INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/sun3. CONTENTS About this Document............................................1 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Upgrade path to NetBSD 1.5.3...................................2 Major Changes Between 1.5.2 and 1.5.3..........................2 Known Caveats with 1.5.3.......................................4 Major Changes Between 1.5.1 and 1.5.2..........................4 Major Changes Between 1.5 and 1.5.1............................4 Changes Between The NetBSD 1.4 and 1.5 Releases................6 Kernel......................................................7 Networking..................................................7 File system.................................................7 Security....................................................8 System administration and user tools........................8 Miscellaneous...............................................8 The Future of NetBSD...........................................9 Sources of NetBSD..............................................9 NetBSD 1.5.3 Release Contents..................................9 NetBSD/sun3 subdirectory structure.........................11 Binary distribution sets...................................11 NetBSD/sun3 System Requirements and Supported Devices.........13 Supported hardware.........................................13 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................14 Creating boot/install tapes................................14 Boot/Install from NFS server...............................15 Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM................................15 Install/Upgrade via FTP....................................15 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................16 Installing the NetBSD System..................................16 Installing from tape.......................................16 Installing from NFS........................................17 Installing from SunOS......................................18 Booting the Miniroot.......................................18 Miniroot install program...................................19 Post installation steps.......................................19 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................21 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............23 General issues.............................................23 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.4 or prior.......23 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................24 Administrivia.................................................24 Thanks go to..................................................25 We are........................................................27 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................31 The End.......................................................32 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 1.5.3 on the sun3 platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on thirty-one different system architectures featuring twelve dis- tinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 1.5.3 re- lease contains complete binary releases for fifteen different machine types. (The sixteen remaining are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Upgrade path to NetBSD 1.5.3 If you are not installing your system ``from scratch'' but instead are going to upgrade an existing system already running NetBSD you need to know which versions you can upgrade with NetBSD 1.5.3. NetBSD 1.5.3 is an upgrade of NetBSD 1.5, 1.5.1, 1.5.2, and earlier major and maintenance releases of NetBSD. The intermediate development versions of code available on the main trunk in our CVS repository (also known as ``NetBSD-current'') from after the point where the release cycle for 1.5 was started are designated by ver- sion identifiers such as 1.5A, 1.5B, etc. These identifiers do not des- ignate releases, but indicate major changes in internal kernel APIs. Note that the kernel from NetBSD 1.5.3 can not be used to upgrade a sys- tem running one of those intermediate development versions. Trying to use the NetBSD 1.5.3 kernel on such a system will probably result in problems. Please also note that it is not possible to do a direct ``version'' com- parison between any of the intermediate development versions mentioned above and 1.5.3 to determine if a given feature is present or absent in 1.5.3. The development of 1.5 and the subsequent maintenance releases is done on a separate branch in the CVS repository. The branch was created when the release cycle for 1.5 was started, and during the release cycle of 1.5 and its maintenance releases, selected fixes and enhancements have been imported from the main development trunk. So, there are features in 1.5.3 which were not in, e.g. 1.5B, and vice versa. Major Changes Between 1.5.2 and 1.5.3 Some highlights are: o lpd(8) has been fixed to deal with a security issue (SA2001-018). o Drivers for Mylex DAC960, Compaq EISA array controllers, and I2O block/SCSI devices added. This has caused ca(4) to be replaced by ld(4). Drivers for the Mylex DAC960 management interface and DPT/Adaptec I2O RAID management interface has also been added. See dpti(4) and mlxctl(8). o A driver for the 3ware Escalade 5000 and 6000 series RAID controllers has been added, see twe(4). o Various different fixes have been applied to the network device drivers ep(4), ex(4), rtk(4), sip(4), ti(4), tl(4), and wi(4). o Support for some more variants of rtk(4) on CardBus has been added. o The ne(4) driver has been extended to support some more pcmcia cards. o Support for more pciide(4) controllers added: HPT-370A, Acard ATP-850/860, and AMD-768. Ultra-DMA 100 support added for CMD 0649. o A problem with the NFS server code, exposed on NetBSD/alpha, where use of ``..'' would return info for ``.'' has been fixed. o Support for ``other-endian'' file systems has been improved. o The layout algorithm for FFS file systems has been substantially im- proved, resulting in better performance, both due to improved locali- ty between files and their corresponding directory, and lessened pressure on the buffer cache. o The performance of soft dependencies in FFS has been significantly improved in some circumstances. o Handling of init/fini section support and DWARF2 exception handling has been added to the C runtime startup code. o OpenSSH has been upgraded to version 3.0.2. o A security issue arising from a race between set-uid execution and use of ptrace has been fixed (SA2002-001). o The package tools has been extended to provide for optional digital signatures on binary packages. Additionally, binary package version number handling has been rewritten. o A driver for Creative Labs SBLive! EMU10000 has been added; see emuxki(4). o A driver for ESS Allegro-1 / Maestro-3 has been added; see esa(4). o Support for the 53c1010-33 and 53c1510D has been added to the siop(4) driver. o IPFilter upgraded to 3.4.23. o The boot code on NetBSD/macppc has been improved. o sendmail(8) has been upgraded to version 8.11.6. o A long file name buffer overrun in gzip has been fixed (SA2002-002). o IPSEC policy check has been fixed for forwarded IPv4 packets (SA2002-003). o Two security problems in OpenSSH has been fixed (SA2002-004, SA2002-005). o A buffer overrun in the resolver part of the C library has been fixed (SA2002-006). To fix this problem in the BIND user utilities, BIND has been upgraded to version 8.3.3. o Various other kernel stability and robustness fixes has been applied. In addition, many bugs have been fixed--more than 70 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and several other non-reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.5.3 file for the complete list. Known Caveats with 1.5.3 The following are the major known issues with NetBSD 1.5.3. o The upgrade of IPFilter to version 3.4.23 is not backward compatible. This means that the user-land tools used to manage IPFilter will have to be upgraded when the kernel is upgraded. o Due to xsrc changes which are not backward compatible on the arm32 port, the X bits for arm32 is built from the 1.5.2 sources. Major Changes Between 1.5.1 and 1.5.2 The main purpose of NetBSD 1.5.2 is to fix some problems discovered shortly after the release of NetBSD 1.5.1. Some highlights are: o telnetd(8) has been fixed to deal with a security issue (SA2001-012). o A weakness in the OpenSSL libcrypto's pseudo random number generator has been fixed (SA2001-013). o Floating point emulation on i386 (to run on FPU-less CPUs) which was broken late in 1.5.1's cycle has been restored to working order. o Bugs in the compiler have been worked around to produce a working miniroot image on sparc64. o The script-based installers on amiga, atari and mvme68k have been up- dated to deal with new behaviour from mount(8). o dump(8) has been fixed to deal with a local security issue (SA2001-014). o Several system calls have had defensive length checks applied on their arguments (SA2001-015). o The DHCP software has been upgraded to ISC Version 3, Release Candi- date 10. Additionally, a few more bugs have been fixed. See the CHANGES-1.5.2 file for the complete list of changes. Major Changes Between 1.5 and 1.5.1 The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.5 and 1.5.1 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.5.1 in the top directory of the source tree. The fol- lowing are highlights only: o A driver for the Aironet/Cisco wireless PCMCIA cards has been added; see an(4). o NFS client performance has been improved, typically by 40% for writes but possibly up to 100% in certain setups. o The siop(4) driver has improved in performance and robustness. o Support for cloning pseudo-interfaces has been added. See ifconfig(8). o Support for 802.1Q virtual LANs has been added. See vlan(4). o The isp(4) driver has been upgraded to (among other things) work on MacPPC. o BIND has been upgraded to version 8.2.3 (SA2001-001). o Support for booting from RAIDframe RAID1 mirrors on i386 added. o The lfs(4) file system has again been substantially updated, but is still experimental. o Ultra/66 support has been added for capable VIA chipsets, and Ul- tra/100 support has been added for the HPT370, Promise and Intel ICH2 controllers in the pciide(4) driver. Support for Intel 82801BAM con- trollers has also been added, and handling of Ali controllers has been improved. o OpenSSH has been updated to deal with a security issue (SA2001-003). o Sendmail has been upgraded to version 8.11.3. o The ex(4) driver has added support for 3Com 3c555, 3c556 and 3c556B MiniPCI Ethernet cards. o A driver for the on-board audio hardware found on many Apple PowerMa- cs has been added; see awacs(4). o The sip(4) driver has been fixed to properly support the dp83815, as found in current Netgear FA311 10/100 cards. o ftpd(8) has been updated to deal with two security issues (SA2000-018 and SA2001-005). o ntpd(8) has been updated to deal with a security issue (SA2001-004). o telnetd(8) has been updated to deal with a security issue (SA2000-017). o A vulnerability on i386 related to USER_LDT has been fixed (SA2001-002). o The Linux emulation has been enhanced to prepare for the support of using the Linux version of VMware. o IP checksumming speed has been improved on i386 compared to NetBSD 1.5 by about 10%. o Support for the Socket Communications LP-E Type II PCMCIA NE2000 clone card has been added to ne(4). o The DHCP software has been upgraded to ISC version 3, Beta 2, patch- level 24, to fix core dumps in dhclient(8), among other things. Please note that the new dhcpd(8) forces you to configure a "ddns-up- date-style" of either "ad-hoc", "interim" or "none". o Various fixes and enhancements to INET6 and IPSEC code; among them improved interaction between IPF/Nat and IPSEC. o The Heimdal kerberos(8) implementation has been upgraded to version 0.3e. o Support for Accton EN2242 and other AmdTek AN985 cards added to the tlp(4) driver. o Several country-specific keyboard mappings have been added for USB keyboards. o A driver for Yamaha YMF724/740/744/745-based sound cards has been added, see yds(4). o The maximum number of BSD disklabel partitions on the i386 port has been increased from 8 to 16. o Drivers for the AC'97 based audio sound chips ESS Technology Maestro 1, 2, and 2E (see esm(4)), NeoMagic 256 (see neo(4)), and Cirrus Log- ic CrystalClear PCI Audio CS4281 (see clct(4)) have been added. In addition, many bugs have been fixed--more than 95 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and some other non- reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.5.1 file for the complete list. The NetBSD Packages Collection (pkgsrc) which is used to maintain, build, track dependencies, and maintain NetBSD-specific fixes to third-party programs, has received a major overhaul for NetBSD 1.5.1. Some high- lights are: o Many new packages were added to the collection, which now includes about 2100 packages. Many of them are also available as pre-compiled binaries on ftp.netbsd.org and its mirrors. Many packages have been modified and enhanced to compile and function properly on big-endian (m68k, sparc), and LP64 architectures (alpha, sparc64). o KDE2 and KOffice together consitutes a fully integrated office envi- ronment with no license problems, available for i386, alpha and many other architectures. o Mozilla 0.9, KDE2's Konqueror, and Links 0.95 are just a few examples of the web browsers available. o A support package for running VMware on NetBSD/i386 was added, it's called suse_vmware. The official VMware code, a valid license, and Wasabi Systems' compatibility package are all needed to run VMware. o Internal changes of the pkgsrc system include strong checksums to prevent malicious distribution files, as well as restructuring of the package structure in pkgsrc for faster extraction of pkgsrc tar files and upgrades via SUP and CVS. Please note that at the moment, sysinst will not assist you in installing pre-built third-party binary packages or the pkgsrc system itself, so you will have to manually install packages using pkg_install or fetch and ex- tract the pkgsrc.tgz tar file to get started. Lastly, it should be noted that the X11 binaries shipped in NetBSD 1.5.3 is still based on XFree86 version 3.3.6. Several newer graphics cards are inadequately supported by that code base, but on the other hand sup- port for several older graphics cards is not available in newer XFree86 code. NetBSD is in the process of moving to XFree86 version 4, and is currently maintaining both the XFree86 3.3.6 and the XFree86 version 4 code in the xsrc source set, and you may at compile time pick which sources to build and install. To ease installation, testing and use of the XFree86 version 4 code, a binary snapshot based on XFree86 version 4.0.3 will be made available for at least the i386 architecture shortly after the release of NetBSD 1.5.3. Changes Between The NetBSD 1.4 and 1.5 Releases The NetBSD 1.5 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize over one year of development that went into the NetBSD 1.5.3 release. Some highlights include: Kernel o Ports to new platforms including: arc, cobalt, hpcmips, news68k, sgimips, and sparc64. o Improved performance and stability of the UVM virtual memory subsys- tem. o Implementation of generic kernel locking code, as well as a restruc- ture and re-tuning of the scheduler, to be used by the future symmet- ric multi-processing (SMP) implementation. o Improved compatibility support for Linux, OSF1, and SVR4 programs. o New compatibility support for Win32 programs. o Support for dynamically loaded ELF kernel modules. o Kernel process tracing using ktruss(1). o Deletion of swap devices using swapctl(8). o Easier hot-pluggability of keyboards and mice using a new wscons de- vice--wsmux. o Improved PCMCIA and CardBus support, including support for detaching of devices and cards, resulting in better support for notebooks and PDA devices. o Numerous hardware improvements, including areas such as: audio, UD- MA/66 support for ATA drives, USB, and wireless networking. Networking o Addition of IP version 6 (IPv6) and IPsec to the networking stack, from the KAME project. This includes addition of kernel code for IPv6/IPsec, IPv4/v6 dual-stack user applications and supporting li- braries. Due to this, the shlib major version for pcap(3) is incre- mented and you may need to recompile userland tools. The KAME IPv6 part includes results from the unified-IPv6 effort. File system o Significant Fast file system (FFS) performance enhancements via inte- gration of Kirk McKusick's soft updates and trickle sync code. o Support for the Windows NT `NTFS' file system (read-only at this stage). o Support for revision 1 of the Linux `ext2fs' file system. o Enhanced stability and usability of LFS (the BSD log-structured file system). o Various RAIDframe enhancements including: auto-detection of RAID com- ponents and auto-configuration of RAID sets, and the ability to con- figure the root file system (/) on a RAID set. o Support for Microsoft Joliet extensions to the ISO9660 CD file sys- tem. o Improved file system vnode locking mechanisms, thus resolving a source of several panics in the past. o Support for NFS and RPC over IPv6. o The server part of NFS locking (implemented by rpc.lockd(8)) now works. Security o Strong cryptographic libraries and applications integrated, including the AES cipher Rijndael, the OpenSSL library, more complete Kerberos IV and Kerberos V support, and an SSH server and client. o sysctl(3) interfaces to various elements of process and system infor- mation, allowing programs such as ps(1), dmesg(1) and the like to op- erate without recompilation after kernel upgrades, and remove the ne- cessity to run setgid kmem (thus improving system security). o Disable various services by default, and set the default options for disabled daemons to a higher level of logging. o Several code audits were performed. One audit replaced string rou- tines that were used without bounds checking, and another one identi- fied and disabled places where format strings were used in unsafe ways, allowing arbitrary data to be entered by (possibly) malicious users to overwrite application code, and leading from Denial of Ser- vice attacks to compromised systems. o sshd(8) and ssh(1) now require rnd(4) kernel random number devices. System administration and user tools o Conversion of the rc(8) system startup and shutdown scripts to an `rc.d' mechanism, with separate control scripts for each service, and appropriate dependency ordering provided by rcorder(8). o postfix(1) provided as alternative mail transport agent to sendmail(8). o User management tools useradd(8), usermod(8), userdel(8), groupadd(8), groupmod(8), and groupdel(8) added to the system. o Incorporation of a login class capability database (/etc/login.conf) from BSD/OS. o Improved support for usernames longer than eight characters in pro- grams such as at(1) and w(1). o Many enhancements to ftpd(8) providing features found in larger and less secure FTP daemons, such as user classes, connection limits, im- proved support for virtual hosting, transfer statistics, transfer rate throttling, and support for various IETF ftpext working group extensions. o The ftp(1) client has been improved even further, including transfer rate throttling, improved URL support, command line uploads. See the man page for details. Miscellaneous o Updates to the NetBSD source code style code (located in /usr/share/misc/style) to use ANSI C only (instead of K&R) and re- flect current (best) practice, and begin migrating the NetBSD source code to follow it. o Implementation of many SUSv2 features to the curses(3) library, in- cluding support for color. o Updates of most third party packages that are shipped in the base system, including file(1), ipfilter(4), ppp(4), and sendmail(8) to the latest stable release. o Many new packages in the pkgsrc system, including standard desktops like KDE and GNOME as well as latest Tcl/Tk and perl and many of the components of the Java Enterprise platform. The package framework itself now has full wildcard dependency support. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. This is the fifth major release of NetBSD/sun3. The Future of NetBSD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: o providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. o providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. o providing a better position from which to undertake promotional ac- tivities. o periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the us- ability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html. NetBSD 1.5.3 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 1.5.3 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-1.5.3/ CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.5.3 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD 's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one di- rectory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.5.3 has a binary distribution. There are also README.export- control files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution that may be subject to export regulations of the United States, e.g. code under src/crypto and src/sys/crypto. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 22.3 MB gzipped, 98.8 MB uncompressed pkgsrc This set contains the ``pkgsrc'' sources, which contain the in- frastructure to build third-party packages. 7.4 MB gzipped, 73.0 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. 3.3 MB gzipped, 13.2 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 1.5.3 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 24.8 MB gzipped, 123.1 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.5.3 kernel for all architectures; config(8); and dbsym(8). 18.0 MB gzipped, 90.9 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 78.1 MB gzipped, 393.6 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be un- packed into /usr/src with the command: # ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) < set_name.tgz The sets/Split/ subdirectory contains split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are named set_name.xx where set_name is the distribution set name, and xx is the sequence number of the file, starting with ``aa'' for the first file in the distribution set, then ``ab'' for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distri- bution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as fol- lows: # cat set_name.?? | ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that di- rectory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file. CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file. SYSVSUM Historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o -2 file. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest pos- sible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/sun3 subdirectory structure The sun3-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.5.3 release is found in the sun3 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.5.3/sun3/ INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd.GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. sets/ sun3 binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ floppy/ sun3 boot and installation floppies; see be- low. miniroot/ sun3 miniroot file system image; see below. misc/ Miscellaneous sun3 installation utilities; see installation section, below. netboot/ Two programs needed to boot sun3 kernels over the network. tapeimage/ Tape boot programs, and a RAMDISK kernel. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD sun3 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 1.5.3 release for the sun3. There are eight binary dis- tribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the sun3/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.5.3 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 1.5.3 sun3 base binary distribution. You must in- stall this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utili- ties that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. 14.5 MB gzipped, 38.1 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system li- braries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 9.5 MB gzipped, 32.5 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. 0.1 MB gzipped, 0.6 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 3.0 MB gzipped, 7.4 MB uncompressed kern This set contains a NetBSD/sun3 1.5.3 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 5.6 MB gzipped, 22.7 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. 2.2 MB gzipped, 7.5 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 1.3 MB gzipped, 4.7 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. The binaries shipped with NetBSD 1.5.3 are based on XFree86 version 3.3.6. NetBSD is in the process of moving to XFree86 version 4, and the X source set actually contains source for both XFree86 3.3.6 and XFree86 4, and the ability to decide at compile-time which one to build and install. The X Window Sys- tem binary sets distributed with NetBSD are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 2.6 MB gzipped, 8.2 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 1.7 MB gzipped, 7.2 MB uncompressed xcontrib Programs that were contributed to X. 0.2 MB gzipped, 0.7 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by X. 6.2 MB gzipped, 7.5 MB uncompressed The sun3 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted below the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xpf command from /. There is a collection of Sun3 and Sun3X kernels in the sun3/binary/kernels subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.5.3 distribution. The ones named netbsd-ramdisk*.gz contain a root file system image and should only be used for the initial installation. The others are included for convenience. (Most people will want to use netbsd-generic.gz or netbsd- generic3x.gz as appropriate.) Please note that these kernels are simply gzipped and are not tar archives. Note: Each directory in the sun3 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/sun3 System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/sun3 1.5.3 runs on most Sun3 machines, including: 3/50 3/60 3/110 3/75 3/150 3/160 3/260 3/280 3/E 3/80 3/470 Note that NetBSD/sun3 now includes support for `Sun3X' machines, which used to be supported with a separate NetBSD/sun3x distribution. The minimal configuration requires 4 MB of RAM and about 80 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space (ap- prox. 100 MB additional space is necessary for full sources). To run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. Good performance re- quires 8 MB of RAM, or 16 MB when running the X Window System. Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install: Partition Suggested + X Needed + X / (root) 20 MB 20 MB 15 MB 15 MB /usr 175 MB 205 MB 75 MB 105 MB /var 20 MB 20 MB 5 MB 5 MB swap 2*RAM ... Anything else is up to you! As you may note, the recommended size of /usr is 100 MB greater than needed. This is to leave room for a kernel source and compile tree as you will probably want to compile your own kernel. (GENERIC is large and bulky to accommodate all people). Note that the sun3 installation procedure uses a miniroot image which is placed into the swap area of the disk. The swap partition must be at least as large as the miniroot image (10 MB). Supported hardware o Serial ports (RS232) - built-in ttya, ttyb o Video adapters - bwtwo - cgtwo - cgfour o Network interfaces: - On-board Lance Ethernet - On-board or VME Intel Ethernet - Sun3/E SCSI/Ethernet board o SCSI - Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc - On-board Sun3/80 SCSI (esp) - On-board SCSI-3 (si) - VME SCSI-3 board (si) - Sun3/E SCSI/Ethernet board o SMD Disks - Xylogics 450/451 - Xylogics 753/7053 o Input devices - Sun keyboard and mouse o Miscellaneous - Battery-backed real-time clock. - On-board floppy controller (Sun3/80 floppy) If it's not on this list, there is no support for it in this release. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installation is supported from several media types, including: o Tape o NFS o CD-ROM o FTP Note: Installing on a `bare' machine requires some bootable device; ei- ther a tape drive or Sun-compatible NFS server. The procedure for transferring the distribution sets onto installation media depends on the type of media. Instructions for each type of media are given below. In order to create installation media, you will need all the files in the directory .../NetBSD-1.5.3/sun3/ Creating boot/install tapes Installing from tape is the simplest method of all. This method uses two tapes; one called the boot tape, and another called the install tape. The boot tape is created as follows: # cd .../NetBSD-1.5.3/sun3/installation/tapeimage # sh MakeBootTape /dev/nrst0 The install tape is created as follows: # cd .../NetBSD-1.5.3/sun3/installation/tapeimage # sh MakeInstallTape /dev/nrst0 If the tapes do not work as expected, you may need to explicitly set the EOF mark at the end of each tape segment. It may also be necessary to use the conv=osync argument to dd(1). Note that this argument is incompati- ble with the bs= argument. Consult the tape-related manual pages on the system where the tapes are created for more details. Boot/Install from NFS server If your machine has a disk and network connection, but no tape drive, it may be convenient for you to install NetBSD over the network. This in- volves temporarily booting your machine over NFS, just long enough so you can initialize its disk. This method requires that you have access to an NFS server on your network so you can configure it to support diskless boot for your machine. Configuring the NFS server is normally a task for a system administrator, and is not trivial. If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, consult the documentation that came with it (i.e. add_client(8) on SunOS). When instructed to boot over the network, your sun3 expects to be able to download a second stage bootstrap program via TFTP after it has acquired its IP address through RARP. It will attempt to download a file using a name derived from the machine's recently aquired IP address. (It may be handy to have a hexadecimal calculator for this next step.) The filename is created by converting the machine's assigned IP address into hexadeci- mal, most-significant octet first, using uppercase characters for the non-decimal (A-F) digits. For example, a sun3 which has been assigned IP address 130.115.144.11 will make an TFTP request for 8273900B. Normally, this file is a symbol- ic link to the NetBSD/sun3 netboot program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it. (Remember, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment.) The netboot program may be found in the in- stall directory of this distribution. The netboot program will query a bootparamd server to find the NFS server address and path name for its root, and then load a kernel from that lo- cation. The server should have a copy of the netbsd-rd kernel in the root area for your client (no other files are needed in the client root) and /etc/bootparams on the server should have an entry for your client and its root directory. The client will need access to the miniroot image, which can be provided using NFS or remote shell. If you will be installing NetBSD on several clients, it may be useful to know that you can use a single NFS root for all the clients as long as they only use the netbsd-rd kernel. There will be no conflict between clients because the RAM-disk kernel will not use the NFS root. No swap file is needed; the RAM-disk kernel does not use that either. Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or net- work, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files provided on the CD-ROM. Once you have booted netbsd-rd (the RAM-disk kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets directly from the CD-ROM. The install program in the miniroot automates the work required to mount the CD-ROM and extract the files. Install/Upgrade via FTP This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or net- work, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files in .../install (which you get via FTP). Once you have booted netbsd-rd (the RAM-disk kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets over the net using FTP. The install program in the miniroot automates the work required to configure the net- work interface and transfer the files. The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you make sure that there's some FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. You need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Sun3 machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of backing up all data on any attached storage devices. You will need to know the SCSI target ID of the drive on which you will install NetBSD. Note: SunOS on the sun3 uses confusing names for the SCSI devices: tar- get 1 is sd2, target 2 is sd4, etc. It might be a good time to run the diagnostics on your Sun3. First, at- tach a terminal to the ttya serial port, then set the ``Diag/Norm'' switch to the Diagnostic position, and power-on the machine. The Diag. switch setting forces console interaction to occur on ttya. Note that the 3/80 has a ``software'' diag switch you can set at the PROM monitor prompt. To turn on diag boot mode, do: q 70b 12 To return to normal boot mode, do: q 70b 6. The console location (ttya, ttyb, or keyboard/display) is controlled by address 0x1F in the EEPROM, which you can examine and change in the PROM monitor by entering q1f followed by a numeric value (or just a `.' if you don't want to change it). Console values are: 00 Default graphics display 10 tty a (9600-N-8-1) 11 tty b (1200-N-8-1) 20 Color option board on P4 Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it should not be too difficult. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your disk. If your machine has a tape drive the easiest way is Installing from tape (details below). If your machine is on a network with a suitable NFS server, then Installing from NFS is the next best method. Otherwise, if you have an- other Sun machine running SunOS you can initialize the disk on that ma- chine and then move the disk. (Installing from SunOS is not recommend- ed.) Installing from tape Create the NetBSD/sun3 1.5.3 boot tape as described in the section enti- tled Preparing a boot tape and boot the tape. At the PROM monitor prompt, use one of the commands: >b st() >b st(0,8,0) The first example will use the tape on SCSI target 4, where the second will use SCSI target 5. The > is the monitor prompt. After the tape loads, you should see many lines of configuration mes- sages, and then the following `welcome' screen: Welcome to the NetBSD/sun3 RAMDISK root! This environment is designed to do only three things: 1: Partititon your disk (use the command: edlabel /dev/rsd0c) 2: Copy a miniroot image into the swap partition (/dev/rsd0b) 3: Reboot (using the swap partition, i.e. /dev/sd?b). Copying the miniroot can be done several ways, allowing the source of the miniroot image to be on any of these: boot tape, NFS server, TFTP server, rsh server The easiest is loading from tape, which is done as follows: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 2 dd bs=32k if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b (For help with other methods, please see the install notes.) To reboot using the swap partition, first use "halt", then at the PROM monitor prompt use a command like: b sd(,,1) -s To view this message again, type: cat /.welcome Copy the miniroot as described in the welcome message, and reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled Booting the miniroot for details. Installing from NFS Before you can install from NFS, you must have already configured your NFS server to support your machine as a diskless client. Instructions for configuring the server are found in the section entitled Getting the NetBSD System onto Useful Media above. First, at the Sun PROM monitor prompt, enter a boot command using the network interface as the boot device. On desktop machines this is le, and ie on the others. Examples: >b le() -s >b ie() -s After the boot program loads the RAMDISK kernel, you should see the wel- come screen as shown in the Installing from tape section above. You must configure the network interface before you can use any network resources. For example the command: ssh> ifconfig le0 inet 192.233.20.198 up will bring up the network interface with that address. The next step is to copy the miniroot from your server. This can be done using either NFS or remote shell. (In the examples that follow, the server has IP address 192.233.20.195.) You may then need to add a default route if the server is on a different subnet: ssh> route add default 192.233.20.255 1 You can look at the route table using: ssh> route show Now mount the NFS file system containing the miniroot image: ssh> mount -r 192.233.20.195:/server/path /mnt The procedure is simpler if you have space for an expanded (not com- pressed) copy of the miniroot image. In that case: ssh> dd if=/mnt/miniroot of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k Otherwise, you will need to use zcat to expand the miniroot image while copying. This is tricky because the ssh program (small shell) does not handle sh(1) pipeline syntax. Instead, you first run the reader in the background with its input set to /dev/pipe and then run the other program in the foreground with its output to /dev/pipe. The result looks like this: ssh> run -bg dd if=/dev/pipe of=/dev/rsd0b obs=8k ssh> run -o /dev/pipe zcat /mnt/install/miniroot.gz To load the miniroot using rsh to the server, you would use a pair of commands similar to the above. Here is another example: ssh> run -b dd if=/dev/pipe of=/dev/rsd0b obs=8k ssh> run -o /dev/pipe rsh 192.233.20.195 zcat miniroot.gz Installing from SunOS To install NetBSD/sun3 onto a machine already running SunOS, you will need the miniroot image (miniroot.gz) and some means to decompress it. First, boot SunOS and place the miniroot file onto the hard drive. If you do not have gzip for SunOS, you will need to decompress the image elsewhere before you can use it. Next, bring SunOS down to single user mode to insure that nothing will be using the swap space on your drive. To be extra safe, reboot the machine into single-user mode rather than using the shutdown command. Now copy the miniroot image onto your swap device (here /dev/rsd0b) with the command gzip -dc miniroot.gz | dd of=/dev/rsd0b obs=32k or if you have already decompressed the miniroot dd if=miniroot.gz of=/dev/rsd0b obs=32k Finally, reboot the machine and instruct the ROM to boot from the swap device as described in the next section. Booting the Miniroot If the miniroot was installed on partition `b' of the disk with SCSI tar- get ID=0 then the PROM boot command would be: >b sd(0,0,1) -s With SCSI target ID=2, the PROM is: >b sd(0,10,1) -s The numbers in parentheses above are: 1. controller (usually zero) 2. unit number (SCSI-ID * 8, in hexadecimal) 3. partition number Miniroot install program The miniroot's install program is very simple to use. It will guide you through the entire process, and is well automated. Additional improve- ments are planned for future releases. The miniroot's install program will: o Allow you to place disklabels on additional disks. The disk we are installing on should already have been partitioned using the RAMDISK kernel. o Create file systems on target partitions. o Allow you to set up your system's network configuration. Re- member to specify host names without the domain name appended to the end. For example use foo instead of foo.bar.org. If, during the process of configuring the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will be able to re-configure that interface by simply selecting it for configuration again. o Mount target file systems. You will be given the opportunity to manually edit the resulting /etc/fstab. o Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. o Copy configuration information gathered during the installation process to your root file system (/). o Make device nodes in your root file system under /dev. o Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (/). o Install a new boot block. o Check your file systems for integrity. First-time installation on a system through a method other than the in- stallation program is possible, but strongly discouraged. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you in- to single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-write. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root filesystem read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use ed, you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to ex or vi. Do the following: # mount /usr # export TERM=vt220 If you have /var on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked en- vironment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up in- clude /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. If you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should cre- ate an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...]. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system, do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See useradd(8) for more information on how to add a new user to the system. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X Window System, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information. Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies in- stallation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries. o More information on the package system is at http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/software/packages.html o A browsable listing of available packages is at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages, usually in the 1.5.3/sun3/All subdir. You can install them with the following commands: # export PKG_PATH=\ ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/1.5.3/sun3/All\;\ ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/1.5/sun3/All # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v cvs # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v perl ... The above commands will install the tcsh shell, the CVS source code management system, the Apache web server and the perl pro- gramming language as well as all the packages they depend on. o Package sources for compiling packages on your own can be ob- tained by retrieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD- current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other lo- cations work fine), with the commands: # mkdir /usr/pkgsrc # ( cd /usr/pkgsrc ; tar -zxpf - ) < pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, then see the README file in the extraction di- rectory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more information. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o The /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more infor- mation. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manu- al; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/sun3 system using the upgrade program in the miniroot. If you wish to upgrade your system by this method, simply select the upgrade option once the miniroot has booted. The upgrade program with then guide you through the procedure. The upgrade program will: o Enable the network based on your system's current network con- figuration. o Mount your existing file systems. o Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. o Make new device nodes in your root file system under /dev. o Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (/). Note: the existing kernel will not be backed up; doing so would be pointless, since older kernels may not be capa- ble of running NetBSD 1.5.3 executables. o Install a new boot block. o Check your file systems for integrity. Using the miniroot's upgrade program is the preferred method of upgrading your system. However, it is possible to upgrade your system manually. To do this, fol- low the following procedure: o Place at least the base binary set in a file system accessible to the target machine. A local file system is preferred, since the NFS subsystem in the NetBSD 1.5.3 kernel may be incompati- ble with your old binaries. o Back up your pre-existing kernel and copy the 1.5.3 kernel into your root partition (/). o Reboot with the 1.5.3 kernel into single-user mode. (Otherwise you can not install the boot block.) o Check all file systems: # /sbin/fsck -pf o Mount all local file systems: # /sbin/mount -a -t nonfs o If you keep /usr or /usr/share on an NFS server, you will want to mount those file systems as well. To do this, you will need to enable the network: # sh /etc/rc.d/network start o Make sure you are in the root file system (/ and extract the) base binary set: # cd / # pax -zrvpe -f Ar /path/to/base.tgz o Install a new boot block: (assuming root is on /dev/rsd0a) # cd /usr/mdec # cp -p ./ufsboot /mnt/ufsboot # sync ; sleep 1 ; sync # ./installboot -v /ufsboot bootxx /dev/rsd0a o Sync the file systems: sync o At this point you may extract any other binary sets you may have placed on local file systems, or you may wish to extract additional sets at a later time. To extract these sets, use the following commands: # Ic cd / # Ic pax -zrvpe -f path to set"" Note: You should not extract the etc set if upgrading. Instead, you should extract that set into another area and carefully merge the changes by hand. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.5.3. General issues o /etc/rc modified to use /etc/rc.d/* Prior to NetBSD 1.5, /etc/rc was a traditional BSD style monolithic file; each discrete program or substem from /etc/rc and /etc/netstart has been moved into separate scripts in /etc/rc.d/. At system startup, /etc/rc uses rcorder(8) to build a dependency list of the files in /etc/rc.d and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `start'. Many rc.d scripts won't start unless the ap- propriate rc.conf(5) entry in /etc/rc.conf is set to `YES.' At system shutdown, /etc/rc.shutdown uses rcorder(8) to build a de- pendency list of the files in /etc/rc.d that have a ``KEYWORD: shutdown'' line, reverses the resulting list, and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `stop'. The following scripts support a specific shutdown method: cron, inetd, local, and xdm. Local and third-party scripts may be installed into /etc/rc.d as nec- essary. Refer to the other scripts in that directory and rc(8) for more information on implementing rc.d scripts. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.4 or prior o named(8) leaks version information Previous releases of NetBSD disabled a feature of named(8) where the version number of the server could be determined by remote clients. This feature has not been disabled in NetBSD 1.5, because there is a named.conf(5) option to change the version string: option { version "newstring"; }; o sysctl(8) pathname changed sysctl(8) is moved from /usr/sbin/sysctl to /sbin/sysctl. If you have hardcoded references to the full pathname (in shell scripts, for example) please be sure to update those. o sendmail(8) configuration file pathname changed Due to sendmail(8) upgrade from 8.9.x to 8.10.x, /etc/sendmail.cf is moved to /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. Also, the default sendmail.cf(5) refers different pathnames than before. For example, /etc/aliases is now located at /etc/mail/aliases, /etc/sendmail.cw is now called /etc/mail/local-host-names, and so forth. If you have customized sendmail.cf(5) and friends, you will need to move the files to the new locations. See /usr/share/sendmail/README for more information. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropros(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is op- tional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@netbsd.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd- comments@netbsd.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports in- clude lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@netbsd.org. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.netbsd.org/MailingLists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed be- low). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@netbsd.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. o UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. o Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, SUP, and WWW servers. o Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD mail and GNATS server. o The Helsinki University of Technology in Finland for hosting the NetBSD CVS server. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The many organisations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. o The following individuals and organizations (each in alphabetical or- der) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to sup- port NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Steve Allen Jason Birnschein Mason Loring Bliss Jason Brazile Mark Brinicombe David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Scott Ellis Hubert Feyrer Castor Fu Greg Gingerich William Gnadt Michael Graff Guenther Grau Ross Harvey Charles M. Hannum Michael L. Hitch Kenneth Alan Hornstein Jordan K. Hubbard Soren Jorvang Scott Kaplan Noah M. Keiserman Harald Koerfgen John Kohl Chris Legrow Ted Lemon Norman R. McBride Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger Toru Nishimura Herb Peyerl Mike Price Dave Rand Michael Richardson Heiko W. Rupp Brad Salai Chuck Silvers Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Eric and Rosemary Spahr Ted Spradley Kimmo Suominen Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow Krister Walfridsson Jim Wise Reinoud Zandijk Christos Zoulas AboveNet Communications, Inc. Advanced System Products, Inc. Avalon Computer Systems Bay Area Internet Solutions Brains Corporation, Japan Canada Connect Corporation Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology Demon Internet, UK Digital Equipment Corporation Distributed Processing Technology Easynet, UK Free Hardware Foundation Innovation Development Enterprises of America Internet Software Consortium MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Piermont Information Systems Inc. Precedence Technologies Ltd Salient Systems Inc. VMC Harald Frank, Germany Warped Communications, Inc. Whitecross Database Systems Ltd. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org Luke Mewburn lukem@netbsd.org Christos Zoulas christos@netbsd.org The portmasters (and their ports): Mark Brinicombe mark@netbsd.org arm32 Simon Burge simonb@netbsd.org pmax Jeremy Cooper jeremy@netbsd.org sun3x Matt Fredette fredette@netbsd.org sun2 Ross Harvey ross@netbsd.org alpha Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org sh3 Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org arm26 Eduardo Horvath eeh@netbsd.org sparc64 Darrin Jewell dbj@netbsd.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org cobalt Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org mipsco Paul Kranenburg pk@netbsd.org sparc Anders Magnusson ragge@netbsd.org vax Minoura Makoto minoura@netbsd.org x68k Phil Nelson phil@netbsd.org pc532 Tohru Nishimura nisimura@netbsd.org luna68k NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org prep Scott Reynolds scottr@netbsd.org mac68k Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@netbsd.org bebox Noriyuki Soda soda@netbsd.org arc Wolfgang Solfrank ws@netbsd.org ofppc Ignatios Souvatzis is@netbsd.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@netbsd.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@netbsd.org hpcmips Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org alpha Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org hp300 Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org macppc Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org newsmips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@netbsd.org news68k Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org i386 Leo Weppelman leo@netbsd.org atari Nathan Williams nathanw@netbsd.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@netbsd.org mvme68k The NetBSD 1.5.3 Release Engineering team: Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Developers and other contributors: Nathan Ahlstrom nra@NetBSD.org Steve Allen wormey@netbsd.org Julian Assange proff@netbsd.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@netbsd.org Christoph Badura bad@netbsd.org Bang Jun-Young junyoung@netbsd.org Dieter Baron dillo@netbsd.org Robert V. Baron rvb@netbsd.org Jason Beegan jtb@netbsd.org Erik Berls cyber@netbsd.org John Birrell jb@netbsd.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@netbsd.org Rafal Boni rafal@netbsd.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@netbsd.org John Brezak brezak@netbsd.org Allen Briggs briggs@netbsd.org Aaron Brown abrown@netbsd.org Andrew Brown atatat@netbsd.org David Brownlee abs@netbsd.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@netbsd.org Jon Buller jonb@netbsd.org Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Robert Byrnes byrnes@netbsd.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@netbsd.org Dave Carrel carrel@netbsd.org James Chacon jmc@netbsd.org Bill Coldwell billc@netbsd.org Julian Coleman jdc@netbsd.org Chuck Cranor chuck@netbsd.org Alistair Crooks agc@netbsd.org Aidan Cully aidan@netbsd.org Johan Danielsson joda@netbsd.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@netbsd.org Rob Deker deker@netbsd.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Tracy Di Marco White gendalia@netbsd.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@netbsd.org Andy Doran ad@netbsd.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@netbsd.org Emmanuel Dreyfus manu@netbsd.org Matthias Drochner drochner@netbsd.org Jun Ebihara jun@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Stoned Elipot seb@netbsd.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@netbsd.org Bernd Ernesti veego@netbsd.org Erik Fair fair@netbsd.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@netbsd.org Jason R. Fink jrf@netbsd.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@netbsd.org Castor Fu castor@netbsd.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@netbsd.org Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Thomas Gerner thomas@netbsd.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@netbsd.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@netbsd.org Adam Glass glass@netbsd.org Michael Graff explorer@netbsd.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@netbsd.org Matthew Green mrg@netbsd.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@netbsd.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@netbsd.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@netbsd.org Rene Hexel rh@netbsd.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@netbsd.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@netbsd.org Ken Hornstein kenh@netbsd.org Marc Horowitz marc@netbsd.org Nick Hudson skrll@netbsd.org Martin Husemann martin@netbsd.org Dean Huxley dean@netbsd.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@netbsd.org Tetsuya Isaki isaki@netbsd.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@netbsd.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@netbsd.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@netbsd.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@netbsd.org Chris Jones cjones@netbsd.org Takahiro Kambe taca@netbsd.org Antti Kantee pooka@netbsd.org Masanori Kanaoka kanaoka@netbsd.org KAWAMOTO Yosihisa kawamoto@netbsd.org Mario Kemper magick@netbsd.org Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Thomas Klausner wiz@netbsd.org Klaus Klein kleink@netbsd.org Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org John Kohl jtk@netbsd.org Martti Kuparinen martti@netbsd.org Kevin Lahey kml@netbsd.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@netbsd.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org Joel Lindholm joel@netbsd.org Mike Long mikel@netbsd.org Warner Losh imp@netbsd.org Tomasz Luchowski zuntum@netbsd.org Federico Lupi federico@netbsd.org Brett Lymn blymn@netbsd.org Paul Mackerras paulus@netbsd.org MAEKAWA Masahide gehenna@netbsd.org David Maxwell david@netbsd.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@netbsd.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@netbsd.org Jared D. McNeill jmcneill@netbsd.org Neil J. McRae neil@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org der Mouse mouse@netbsd.org Joseph Myers jsm@netbsd.org Ken Nakata kenn@netbsd.org Bob Nestor rnestor@netbsd.org NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@netbsd.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org Jesse Off joff@netbsd.org Tatoku Ogaito tacha@netbsd.org Masaru Oki oki@netbsd.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@netbsd.org Greg Oster oster@netbsd.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@netbsd.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@netbsd.org Chris Pinnock cjep@netbsd.org Dante Profeta dante@netbsd.org Chris Provenzano proven@netbsd.org Michael Rauch mrauch@netbsd.org Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Darren Reed darrenr@netbsd.org Michael Richardson mcr@netbsd.org Tim Rightnour garbled@netbsd.org Gordon Ross gwr@netbsd.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@netbsd.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@netbsd.org Ty Sarna tsarna@netbsd.org SATO Kazumi sato@netbsd.org Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@netbsd.org Konrad Schroder perseant@netbsd.org Reed Shadgett dent@netbsd.org Tim Shepard shep@netbsd.org Takao Shinohara shin@netbsd.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@netbsd.org Chuck Silvers chs@netbsd.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@netbsd.org Jeff Smith jeffs@netbsd.org SOMEYA Yoshihiko someya@netbsd.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@netbsd.org Bill Squier groo@netbsd.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@netbsd.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@netbsd.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@netbsd.org Kimmo Suominen kim@netbsd.org TAMURA Kent kent@netbsd.org Shin'ichiro TAYA taya@netbsd.org Matt Thomas matt@netbsd.org Christoph Toshok toshok@netbsd.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@netbsd.org Shuichiro URATA ur@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@netbsd.org Paul Vixie vixie@netbsd.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@netbsd.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@netbsd.org Assar Westerlund assar@netbsd.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@netbsd.org Rob Windsor windsor@netbsd.org Dan Winship danw@netbsd.org Jim Wise jwise@netbsd.org Michael Wolfson mbw@netbsd.org Colin Wood ender@netbsd.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@netbsd.org Yuji Yamano yyamano@netbsd.org Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@netbsd.org Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product in- cludes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Hannum. This product includes software devel- oped by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Al- istair G. Crooks. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Washington University. This product includes software devel- oped by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural Col- lege and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This prod- uct includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This prod- uct includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product in- cludes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes soft- ware developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software devel- oped by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Hauke Fath. This product includes soft- ware developed by HAYAKAWA Koichi. This product includes software devel- oped by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch. This product includes soft- ware developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operat- ing systems. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Iain Hibbert. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software de- veloped by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software de- veloped by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This prod- uct includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product in- cludes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes soft- ware developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This prod- uct includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch. This product in- cludes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes soft- ware developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software devel- oped by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Pe- ter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nel- son. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This prod- uct includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software de- veloped by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert. This product includes software devel- oped by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes soft- ware developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software de- veloped by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software devel- oped by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software devel- oped by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Science at the University of Utah. This product in- cludes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the Uni- versity of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Univer- sity of Calgary Department of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes soft- ware developed for the Internet Software Consortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Pro- ject by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product in- cludes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software de- veloped for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes soft- ware developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This prod- uct includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au). This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/). This product includes software developed by the University of Oregon. This product includes software developed by the University of Southern California and/or Information Sciences Institute. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product in- cludes software developed by Reinoud Zandijk. The End NetBSD September 10, 2001 32