dictionaries, and more. _3_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_1_._9_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d src.tgz: This set contains all of the NetBSD 1.4.2 sources which are not mentioned above. _1_4_._4_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _6_7_._4_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d Most of the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The secrsrc.tgz set is contained in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y subdirectory. This set, which may only be available to users in the United States and Canada, contains the sources normally found in _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c_/_d_o_m_e_s_t_i_c - primarily Kerberos and other cryptographic security related software. (Remember, because of United States law, it may not be legal to distribute this set to locations outside of the Unit- ed States and Canada. Again, see hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..OORRGG//MMiisscc//ccrryyppttoo--eexxppoorrtt..hhttmmll for updated information on this issue.) The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be un- packed into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: ccaatt sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz || gguunnzziipp || ((ccdd //;; ttaarr xxppff -- )) The _s_e_t_s_/_S_p_l_i_t_/ and _s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y_/_S_p_l_i_t_/ subdirectories contain split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are are named "set_name.xx" where "set_name" is the distribution set name, and "xx" is the sequence number of the file, starting with "aa" for the first file in the distribution set, then "ab" for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distribution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with ccaatt as follows: ccaatt sseett__nnaammee..???? || gguunnzziipp || ((ccdd //;; ttaarr xxppff -- )) In each of the source distribution set directories, there is a file named _C_K_S_U_M_S which contains the checksums of the files in that directory, as generated by the cksum(1) utility. You can use cksum to check the in- tegrity of the archives, if you suspect that one of the files is corrupt and have access to a cksum binary. Checksums based on other algorithms may also be present - see the release(7) man page for details. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_a_l_p_h_a _S_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _S_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The alpha-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.4.2 release is found in the _a_l_p_h_a subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_1_._4_._2_/_a_l_p_h_a_/ _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes; this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicat- ing italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _s_e_t_s_/ alpha binary distribution sets; see below. _s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y_/ alpha security distribution; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _f_l_o_p_p_y_/ alpha boot and installation floppies; see be- low. _d_i_s_k_i_m_a_g_e_/ _t_a_p_e_i_m_a_g_e_/ an image file _c_d_h_d_t_a_p_e is included for the case where the installer is written to a CD, hard drive, or tape. This image file is the same for the CD, HD, and tape cases, but a separate _t_a_p_e_i_m_a_g_e_/ directory exists to hold a copy of the README file and to meet the NetBSD release(7) standard. _i_n_s_t_k_e_r_n_e_l_/ contains a _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z installation kernel; this is the same installer kernel as in all the oth- er install images, but without the various boot program and filesystem wrappers. It can be netbooted or diskbooted from a previous instal- lation. Note: there is no need to ungzip this image. _m_i_s_c_/ contains _G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._f_s, a GENERIC kernel in a bootable filesystem image. This is used in some unusual installations as described in the next section. _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s_: There are three bootable images in the NetBSD alpha distribution. One is for a dual-floppy boot and is split into two separate files. The other is a single-file image containing the same install kernel, but intended to be written to a CD, tape, or hard drive. The third image is a GENERIC kernel intended for production use in unusual cases. This can be useful at some sites when: ++oo You want to run diskless but SRM bugs prevent the firmware from net- booting. You can work around this problem by always booting the generic kernel from the floppy. ++oo SRM doesn't recognize your (hard) disk controller but NetBSD does. This happens more frequently than you might think. SRM will usually only boot from ncr(4) or isp(4) SCSI devices, and on most platforms will not boot from an IDE drive. NetBSD will happily operate with almost any SCSI root or an IDE root; the solution here is to netboot a kernel or always boot from floppy. _B_i_n_a_r_y _D_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _S_e_t_s The NetBSD alpha binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 1.4.2 release for the alpha. There are eight binary dis- tribution sets and the _s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y distribution set. The binary distribu- tion sets can be found in the _a_l_p_h_a_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.4.2 distribution tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 1.4.2 alpha bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. _1_5_._0_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _4_0_._0_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. _1_1_._7_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _4_9_._5_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d eettcc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and _c_a_r_e_f_u_l_l_y upgrade your configuration files by hand.) _5_7_K _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_6_0_K _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. _3_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _7_._4_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d kkeerrnn This set contains a NetBSD/alpha 1.4.2 GENERIC kernel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. _1_._4_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_._3_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. _4_._1_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_6_._4_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmiisscc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. _2_._2_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8_._5_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. _1_._3_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _4_._9_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d The alpha security distribution set is named sseeccrr and can be found in the _a_l_p_h_a_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.4.2 distribution tree. It contains security- related binaries which depend on cryptographic source code. You do not need this distribution set to use encrypted passwords in your password file; the bbaassee distribution includes a crypt library which can perform only the one-way encryption function. The security distribution includes a version of the Kerberos IV network security system, and a Kerberized version of telnet(1) program. The sseeccrr distribution set can be found only on those sites which carry the complete NetBSD distribution and which can legally obtain it. Because of United States law, it may not be legal to distribute this set to locations outside of the United States and Canada. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..OORRGG//MMiisscc//ccrryyppttoo--eexxppoorrtt..hhttmmll for updated information on this issue. _1_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 3.3.6. Binary sets for the X Window system are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. _3_._4_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d _1_2_._9_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. _2_._5_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_3_._2_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxccoonnttrriibb Programs that were contributed to X. _2_2_9_k _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8_3_0_k _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxffoonntt Fonts needed by X. _5_._6_M _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _6_._8_M _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d The alpha binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted _b_e_l_o_w the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr xxffpp command from /. _N_o_t_e Each directory in the alpha binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does: All BSDSUM files are historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo 11 _f_i_l_e All CKSUM files are POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm _f_i_l_e. All MD5 files are MD5 digests for the various files in that direc- tory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --mm _f_i_l_e. All SYSVSUM files are historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo --22 _f_i_l_e. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. NNeettBBSSDD//aallpphhaa SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess NetBSD/alpha 1.4.2 runs on most of the DEC Alpha PCI platforms, on all of the TURBOChannel models, on the high end 8200 and 8400 systems, and on the 4100 series. The SRM console is required. This console can be distinguished from the ARC console (which is used to boot Windows NT) by the fact that it has a command line interface, rather than a menu-driven interface. The SRM prompt is ``>>>''. Some platforms have both the SRM console and the ARC console, and can switch between them, and other platforms have only one type of console loaded at any one time. If your system comes up with the ARC firmware, it may be possible to switch it to SRM with a menu or to download SRM from ffttpp::////ggaatteekkeeeeppeerr..ddeecc..ccoomm//ppuubb//DDiiggiittaall//AAllpphhaa//ffiirrmmwwaarree//iinnddeexx..hhttmmll. You may want to buy a firmware update CD from Compaq Computer Corpora- tion. More information on supported platforms and devices can be found on the alpha port web pages at _: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//. A basic system will fit on a 200 MB disk (including swap) without too much difficulty, but you will probably want at least 500 MB of disk to have any level of comfort. Although it is actually possible to boot and install NetBSD/alpha in only 16 MB of RAM, you will want to have at least 32 MB. We support add-in devices on the PCI, ISA, EISA and TurboChannel buses. Because NetBSD has an extremely machine-independent device driver system, many device drivers are the same as used in other ports that use the same bus. For example, the `de' network card driver is shared by the i386 and Alpha ports. Some drivers on inspection appear as if they will work on the al- pha but have not been tested because that hardware was not available to NetBSD testers; these are marked as _u_n_t_e_s_t_e_d below. If you have one of these devices, and it does work, please get in touch with _p_o_r_t_-_a_l_p_h_a_- _m_a_i_n_t_a_i_n_e_r_@_n_e_t_b_s_d_._o_r_g and let us know that it works. If it doesn't work, do the same thing and we can probably fix it pretty easily. Supported devices by bus type are: ++oo PCI Bus ++oo Graphics Adapters -- VGA-compatible video (pcivga) -- ZLXp-E1 DECchip 21030-based video, _t_g_a _N_o_t_e ZLXp-E2 and ZLXp-E3 boards are not supported in NetBSD 1.4.2. ++oo Network Cards -- DECchip 21x40-family 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet (de) -- DEC DEFPA FDDI (fpa) -- PCI LANCE Ethernet (le, UNTESTED) -- Efficient Networks ENI-155p ATM (en, UNTESTED) -- 3Com 3c59x and 3c90x (except 3c906) 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet (ep) -- Intel EtherExpress Pro 10/100B PCI Ethernet (fxp, UNTESTED) ++oo SCSI Controllers -- Adaptec 294x, 394x, AIC-7850, AIC-7860, AIC-7870 and AIC-7880 SCSI (ahc) -- BusLogic 9xx SCSI (bha, Works on Alpha PC164) -- Qlogic ISP 10x0-family SCSI (isp) -- NCR/Symbios 53c8xx-family SCSI (ncr, NCR825 Doesn't always work) ++oo Miscellaneous Devices Cyclades Cyclom-Y serial boards (cy, UNTESTED) -- PCI-PCI bridges (ppb, tested with the DECchip 21050, but should work with all bridges and system firmware revisions that comply with the PCI-PCI bridge specification) ++oo ISA Bus ++oo Network Cards -- 3Com 3c509 Ethernet (ep) -- DEC DE200,DE201,DE202 (le) -- DEC DE203,DE204,DE205 (lc) ++oo Miscellaneous Devices -- PC-style parallel ports (lpt) -- NS16450 and NS16550 UARTs (com) -- ISA multi-port 16x50 boards (such as ast, boca--only boca has been tested) ++oo EISA Bus ++oo Network Cards -- DEC DEFEA FDDI (fea) -- 3Com 3c5xx series (ed, UNTESTED) ++oo SCSI Controllers -- Adaptec 274x and aic7770 SCSI (ahc, UNTESTED) -- BusLogic 7xx SCSI (bha, UNTESTED) ++oo Turbochannel Bus ++oo Graphics Adapters -- CFB video (PMAG-BA, cfb) -- SFB video (PMAGB-BA, sfb) _N_o_t_e Although these boards are supported by NetBSD/alpha, since there is no keyboard or mouse support available for the TurboChannel systems, they aren't very useful. ++oo Network Cards -- DEC LANCE Ethernet (PMAD-AA, le, UNTESTED) -- DEC DEFTA FDDI (PMAF-F, fta) _N_o_t_e Note that PC-style floppy disk drives are not supported in 1.3 (except to boot from), but are supported to some degree in NetBSD- current. _N_o_t_e Note that some devices, especially ISA-based devices, have to have certain settings set properly for the install and GENERIC kernels to detect them. (Once installed, you can always rebuild your own kernel to detect them anywhere you wish, of course.) Here is a list of such devices and the necessary settings: Device Name Port IRQ DRQ Misc ------ ---- ---- --- --- ---- Serial ports com0 0x3f8 4 [8250/16450/16550/clones] com1 0x2f8 3 [8250/16450/16550/clones] com2 0x3e8 5 [8250/16450/16550/clones] Parallel ports lpt0 0x378 7 [interrupt-driven or polling] lpt1 0x278 [polling only] lpt2 0x3bc [polling only] AHA-174x SCSI host adapters (in enhanced mode) ahb0 any any any AHA-2X4X or AIC-7XXX-based SCSI host adapters ahc0 any any any Bus Logic BT445, BT74x, or BT9xx SCSI host adapters bha0 0x330 any any bha1 0x334 any any MFM/ESDI/IDE/RLL hard disk controllers wdc0 0x1f0 14 [supports two devices] wdc1 0x170 15 [supports two devices] ATA disks wd0, wd1, ... SCSI disks sd0, sd1, ... SCSI tapes st0, st1, ... SCSI and ATAPI CD-ROMs cd0, cd1, ... For each SCSI and IDE controller found, the SCSI or ATA(PI) devices present on the bus are probed in increasing id order for SCSI and master/slave order for ATA(PI). So the first SCSI drive found will be called sd0, the second sd1, and so on ... 3COM 3x59X or 3COM 3x90X PCI Ethernet boards ep0 any any [you must assign an interrupt in your PCI BIOS, or let it do so for you] Intel EtherExpress 100 Fast Ethernet adapters fxp0 any any [you must assign an interrupt in your PCI BIOS, or let it do so for you] DEC DE200,201,202 EtherWORKS II/Turbo ISA Ethernet boards le? 0x300 5 memory at D0000-DFFFF le? 0x200 10 memory at D8000-DFFFF You should enter the following SRM console command to enable the le device: >>> isacfg -mk -slot ? -dev 0 -handle DE200-LE -irq0 5 -membase0 d0000 -memlen0 10000 -iobase0 300 -etyp 1 -enadev 1 DEC DE203,204,205 EtherWORKS III ISA Ethernet boards lc0 0x300 any lc1 0x320 any You should enter the following SRM console command to enable the device: >>> add_de205 GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa A large number of different media types can be used to hold the binary distribution sets, but they must originally be obtained from the NetBSD project via a mechanism from the list below. ++oo FTP ++oo Remote NFS partition ++oo CD-ROM The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation de- pend on which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below. _N_F_S _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that direc- tory mountable by the machine on which you are in- stalling or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably re- quire modifying the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on of the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privi- leges on the server.) You need to know the the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP ad- dress of the closest router . Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine it- self. The install program will ask you to provide this information to be able to access the sets. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can start the actual installation process. _F_T_P _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Determine an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install. You will need to know the IP address of your nameserver or of your ftp site, and, if it's not on a network direct- ly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD ma- chine itself. The install program will ask you to pro- vide this information to be able to access the sets via ftp. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the actual installation. Upgrade If you are upgrading NetBSD, you also have the option of installing NetBSD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, you must do the following: Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade some- where in your current file system tree. Please note that the _/_d_e_v on the floppy used for upgrades only knows about wd0, wd1, sd0, sd1 and sd2. If you have more than two IDE drives or more than three SCSI drives, you should take care not to place the sets on the high numbered drives. At a bare minimum, you must upgrade the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution, and so must put the bbaassee and kkeerrnn sets somewhere in your file system. If you wish, you can do the other sets, as well, but you should _n_o_t up- grade the eettcc distribution; it contains system configu- ration files that you should review and update by hand. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the upgrade process, actually upgrading your system. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD IInnssttaallllaattiioonn If you have any data on your disks that you want to keep, _b_a_c_k _i_t _u_p be- fore starting. Note that NetBSD/alpha does not support booting more than one operating system from a single disk, although it's fine to have mul- tiple operating systems on your machine if you have a separate disk for NetBSD, or if one of them uses a network boot. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm Installation of NetBSD/alpha is now easier than ever! For the latest news, problem reports, and discussion, join the port-alpha mainlist by mailing a line saying subscribe port-alpha to _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_n_e_t_s_b_d_._o_r_g. Also, see hhttttpp::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg for more infor- mation. If you encounter any problems, please report them via the mailing list or the send-pr(1) program so that they can be fixed for the next release. To install or upgrade NetBSD, you need to first boot an installation pro- gram and then interact with the screen-menu program ssyyssiinnsstt. The instal- lation program actually consists of the NetBSD kernel plus an in-memory file system of utility programs. The usual procedure is to write the installation system to a floppy disk set and then boot from the floppies, however, there are now six ways to boot the NetBSD/alpha installation system! Each approach loads the exact same installation bits. The six paths are: 1. Floppy disk boot 2. CD boot 3. Hard Drive Boot 4. Magnetic Tape Boot 5. Existing Root FS Boot 6. Network boot In all cases, you need to transfer a bootable image of the installation system from the NetBSD CD or from an ftp site to the chosen media type. Although booting from floppy is the usual path, the hard drive boot is useful if you have another operating system (and a spare drive) already installed, or if you don't mind swapping hard drives from box to box. CD and tape boots are nice and fast if you have a CD writer or a tape format in common with another previously installed Unix-like system. Finally, most versions of SRM can locate the NetBSD boot program nneettbboooott via bootp and download it via tftp, nneettbboooott then mounts the root file system via NFS and loads the kernel. 1. Floppy disk boot The 3.5", 1.44 MB boot floppy set is found under the NetBSD/alpha 1.4.2 distribution directory in _a_l_p_h_a_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/ as two files called _d_i_s_k_1_o_f_2 and _d_i_s_k_2_o_f_2. You need to put these two disk images on two floppy disks. If you have a Unix system handy, you can do this with commands like the following: dd if=disk1of2 of=/dev/rfd0a bs=18k dd if=disk2of2 of=/dev/rfd0a bs=18k If the Unix system you are using is not a NetBSD system, you will probably need to replace /dev/rfd0a with the name of the floppy de- vice on your particular system. If you have an MS-DOS or Windows system available, you can use the rraawwrriittee..eexxee utility to transfer the image to a floppy disk. This utility is provided with the NetBSD/i386 install tools, under _i_3_8_6_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c; a documentation file, rraawwrriittee..ddoocc is avail- able there as well. Once the floppy has been made, you simply need to put it in the drive and type >>> B DVA0 2. CD boot 3. Hard Drive boot 4. Magnetic Tape Boot All three of these media types use the same initial image: .../installation/diskimage/cdhdtape The image can be written to a hard drive partition with a command like: dd if=cdhdtape bs=16k of=/dev/rsd0c To boot from a magnetic tape device such as DAT or DLT, it is impor- tant to create the tape image with 512-byte records. Use a command like: dd if=cdhdtape bs=512 of=/dev/rst0 If the host system is not NetBSD, the names of the destination de- vices are likely to be different. Be sure to use a ``raw partition'' device that doesn't skip over labels! The use of CD-R devices varies greatly depending on the host OS and host software; it isn't possible to give typical instructions here. 5. Existing Root FS Boot The installation subdirectory _i_n_s_t_k_e_r_n_e_l_/ contains _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z; this is the same install kernel but without a bootable filesystem image wrapped around it. You can perform an complete reinstall by begin- ning it as an upgrade, and booting this kernel in the normal way off the root file system of a previous installation. The gzipped image can be booted directly; it is not necessary to un- compress it first. 6. Network Boot Booting NetBSD/alpha 1.4.2 over a network requires a BOOTP or DHCP server, a TFTP server and an NFS server. (These are usually all run on the same machine.) There are three basic stages to the boot: ++oo Alpha console software sends a BOOTP request to get its own ad- dress, the address of the TFTP server and the file to download. It downloads this file, which is the second stage bootstrap, via TFTP and then executes it. ++oo The secondary boot program resends the BOOTP request, this time also locating the NFS server and root path. It mounts the root path via NFS and reads in and transfers to the kernel: _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. ++oo The kernel probes and configures the devices, and then sends out another BOOTP request so it can find out its address, the NFS server, and path. It then mounts its root via NFS and continues. You will need to set up servers for BOOTP, TFTP and NFS. If you want to run a full system from the network, untar the NetBSD snapshot or distribution into a directory on your server and NFS ex- port that directory to the client. Make sure you put a kernel there as well, and create the device nodes in _/_d_e_v with sshh ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll. Detailed instructions on netbooting can be found by visiting the NetBSD Alpha platform page: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//aallpphhaa At the time of this release, the URL for the netbooting instructions is: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//PPoorrttss//aallpphhaa//nneettbboooott..hhttmmll You'll want to map root to root (rather than the default nobody) when you export your root filesystem. A typical _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s line on a NetBSD system would be: /usr/export/alpha -maproot=0 myclient.mydom.com One option is to load just the install kernel over the network but then proceed to a normal disk-based install and disk-based opera- tion. (Perhaps the Alpha doesn't have a floppy drive, or you just don't want to use a Micro$oft Window$ system to make the floppy; we understand.) For this case, you still need to export an NFS root, but the only thing it needs to have in it is the instkernel image from the dis- tribution. The gzipped image can be booted directly; it is not necessary to un- compress it first. The console will be using TFTP to load the NetBSD boot program, so for the TFTP setup, you need to copy the second stage bootstrap, nneettbboooott, into an appropriately named file such as boot.netbsd.alpha in the directory used by your TFTP server. If you extracted a full snapshot, you can get the netboot program from _/_u_s_r_/_m_d_e_c_/_n_e_t_b_o_o_t; if not, you can get this from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_n_e_t_b_o_o_t directory where you found the alpha distribution. For the BOOTP server you need to specify the: ++oo hardware type (Ethernet) ++oo hardware address (Ethernet MAC address) ++oo IP address of the client ++oo subnet mask of the client ++oo address of of the TFTP/NFS server ++oo name of the second stage bootstrap loaded via TFTP ++oo path to the root for the client (mounted via NFS) Here's an example for a Unix system running bootpd: myhost.mydom.com: :ht=ethernet:ha=0000c0391ae4:\ :ip=192.168.1.2:sm=255.255.255.0:\ :sa=192.168.1.1:bf=boot.netbsd.alpha:rp=/usr/export/alpha: And here's an example for a Unix system running the ISC dhcpd: host axp { hardware ethernet 0:0:c0:39:1a:e4; fixed-address 192.168.1.2; option host-name "myhost.mydom.com"; filename "boot.netbsd.alpha"; option root-path "/usr/export/alpha"; option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1; option broadcast-address 255.255.255.0; option domain-name "my.domain"; } The only Ethernet device the console on most Alpha systems knows how to boot from is the onboard Ethernet interface or a DEC Tulip (21040, 21041, 21140) PCI Ethernet card. Some older SMC 100 Mbps cards that use this chip have been known to work as well. Many older systems will not be able to use the newer 2.0 stepping of the 21140, however. If your system appears not to be receiving packets, this may be the problem. (You may or may not be able to update your firmware to fix this; see the alpha port pages on www.netbsd.org for more information on this.) In general, 10 Mb cards from manufactur- ers other than DEC will work, and 100 Mb cards not from DEC will not. Once you're set up, you should be able to boot with: >>> boot -proto bootp ewa0 You should permanently set your protocol to BOOTP with: >>> set ewa0_protocols bootp The 3000 series of Turbochannel systems and certain other models use _o_l_d _S_R_M, do not have a --pprroottoo option and use different device names. They also tend to not netboot very well so you probably don't need to worry about this section. However, if you want to give it a try, note the following differences: ++oo There is no --_p_r_o_t_o argument, or eewwaa00__pprroottooccoollss variable. Old SRM uses bootp if the device name is given as eezz00. ++oo The use of the setnetbootinfo(8) program will probably al- so be necessary, as it is unlikely that an SRM from that era will properly communicate the ethernet HW address to the boot program. ++oo Example: >>> boot ez0 _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _S_y_s_i_n_s_t _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _P_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. You still should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guideline for the installation and as such covers many details to be completed. Do not let this discourage you, the install program is not hard to use. 2. _P_o_s_s_i_b_l_e PCMCIA _i_s_s_u_e_s There is a serious bug that may make installation of NetBSD on PCMCIA machines difficult. This bug does not make _u_s_e of PCMCIA dif- ficult once a machine is installed. If you do not have PCMCIA on your machine ( PCMCIA is only really used on laptop machines), you can skip this section, and ignore the ``[PCMCIA]'' notes. This will explain how to work around the installation problem. What is the bug: The kernel keeps careful track of what interrupts and i/o ports are in use during autoconfiguration. It then allows the PCMCIA devices to pick unused interrupts and ports. Unfortu- nately, not all devices are included in the INSTALL kernels in order to save space. Let's say your laptop has a soundblaster device built in. The INSTALL kernel has no sound support. The PCMCIA code might allocate your soundblaster's IRQ and I/O ports to PCMCIA devices, causing them not to work. This is especially bad if one of the de- vices in question is your ethernet card. This problem will impact some, but not all, users of PCMCIA. If this bug is affecting you, watch the [PCMCIA] notes that will appear in this document. 3. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu driv- en installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the in- stallation. Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit Control- C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch. 4. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to section 3. This section describes a basic installa- tion, using a CD-ROM install as an example. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD). -- Two floppy disks. One 1.44M 3.5" floppy. -- A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), a harddisk and a minimum of 32Mb of memory installed. -- The harddisk should have at least 200 + _n megabytes of space free, where _n is the number of megabytes of main memory in your system. If you wish to install the X window system as well, you will need at least 60Mb more. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Insert the first boot floppy you just created. Boot the computer. Type >>> BB DDVVAA00 The main menu will be displayed. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the uuttiilliittiieess menu and then ccoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose iinnssttaallll -- You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of your disk, and the selection of distributed components to install. When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document for details. -- After your disk has been prepared, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the medium. The default values for the path and device should be ok. -- After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main menu and select rreebboooott, after you have removed the bootflop- py from the drive. -- NetBSD will now boot. You should log in as root, and set a password for that account. You are also advised to edit the file _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f to match your system needs. -- Your installation is now complete. -- For configuring the X window system, if installed, see the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc. Further information can be found on hhttttpp::////wwwwww..xxffrreeee8866..oorrgg// 5. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g NetBSD [PCMCIA] Unplug your PCMCIA devices, so that they won't be found by NetBSD. Boot your machine using the boot floppy. The boot loader will start, and will print a countdown and begin booting. If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reasonable amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that. It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy, probably around a minute or so, then, the kernel boot messages will be dis- played. This may take a little while also, as NetBSD will be probing your system to discover which hardware devices are installed. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Note that, once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 6. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n [PCMCIA] You can skip this section, as you will only get data from floppy in the first part of the install. If you will not use network operation during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the utilities menu, and select CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk ooppttiioonn. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using Domain Name Service (DNS), you can give an empty response in reply to answers relating to this. 7. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s To start the installation, select the menu option to install NetBSD from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. ssyyssiinnsstt will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. Depending on how many disks are found, you may get a different message. You should see disk names like wd0, wd1, sd0, or sd1. Next, depending on whether you are using a wd_x or wd_x disk, you will either be asked for the type of disk (wd_x) you are using or you will be asked if you want to specify a fake geometry for your SCSI disk (sd_x). The types of disk are be IDE, ST-506 or ESDI. If you're in- stalling on an ST-506 or ESDI drive, you'll be asked if your disk supports automatic sector forwarding. If you are _s_u_r_e that it does, reply affirmatively. Otherwise, the install program will automati- cally reserve space for bad144 tables. 8. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k_. ++oo Which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, it will be checked if there are already other systems present on the disk, and you will be asked to confirm whether you want to overwrite these. If you want to use the entire disk for NetBSD, you can skip the following section and go to _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e NetBSD _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. ++oo _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e NetBSD _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. There are 3 layouts for the NetBSD part of the disk that you can pick from: SSttaannddaarrdd,, SSttaannddaarrdd wwiitthh XX and CCuussttoomm. The first two use a set of default values (that you can change) suitable for a normal installation, possibly including X. The last option lets you specify everything yourself. You will be presented with the current layout of the NetBSD disklabel, and given a chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 44..22BBSSDD. A swap partition has a special type called sswwaapp. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. Partition aa is always the root partition, bb is the swap partition, and cc is the whole disk. Partitions ee--hh are available for other use. Traditionally, dd is the partition mounted on the _/_u_s_r directory, but this is historical practice, not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The de- fault response is mmyyddiisskk. For most purposes this will be OK. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 9. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, enter yes at the prompt. The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys- tems you specified. The filesystems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 10. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s_. The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s, that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. A few sets must be installed for a working system, others are optional. At this point of the installa- tion, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to section 9 11. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _f_t_p To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of the install procedure. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you to provide some data, like IP number, hostname, etc. If you do not have name service set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press return in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, and the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp. If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP number instead of a hostname for the ftp serv- er. ssyyssiinnsstt will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 12. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of the install procedure. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you to provide some data, like IP number, hostname, etc. If you do not have name service set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press return in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e. correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP number instead of a host- name for the NFS server. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the de- vice name for your CD-ROM player (usually cd0), and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets. 14. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e_s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local filesystem, you will need to speci- fy the device that the filesystem resides on (for example wd1e) the type of the filesystem, and the directory on the specified filesys- tem where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 15. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a filesystem that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 16. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s After the install sets containing the NetBSD distribution have been made available, you can either extract all the sets (a full instal- lation), or only extract sets that you have selected. In the latter case you will be shown the currently selected sets, and given the opportunity to select the sets you want. Some sets always need to be installed (kkeerrnn,, bbaassee and eettcc) they will not be shown in this selec- tion menu. Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being ex- tracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably, especially on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles. After all the files have been extracted, all the necessary device node files will be created. If you have already configured network- ing, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the net- work configuration files. 17. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_. Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 1.4.2. You can now reboot the machine, and boot from harddisk. _M_a_n_u_a_l _a_n_d _S_c_r_i_p_t_-_A_s_s_i_s_t_e_d _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n All of the installation procedures consist of putting a label on the disk to provide information on the sizes and placement of the partitions into which the disk is divided, putting the boot blocks on the disk, creating the filesystems on the partitions, and unpacking the distribution tar archives. 1. Disk prep: label, boot block, and file system setup A. Manual Install from the Shell Prompt The normal installation involves running the install shell script and interactively configuring the file systems, and then simply unpacking the tar files into these followed by running MAKEDEV. However, as stated above it is also possible to do the instal- lation yourself from the shell, and in any case it is helpful to understand what the install script does. The procedure is: ++oo create _/_e_t_c_/_d_i_s_k_t_a_b, see disktab(5) ++oo run disklabel(8), ++oo run newfs(8) ++oo mount(8) the new root on _/_m_n_t ++oo cd to _/_u_s_r_/_m_d_e_c and run installboot(8) If you are reviewing man pages on NetBSD platforms other than alpha, be sure that when reading installboot(8) you read the alpha version by typing: "man 8 alpha/installboot". At this point you need only unpack the distribution sets by running tar(1) as described below. B. /install and /upgrade traditional installation scripts The install and upgrade scripts are still there, so by exiting the sysinst program you can type install or upgrade at the shell prompt and run them as you did in the good old days. You may install on either a SCSI or an IDE disk; you will be prompted for the disk to install on. The disks in your system will be numbered starting at xd0 (where x is an `s' for SCSI disks, `w' for IDE disks) based on the SCSI ID or IDE drive or- der; if you have more than one disk, watch the boot messages carefully to see which ones are probed as which numbers. Once you've selected a disk to install on, you'll be prompted for the geometry. This is also displayed in the boot messages, and you'll be given a chance to review the boot messages again to get the exact figures for the number of cylinders, heads and sectors. After this you must specify the size of your partitions. Gen- erally you'll be giving the sizes in cylinders; the install program will tell you how many bytes there are in each cylin- der. The swap partition is the second thing you specify, after the root partition. Regardless of the size of your disk, you'll want to specify a swap partition that's at least as large as the amount of RAM you have, and probably not less than 64 MB in any case. If you have a small disk (under 500 MB), it's probably best to devote all of the disk (excepting 64 MB or more for the swap) to the root partition. If you have more space, we recommend devoting at least 32 MB, and preferably 48 MB, to the root partition. _/_u_s_r will need 150 MB or so if you're not installing X, 200 MB or so if you are. A typical organization is 50 MB for root, 150-250 MB for swap, and the remaining space for _/_u_s_r. With enough swap space configured, you can make _/_t_m_p a nice, fast mfs. See mount_mfs(8), and note that the mfs will require swap space for the largest planned amount of _/_t_m_p storage. It doesn't return space when files are deleted, but just keeps it its own freel- ist so the swap space required is equal to the highwater mark of _/_t_m_p use, plus space required to back up main memory and store inactive images. Once you've specified this information, the install script will write the disklabel, install boot blocks to make the disk bootable, initialise the filesystems, and mount them all under _/_m_n_t. You are now ready to go on to the next step. 2. Configuration: arranging access to the distribution sets After doing the disk and file system setup with either shell com- mands or the script assist, you then need only unpack the distribu- tion sets with the tar(1) command. To do this you will need access from the target host to the tar files that contain the operating system in order to extract them to your disk. This is done via an NFS or FTP transfer over a network, via a CD-ROM archive, a tape archive, or by preloading an accessible hard drive with the necesary tar files. ++oo Preparing to Install from a CD-ROM All you need to do is mount the CD-ROM, which will generally be device cd0. (The initial boot messages will tell you what the CD-ROM drive is probed as.) This would be done with: mount -r -t cd9660 /dev/cd0a /mnt2 ++oo Preparing to Install from the Network The first thing you need to do is configure the loopback network interface, which is done with the command ifconfig lo0 127.0.0.1 Then you will have to configure your Ethernet card. The command ifconfig -l will give you a list of the network interfaces on your system. It will show you your ethernet cards first, followed by lo0 (the loopback interface that we configured above), ppp0 (the PPP in- terface) and sl0 (the SLIP interface). To configure your ethernet card, type iiffccoonnffiigg _i_f inet _a_d_d_r [netmask] [media _m_e_d_i_a] where _i_f is the network card (inter- face), almost always de0, _a_d_d_r is the IP address, the optional _n_e_t_m_a_s_k parameter is the network mask, and the optional _m_e_d_i_a parameter is one of: 10base2 BNC connector 10 Mbps AUI AUI connector 10 Mbps 10baseT/UTP Twisted pair connector 10 Mbps 100baseTX Twisted pair connector 100 Mbps 100baseFX Fibre-optic connector 100 Mbps 100baseT4 T4 twisted pair interface 100 Mbps If the host you are getting the data files from is not on the local network, you will also have to configure a gateway into your system. Do this with route add default One improvement over the good old days is that the resolver is now present; by configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f you can get name resolution during any install NFS or FTP operations. Once networking has been configured, you may mount the directory with the install files via NFS, or download them via FTP. To mount them via nfs, type mount -t nfs /mnt2 If this volume has been exported read-only, you may need the `-r' option to mount. To download the install sets with ftp, create a directory in which to put them and then use the ftp client to download them. Mirror sites are listed at: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//SSiitteess//nneett..hhttmmll A typical session might be: mkdir /mnt/usr/release cd /mnt/usr/release ftp ftp.netbsd.org [the following commmands are given to the ftp program after log- ging in] prompt cd /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.4.2/alpha/binary/sets mget * bye Feel free, of course, to leave off the sets that you don't need if you don't plan to install everything. 3. Unpack distribution sets: Extracting the Operating System Files Change to the root directory of your hard drive (which is _/_m_n_t if you've used the standard install script to this point) by typing cd /mnt For this and the following commands, replace _/_m_n_t_/_u_s_r_/_r_e_l_e_a_s_e_/ with the path to your NFS volume or CD-ROM if that's how you chose to ac- cess your install files instead. The sets and kernel are extracted with cd /mnt for i in base kern comp etc games man misc text; do tar xpzf /mnt/usr/release/$i.tgz; done or perhaps: cd /mnt for i in /mnt/usr/release/*.tgz; do echo $i tar xpzf $i done Now make the device nodes: cd /mnt/dev sh ./MAKEDEV all 4. Restart your system Unmount the file systems and halt. The exact instructions to type here will depend on the file systems you created, but typically the commands are: cd / umount /mnt/usr umount /mnt sync # not needed but traditional halt You should now be at the SRM console's >>> prompt and can reboot in- to the new configuration (possibly after an optional power cycle) with a command such as: boot dka0 This command might be: bboooott ddkkaa110000 if your drive is on ID 1. You can usually use sshhooww ddeevviiccee to see a full list of bootable devices in your system. Your system will come up in single-user mode, ready for you to configure it. You can create the floppy needed for installation under DOS or Windows. Supposing your 1.44M floppy drive is drive A:, and your CD is drive EE::, do the following from an MS-DOS command prompt: ee:: ccdd \\NNeettBBSSDD--11..44..22\\iinnssttaallllaattiioonn\\mmiisscc rraawwrriittee When asked for a source filename, answer ......\\ffllooppppyy\\ddiisskk11ooff22 When asked for a destination drive answer aa (Repeat the procedure for _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_d_i_s_k_2_o_f_2.) PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a propperly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root filesystem mounted read-write. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply hit return to get to a prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and hit return. At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. If your _/_u_s_r directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use 'ed' or 'ex', you will have to mount your _/_u_s_r partition to gain access to 'vi'. Do the follow- ing: mmoouunntt //uussrr eexxppoorrtt TTEERRMM==vvtt222200 If you have _/_v_a_r on a seperate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f with vi(1). When you have finished, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked en- vironment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e, furthermore add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your interface , along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Other files in _/_e_t_c that are new to NetBSD 1.4 and may require modi- fication or setting up include _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f, _/_e_t_c_/_n_s_s_w_i_t_c_h_._c_o_n_f and _/_e_t_c_/_w_s_c_o_n_s_._c_o_n_f. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords. 3. Adding accounts Use the vipw(8) command to add accounts to your system, _d_o _n_o_t edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly. See adduser(8) for more information on the process of how to add a new user to the system. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X window system, look at the files in _/_u_s_r_/_X_1_1_R_6_/_l_i_b_/_X_1_1_/_d_o_c for information. Don't forget to add _/_u_s_r_/_X_1_1_R_6_/_b_i_n to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing 3rd party packages There is a lot of software freely available for Unix-based systems, almost all of which can run on NetBSD. Modifications are usually needed to when transferring programs between different Unix-like systems, so the NetBSD packages collection incorporates any such changes necessary to make that software run on NetBSD, and makes the installation (and deinstallation) of the software packages easy. There's also the option of building a package from source, in case there's no precompiled binary available. Precompiled binaries can be found at ffttpp::////ffttpp..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess// Package sources for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file ffttpp::////ffttpp..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD-- ccuurrrreenntt//ttaarr__ffiilleess//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz and extracting it into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c. See _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_R_E_A_D_M_E then for more information. 6. Misc ++oo To adjust the system to your local timezone, point the _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_c_a_l_t_i_m_e symlink to the appropriate file under _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_z_o_n_e_i_n_f_o. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place (run newaliases(1) afterwards.) ++oo The _/_e_t_c_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l_._c_f file will almost definitely need to be ad- justed; files aiding in this can be found in _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l. See the README file there for more infor- mation. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the manu- al; so just invoking mmaann _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The upgrade to NetBSD 1.4.2 is a binary upgrade; it can be quite diffi- cult to advance to a later version by recompiling from source due primar- ily to interdependencies in the various components. To do the upgrade, you must have the boot floppy set available. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available, so that you can upgrade with them, using one of the upgrade methods de- scribed above. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since the old binaries are being overwritten in place, you only need space for the new binaries, which weren't previ- ously on the system. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root and _/_u_s_r partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the boot blocks on your NetBSD parti- tion, the kernel, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p _a_n_y _i_m_p_o_r_t_a_n_t _d_a_t_a _o_n _y_o_u_r _d_i_s_k, whether on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition, before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure using the ssyyssiinnsstt tool is similar to an installa- tion, but without the hard disk partitioning. Another difference is that existing configuration files in _/_e_t_c are backed up and merged with the new files. Getting the binary sets is done in the same manner as the in- stallation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for how to do this. Also, some sanity checks are done, i.e. filesystems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 1.4.2 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're fin- ished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v , and run the command sh MAKEDEV all You must also deal with certain changes in the formats of some of the configuration files. The most notable change is that the options given to many of the file systems in _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b have changed, and some of the file systems have changed names. To find out what the new options are, it's suggested that you read the manual page for the file systems' mount com- mands, for example mount_nfs(8) for NFS. Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.4.2 _N_o_t_e Only issues effecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.3 or NetBSD 1.3.x are decribed here. ++oo "machine" directory/link in "/usr/include" Description Some architecture may fail to install the ccoommpp set because the /usr/include/machine directory changed to a symbolic link in NetBSD 1.4. Fix If this happens, you can use the command # rrmm --rr //uussrr//iinncclluuddee//mmaacchhiinnee to remove the old directory and it contents and reinstall the ccoommpp set. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by ``name(section)''. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropros(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is op- tional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5)m enter mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_- _c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports in- clude lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_b_u_g_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses. If you're inter- ested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the "owner" of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_h_e_l_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP some- where, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. ++oo Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. ++oo UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. ++oo Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, WWW and SUP server. ++oo Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD Mail server. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo Dave Burgess _b_u_r_g_e_s_s_@_c_y_n_j_u_t_._i_n_f_o_n_e_t_._n_e_t has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. ++oo The following individuals and organiztions (each in alphabetical or- der) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to sup- port NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Steve Allen Jason Birnschein Mason Loring Bliss Jason Brazile Mark Brinicombe David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Scott Ellis Hubert Feyrer Castor Fu Greg Gingerich William Gnadt Michael Graff Guenther Grau Ross Harvey Charles M. Hannum Michael L. Hitch Kenneth Alan Hornstein Jordan K. Hubbard Soren Jorvang Scott Kaplan Noah M. Keiserman John Kohl Chris Legrow Ted Lemon Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger Herb Peyerl Mike Price Dave Rand Michael Richardson Heiko W. Rupp Brad Salai Chuck Silvers Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Ted Spradley Kimmo Suominen Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow Krister Walfridsson Jim Wise Christos Zoulas AboveNet Communications, Inc. Advanced System Products, Inc. Avalon Computer Systems Bay Area Internet Solutions Brains Corporation, Japan Canada Connect Corporation Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology Demon Internet, UK Digital Equipment Corporation Easynet, UK Free Hardware Foundation Innovation Development Enterprises of America Internet Software Consortium MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Piermont Information Systems Inc. VMC Harald Frank, Germany Warped Communications, Inc. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) WWee aarree...... (in alphabetical order) _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _c_o_r_e _g_r_o_u_p_: Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino _i_t_o_j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Frank van der Linden _f_v_d_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Luke Mewburn _l_u_k_e_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G _T_h_e _p_o_r_t_m_a_s_t_e_r_s _(_a_n_d _t_h_e_i_r _p_o_r_t_s_)_: Mark Brinicombe _m_a_r_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G aarrmm3322 Jeremy Cooper _j_e_r_e_m_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ssuunn33xx Ross Harvey _r_o_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G aallpphhaa Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G aammiiggaa Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino _i_t_o_j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G sshh33 Eduardo Horvath _e_e_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ssppaarrcc6644 Paul Kranenburg _p_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ssppaarrcc Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G vvaaxx Tsubai Masanari _t_s_u_b_a_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G mmaaccppppcc Tsubai Masanari _t_s_u_b_a_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G nneewwssmmiippss Minoura Makoto _m_i_n_o_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G xx6688kk Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ppcc553322 Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G mmaacc6688kk Darrin Jewell _d_b_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G nneexxtt6688kk Kazuki Sakamoto _s_a_k_a_m_o_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G bbeebbooxx Wolfgang Solfrank _w_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ooffppppcc Jonathan Stone _j_o_n_a_t_h_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ppmmaaxx Shin Takemura _t_a_k_e_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G hhppccmmiippss Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G hhpp330000 Frank van der Linden _f_v_d_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ii338866 Leo Weppelman _l_e_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G aattaarrii Nathan Williams _n_a_t_h_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G ssuunn33 Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G mmvvmmee6688kk _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _1_._4_._2 _R_e_l_e_a_s_e _E_n_g_i_n_e_e_r_i_n_g _t_e_a_m_: Chris G. Demetriou _c_g_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Havard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Ted Lemon _m_e_l_l_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Perry Metzger _p_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Curt Sampson _c_j_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_e_r_s _a_n_d _o_t_h_e_r _c_o_n_t_r_i_b_u_t_o_r_s_: Steve Allen _w_o_r_m_e_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Julian Assange _p_r_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Lennart Augustsson _a_u_g_u_s_t_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Christoph Badura _b_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Robert V. Baron _r_v_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G John Birrell _j_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Mason Loring Bliss _m_a_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G John Brezak _b_r_e_z_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Allen Briggs _b_r_i_g_g_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Aaron Brown _a_b_r_o_w_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Frederick Bruckman _f_r_e_d_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Jon Buller _j_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Dave Burgess _b_u_r_g_e_s_s_@_c_y_n_j_u_t_._i_n_f_o_n_e_t_._n_e_t Robert Byrnes _b_y_r_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g D'Arcy J.M. Cain _d_a_r_c_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Dave Carrel _c_a_r_r_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Bill Coldwell _b_i_l_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Chuck Cranor _c_h_u_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Aidan Cully _a_i_d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Johan Danielsson _j_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Matt DeBergalis _d_e_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Rob Deker _d_e_k_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Chris G. Demetriou _c_g_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Jaromir Dolecek _j_d_o_l_e_c_e_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Andy Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Roland Dowdeswell _e_l_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Jun Ebihara _j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Havard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Enami Tsugutomo _e_n_a_m_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Bernd Ernesti _v_e_e_g_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Erik Fair _f_a_i_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Hubert Feyrer _h_u_b_e_r_t_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Thorsten Frueauf _f_r_u_e_a_u_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Castor Fu _c_a_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Brian R. Gaeke _b_r_g_@_d_g_a_t_e_._o_r_g Thomas Gerner _t_h_o_m_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Simon J. Gerraty _s_j_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Justin Gibbs _g_i_b_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Adam Glass _g_l_a_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Michael Graff _e_x_p_l_o_r_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Brian C. Grayson _b_g_r_a_y_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Brad Grantham _g_r_a_n_t_h_a_m_@_t_e_n_o_n_._c_o_m Matthew Green _m_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Juergen Hannken-Illjes _h_a_n_n_k_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Charles M. Hannum _m_y_c_r_o_f_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Eric Haszlakiewicz _e_r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G HAYAKAWA Koichi _h_a_y_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Rene Hexel _r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Michael L. Hitch _m_h_i_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Christian E. Hopps _c_h_o_p_p_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Ken Hornstein _k_e_n_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Marc Horowitz _m_a_r_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Dean Huxley _d_e_a_n_@_n_e_t_b_s_d_._o_r_g ITOH Yasufumi _i_t_o_h_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Matthew Jacob _m_j_a_c_o_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj _l_o_n_h_y_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Chris Jones _c_j_o_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Soren Jorvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Antti Kantee _p_o_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Lawrence Kesteloot _k_e_s_t_e_l_o_o_@_c_s_._u_n_c_._e_d_u Thomas Klausner _w_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Klaus Klein _k_l_e_i_n_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G John Kohl _j_t_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Kevin Lahey _k_m_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Johnny C. Lam _j_l_a_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Martin J. Laubach _m_j_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Ted Lemon _m_e_l_l_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Joel Lindholm _j_o_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Mike Long _m_i_k_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Warner Losh _i_m_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Brett Lymn _b_l_y_m_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Paul Mackerras _p_a_u_l_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Dan McMahill _d_m_c_m_a_h_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Neil J. McRae _n_e_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Perry Metzger _p_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G der Mouse _m_o_u_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Joseph Myers _j_s_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Ken Nakata _k_e_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Bob Nestor _r_n_e_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Masaru Oki _o_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Greg Oster _o_s_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Herb Peyerl _h_p_e_y_e_r_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Matthias Pfaller _m_a_t_t_h_i_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Dante Profeta _d_a_n_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Chris Provenzano _p_r_o_v_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Waldi Ravens _w_a_l_d_i_@_m_o_a_c_s_._i_n_d_i_v_._n_l_._n_e_t Darren Reed _d_a_r_r_e_n_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Michael Richardson _m_c_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Gordon Ross _g_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Heiko W. Rupp _h_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G SAITOH Masanobu _m_s_a_i_t_o_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Curt Sampson _c_j_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Wilfredo Sanchez _w_s_a_n_c_h_e_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Ty Sarna _t_s_a_r_n_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G SATO Kazumi _s_a_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Matthias Scheler _t_r_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Karl Schilke (rAT) _r_a_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Konrad Schroder _p_e_r_s_e_a_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Tim Shepard _s_h_e_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Takao Shinohara _s_h_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Chuck Silvers _c_h_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Thor Lancelot Simon _t_l_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Noriyuki Soda _s_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Bill Sommerfeld _s_o_m_m_e_r_f_e_l_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Bill Studenmund _w_r_s_t_u_d_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Kevin Sullivan _s_u_l_l_i_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Kimmo Suominen _k_i_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Christoph Toshok _t_o_s_h_o_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G UCHIYAMA Yasushi _u_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Todd Vierling _t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Aymeric Vincent _a_y_m_e_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Paul Vixie _v_i_x_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Krister Walfridsson _k_r_i_s_t_e_r_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Lex Wennmacher _w_e_n_n_m_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Assar Westerlund _a_s_s_a_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Rob Windsor _w_i_n_d_s_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Dan Winship _d_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Jim Wise _j_w_i_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G Colin Wood _e_n_d_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._O_R_G LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Han- num. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Wash- ington University. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the Uni- versity of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Wep- pelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary De- partment of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Con- sortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the Uni- versity of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. NetBSD 23 March 1999 37