INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/sun2. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document............................................2 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Changes Between The NetBSD 4.0 release and 4.0.1 update........3 Security Advisories Fixes...................................3 Other Security Fixes........................................4 Networking..................................................4 Libraries...................................................4 Drivers.....................................................4 Miscellaneous...............................................4 Platforms specific..........................................5 Changes Between The NetBSD 3.0 and 4.0 Releases................5 Networking..................................................5 File systems................................................6 Drivers.....................................................6 Platforms...................................................8 Kernel subsystems...........................................9 Security...................................................10 Userland...................................................10 Components removed from NetBSD.............................12 The Future of NetBSD..........................................13 Sources of NetBSD.............................................13 NetBSD 4.0.1 Release Contents.................................13 NetBSD/sun2 subdirectory structure.........................15 Binary distribution sets...................................15 NetBSD/sun2 System Requirements and Supported Devices.........17 Supported hardware.........................................17 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................17 Creating boot/install tapes................................18 Boot/Install from NFS server...............................18 Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM................................19 Install/Upgrade via FTP....................................19 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................19 Installing the NetBSD System..................................19 Installing from tape.......................................20 Installing from NFS........................................20 Installing from SunOS......................................21 Booting the Miniroot.......................................22 Miniroot install program...................................22 Post installation steps.......................................22 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................25 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............27 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 2.1 and older......27 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......27 Issues with GDB 6.5...........................................28 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................28 Administrivia.................................................29 Thanks go to..................................................30 We are........................................................30 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................36 The End.......................................................42 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 4.0.1 on the _s_u_n_2 platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally pre- sented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on fifty four different system architectures (ports), featuring sev- enteen machine architectures across fifteen distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 4.0.1 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distri- bution. Please see the NetBSD web site at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 44..00 rreelleeaassee aanndd 44..00..11 uuppddaattee The NetBSD 4.0.1 update is the first security/critical update of the NetBSD 4.0 release branch. This represents a selected subset of fixes deemed critical in nature for stability or security reasons. These fixes will also appear in future releases (NetBSD 4.1), together with other less-critical fixes and feature enhancements. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-4.0.1: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--44..00..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS--44..00..11 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 4.0.1 release tree. _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y _A_d_v_i_s_o_r_i_e_s _F_i_x_e_s ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-004, bzip2(1) Multiple issues (CVE-2008-1372 and CVE-2005-0953), has been fixed by upgrading bzip2 to 1.0.5. ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-005, OpenSSH Multiple issues (CVE-2008-1483 and CVE-2008-1657), has been fixed by applying patches from upstream. ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-006, Integer overflow in strfmon(3) function (CVE-2008-1391), has been fixed. ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-008, OpenSSL Montgomery multiplication (CVE-2007-3108), has been fixed. ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-009, BIND cache poisoning (CVE-2008-1447 and CERT VU#800113), has been fixed by updating BIND to 9.4.2-P2. Note there are two related changes to this advisory: -- The default behavior of ipfilter's Port Address Translation has been changed to using random port allocation rather than sequen- tial mappings, to avoid decreasing the randomness of source ports used for DNS queries which affects the BIND cache poisoning prob- lem. -- A `query-source' statement, which could allow the BIND cache poi- soning attack, has been commented out in the default named.conf(5) file. ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-010, Malicious PPPoE discovery packet can overrun a kernel buffer (CVE-2008-3584), has been fixed. ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-011, ICMPv6 MLD query (CVE-2008-2464), has been fixed. ++oo NetBSD-SA2008-012, Denial of Service issues in racoon(8) (CVE-2008-3652), has been fixed by upgrading ipsec-tools to release 0.7.1. Note this also fixes CVE-2008-3651. ++oo upcoming NetBSD-SA2008-013, IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol routing vulnerability (CVE-2008-2476), has been fixed. ++oo upcoming NetBSD-SA2008-014, Remote cross-site request forgery attack issue in ftpd(8) (CVE-2008-4247), has been fixed. ++oo upcoming NetBSD-SA2008-015, Remote kernel panics on IPv6 connections (CVE-2008-3530), has been fixed. _N_o_t_e_: NetBSD-SA2008-007 and advisories prior to NetBSD-SA2008-004 don't affect NetBSD 4.0. _O_t_h_e_r _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y _F_i_x_e_s ++oo Fix a buffer overrun which could crash a FAST_IPSEC kernel. ++oo tcpdump(8): Fix CVE-2007-1218, CVE-2007-3798 and CAN-2005-1278 in base-tcpdump. ++oo Fix a buffer overflow of PCF font parser in X11 libXfont library (CVE-2008-0006). ++oo Fix a buffer overflow of Tektronix Hex Format support in binutils (CVE-2006-2362). ++oo machfb(4), voodoofb(4): Introduce two missing KAUTH_GENERIC_ISSUSER check in the mmap(2) code. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g ++oo Update root.cache to 2008020400 version. ++oo Fix IP packet forwording code to make sure to send a reasonable frag- ment size when IPSEC is configured. ++oo Fix a bug in TCP SACK code which causes data corruption. ++oo Fix an rc.d(8) script for amd(8) not to shutdown gracefully since it seems to cause problems for more people than the old (also broken) behavior. ++oo ftpd(8): Fix and reorganize PAM support. _L_i_b_r_a_r_i_e_s ++oo Pthread support of BIND has been disabled for future binary compati- bility after removal of the scheduler activations. ++oo Fix coredump of gdtoa (conversion between binary floating-point and ASCII string) functions on out of memory conditions. _D_r_i_v_e_r_s ++oo fxp(4): Fix random pool corruption and hangup problems. ++oo wd(4): Handle more LBA48 bug quirks on some Hitachi's SATA/IDE drives. _M_i_s_c_e_l_l_a_n_e_o_u_s ++oo Disable a NULL pointer check in zlib for standalone programs. This fixes errors on loading a gzipped kernel (including installation ker- nels) on several ports (news68k etc.) whose kernels are loaded at address zero. ++oo awk(1): Bring back an accidentally removed fix to allow escape of a newline in string literals. ++oo gcc(1): -- Fix compilation of native sh3 gcc on 64-bit build machines. -- Fix an internal compiler error on compiling m68k softfloat or m68010 targets on 64-bit build machines. ++oo zgrep(1): Make `--hh' option (suppress filenames on output when multiple files are searched) actually work. ++oo Fix parallel build failure on building hpcarm, hpcmips and hpcsh releases. _P_l_a_t_f_o_r_m_s _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c ++oo acorn32: Fix a bootloader problem on some RiscPCs. ++oo cobalt: -- Add a workaround to avoid panic on probing a multi function PCI device on Qube's PCI slot. -- Fix a bug in the interrupt handler which causes network freeze if more than one interfaces are used. ++oo hp700: Fix potential kernel / userland memory corruption in copyinstr(9) and copyoutstr(9). ++oo sparc64: Fix a bug in _l_o_c_o_r_e_._s which causes unexpected behavior. ++oo sun3: Fix a bug which might cause an occasional panic during boot. ++oo vax: Make syscall handler use proper copyin(9) function on parsing syscall args. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 33..00 aanndd 44..00 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 4.0 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize more than a year of development that went into the NetBSD 4.0 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--44..00//CCHHAANNGGEESS and CHANGES-4.0: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--44..00//CCHHAANNGGEESS--44..00 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 4.0 release tree. Some highlights include: _N_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g ++oo agr(4): new pseudo-device driver for link level aggregation. ++oo IPv6 support was extended with an RFC 3542-compliant API and added for gre(4) tunnels and the tun(4) device. ++oo A NDIS-wrapper was added to use Windows binary drivers on the i386 platform, see ndiscvt(8). ++oo The IPv4 source-address selection policy can be set from a number of algorithms. See "IPSRCSEL" in options(4) and in_getifa(9). ++oo Imported wpa_supplicant(8) and wpa_cli(8). Utilities to connect and handle aspects of 802.11 WPA networks. ++oo Imported hostapd(8). An authenticator for IEEE 802.11 networks. ++oo carp(4): imported Common Address Redundancy Protocol to allow multi- ple hosts to share a set of IP addresses for high availability / redundancy, from OpenBSD. ++oo ALTQ support for the PF packet filter. ++oo etherip(4): new EtherIP tunneling device. It's able to tunnel Ether- net traffic over IPv4 and IPv6 using the EtherIP protocol specified in RFC 3378. ++oo ftpd(8) can now run in standalone mode, instead of from inetd(8). ++oo tftp(1) now has support for multicast TFTP operation in open-loop mode, server is in progress. ++oo tcp(4): added support for RFC 3465 Appropriate Byte Counting (ABC) and Explicit Congestion Notification as defined in RFC 3168. _F_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m_s ++oo scan_ffs(8), scan_lfs(8): utilities to find FFSv1/v2 and LFS parti- tions to recover lost disklabels on disks and image files. ++oo tmpfs: added a new memory-based file system aimed at replacing mfs. Contrary to mfs, it is not based on a disk file system, so it is more efficient both in overall memory consumption and speed. See mount_tmpfs(8). ++oo Added UDF support for optical media and block devices, see mount_udf(8). Read-only for now. ++oo NFS export list handling was changed to be filesystem independent. ++oo LFS: lots of stability improvements and new cleaner daemon. It is now also possible to use LFS as root filesystem. ++oo vnd(4): the vnode disk driver can be used on filesystems such as smbfs and tmpfs. ++oo Support for System V Boot File System was added, see newfs_sysvbfs(8) and mount_sysvbfs(8). _D_r_i_v_e_r_s ++oo Audio: -- Support for new models on drivers such as Intel ICH8/6300ESB, NVIDIA nForce 3/4, etc. -- Added support for AC'97 modems. -- auich(4): added support to handle the AC'97 modem as audio device, enabled with the kernel option ``AUICH_ATTACH_MODEM'' -- azalia(4): added support for S/PDIF. ++oo Hardware Monitors: -- amdpm(4): added support for the i2c bus on the AMD-8111 used on many Opteron motherboards and for the Analog Devices ADT7464 hardware monitor chip. -- adt7467c(4): new driver for Analog Devices ADT7467 and ADM1030 hardware monitor chips. -- ipmi(4): new driver for motherboards implementing the Intelligent Platform Management Interface 1.5 or 2.0, from OpenBSD. -- it(4): new driver for iTE 8705F/8712F and SiS 950 hardware moni- tors. -- The lm(4) driver was rewritten and support for more chips was added, for example for Winbond W83627HF, W83627THF, W83627DHG and Asus AS99127F. -- owtemp(4): new driver for the 1-Wire temperature sensors. -- tmp121temp(4): new driver for the Texas Instruments TMP121 tem- perature sensor. -- ug(4): new driver for Abit uGuru hardware monitor found on newer Abit motherboards. ++oo Miscellaneous: -- geodewdog(4): new AMD Geode SC1100 Watchdog Timer driver. -- gscpcib(4): new AMD Geode SC1100 PCI-ISA bridge that provides support for the GPIO interface. ++oo Networking: -- ath(4): updated HALs with support for WiSOC (AR531x) and 32bit SPARC. -- bge(4): added support for the following chips: BCM5753, BCM5753M, BCM5715, BCM5754, BCM5755 and BCM5787. Numerous improvements and bugfixes were made too. -- kse(4): new driver for Micrel KSZ8842/8841 PCI network cards. -- msk(4): new driver for Marvell Yukon 2 GigE PCI network cards, from OpenBSD. -- nfe(4): new driver for NVIDIA nForce Ethernet network cards, from OpenBSD. -- ral(4): new 802.11 driver for PCI/Cardbus Ralink RT2500, RT2501, RT2600, RT2661 and RT2500 USB chipsets, from OpenBSD. -- rum(4): new 802.11 driver for USB Ralink RT2501 and RT2601 chipsets, from OpenBSD. -- sip(4): now works on sparc64. -- tlp(4): added support for ASIX AX88140A and AX88141. -- vr(4): added support for the VIA Rhine III. -- wm(4): added support for i8003, ICH8, ICH9 and others. Support for IPv6 Rx TCP/UDP Checksum Offloading and more. -- wpi(4): new driver for Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG PCI 802.11 net- work cards, from OpenBSD. ++oo Security: -- glxsb(4): new driver for the AMD Geode LX AES Security Block that provides random numbers and AES acceleration, from OpenBSD. ++oo Power Management: -- Support for Intel Speedstep SMI on PIIX4 PCI-ISA for i386. -- Support for AMD PowerNow and Cool'n'Quiet Technology on K7 and K8 CPUs (both in 32 and 64 bit mode), including Athlon Mobile, Athlon64, Opteron or X2. See options(4) for more information. -- Support for more Enhanced Speedstep CPUs, including VIA C7/Eden and Intel Core Solo/Duo/Duo2. See options(4) for more informa- tion. -- The Enhanced Speedstep and PowerNow drivers were modified to be able to be scaled in all CPUs available, saving power on SMP sys- tems. ++oo Storage: -- ahcisata(4): new driver for AHCI 1.0 and 1.1 compliant SATA con- trollers. -- ataraid(4): added support to handle Adaptec HostRAID and VIA V- Tech software RAID. -- ciss(4): new driver for HP/Compaq 5th+ generation Smart ARRAY controllers, from OpenBSD. -- fdc(4): added support for SBus based sparc64 machines and fixed formatting on sparc. -- gcscide(4): new driver for the AMD Geode CS5535 Companion Device IDE controller. -- jmide(4): new driver for JMicron Technology JMB36x PCIe to SATA II/PATA controllers. -- mfi(4): new driver for LSI Logic and Dell MegaRAID SAS con- trollers, from OpenBSD. -- mpt(4): added support for newer SAS and similar devices. -- njata(4): new driver for Workbit NinjaATA-32 CardBus IDE con- troller. -- pdcsata(4): added support for the Promise PDC20775, PDC20771, PDC40518, PDC40718 and some bugfixes. -- piixide(4): added support for some ICH8/ICH8-M/ICH9 IDE and SATA controllers. -- svwsata(4): new driver for Serverworks K2 SATA controllers, from OpenBSD. -- viaide(4) added support for the VIA VT8237A SATA controller and AMD CS5536 Companion Device IDE Controller. ++oo USB: -- ucycom(4): new driver for Cypress microcontroller based serial devices. -- uipaq(4): new driver for the iPAQ devices. -- uslsa(4): new driver for Silicon Labs CP210x series serial adapters. -- utoppy(4): new driver for the Topfield TF5000PVR range of digital video recorders. _P_l_a_t_f_o_r_m_s ++oo i386: -- Added support for the for Multiboot specification. This means much improved support for loading the kernel by GRUB, including passing in parameters to the kernel. -- Added the unichromefb framebuffer driver that supports the VIA Unichrome Graphics adapter. -- vesafb(4): added new framebuffer driver that supports VESA BIOS (VBE) 2.0 extensions and up. -- Added cd9660 file system support to the BIOS bootloader. ++oo evbarm: new platform support for Arcom Viper PXA255-based single board, Atmark Techno Armadillo-9 and Armadillo-210, Certance CP-3100, Linksys NSLU2 (a.k.a. "Slug") and I-O DATA HDL-G Giga LANDISK NAS devices. ++oo evbmips: added support for Alchemy Au1550 processors, DBAu1550 boards, Alchemy Au15XX PCI host, (OMS-AL400/128) and Atheros AR5312 SoC. ++oo New port ews4800mips: NEC's MIPS based EWS4800 workstations. ++oo cobalt: added support for booting off raidframe RAID1 mirrors. ++oo hpcmips: added the teliosio(4) driver for the Sharp Telios LCD screen and Battery unit. ++oo New port landisk: port to the SH4 processor based NAS appliances, supporting models by I-O DATA (USL-5P, HDL-U, HDL-AV, HDL-W and HDLM- U series, SuperTank LAN Tank, UHDL-160U and UHDL-300U) and Plextor PX-EH16L, PX-EH25L and PX-EH40L. ++oo macppc: this port has gained support to use accelerated wsdisplay drivers by default (if possible), and uses the appropriate driver rather than the Generic Open Firmware Framebuffer. ++oo prep: this port has been modernized, and support for five additional machines has been added, among them the IBM 7024-E20 and 7025-F30 models and Motorola Powerstack E1. Additionally, sysinst support was added, and the bootloader process was improved, allowing easy instal- lation and upgrade to future releases. ++oo sparc: added support for booting off raidframe RAID1 mirrors. ++oo Xen: support for Xen3 domU and dom0 (Unprivileged domain and domain 0), including support for hardware virtualization on CPUs that sup- port it. _K_e_r_n_e_l _s_u_b_s_y_s_t_e_m_s ++oo Improved Firewire (IEEE1394) support imported from FreeBSD. ++oo The midi(4) framework got a complete overhaul for better support of Active Sensing and improved handling of tempo and timebase changes. ++oo Added a Bluetooth protocol stack including: -- hardware drivers: ubt(4) for USB controllers, and bt3c(4) for the 3Com Bluetooth PC-Card. -- socket based access to the HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM and SCO protocols. -- pseudo drivers for integrating services on remote Bluetooth devices such as Keyboards, Mice and SCO Audio into the NetBSD device framework. See bluetooth(4), bthset(1) and btpin(1). ++oo Imported the bio(4) framework from OpenBSD, to query/control block hardware RAID device controllers. Currently supporting the mfi(4) driver. ++oo Kernel uses stateful read-ahead algorithm. ++oo dkctl(8) can be used to switch buffer queuing strategies on the fly on wd(4) disks, see also bufq(9). ++oo fileassoc(9) is used by Veriexec, it adds in-kernel and file-system independent file meta-data association interface. ++oo firmload(9): an API for loading firmware images used by various hard- ware devices. ++oo gpio(4): imported General Purpose I/O framework from OpenBSD. ++oo onewire(4): imported Dallas Semiconductor 1-wire bus framework from OpenBSD. ++oo The proplib(3) protocol was added for sending property lists to/from the kernel using ioctls. ++oo spi(4): new SPI (Serial Peripherial Interface) framework. ++oo timecounter(9) adds a new time-keeping infrastructure along with NTP API 4 nanokernel implementation. Almost all platforms were changed to support this API. ++oo Start of 32bit-Linux-emulation for amd64 (COMPAT_LINUX32). ++oo wscons(4) console driver supports splash screens, scrolling, progress bar for kernel and boot messages. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y ++oo The FAST_IPSEC IPsec implementation was extended to use hardware acceleration for IPv6, in addition to the hardware accelerated IPv4 that was available before. See fast_ipsec(4) for more information. ++oo mprotect(2) got restrictions to enforce W^X policies, from PaX. See options(4), sysctl(3), and paxctl(1). ++oo GCC 4's support for stack smashing protection (SSP) was enabled by adding libssp, see security(8). ++oo The kernel authorization framework kauth(9) was added, replacing the traditional BSD credential management and privileged operation access control with an abstract layer, allowing the implementation of vari- ous security models either as part of the NetBSD distribution or as third-party LKMs. NetBSD's kernel authorization is a hybrid clean-room implementation of a similar interface developed by Apple, extending its capabilities and combining concepts of credential inheritance control. _U_s_e_r_l_a_n_d ++oo 3rd party software updates: -- BIND 9.4.1-P1 -- OpenSSL 0.9.8e -- CVS 1.11.22 -- OpenSSH 4.4 -- gettext 0.14.4 -- PF from OpenBSD 3.7 -- (n)awk 20050424 -- Postfix 2.4.5 -- am-utils 6.1.3 -- file 4.21 -- zlib 1.2.3 -- GNU binutils 2.16.1 -- GNU groff 1.19.2 -- IPFilter 4.1.23 -- GNU gcc 4.1.2 prerelease -- GNU gdb 6.5 (some architectures) -- NTP 4.2.4p2 -- pppd 2.4.4 ++oo cdplay(1): added digital transfer mode support. ++oo cksum(1) can now verify checksums. ++oo csplit(1): new utility that splits a file into pieces. From FreeBSD/OpenBSD. ++oo identd(1): added support for forwarding ident queries and receiving of proxied ident queries. ++oo getent(1): added support for the ethers database. ++oo gkermit(1): new program for transferring files using the Kermit pro- tocol. ++oo mail(1): added support for Mime and multi-character set handling, command line editing and completion. ++oo utoppya(1): new utility to interface to the utoppy(4) driver. ++oo init(8): added support for running multi-user in a chroot() environ- ment. Allows / file system on e.g., cgd(4), vnd(4) or ccd(4) volumes. ++oo gpt(8): new GUID partition table maintenance utility, from FreeBSD. ++oo iSCSI target (server) code added, see iscsi-target(8); Initiator (client) code is underway. ++oo lockstat(8): new command to display a summary of kernel locking events recorded over the lifetime of a called program. ++oo ofctl(8): new command to display the OpenPROM or OpenFirmware device tree for the macppc, shark and sparc64. ++oo Various utilities to support Bluetooth were added: -- btconfig(8) for controller configuration. -- btdevctl(8) to manage pseudo devices relating to remote services. -- bthcid(8) and btpin(1) for authenticating radio connections. -- sdpd(8) for providing service discovery to remote devices. -- sdpquery(1) for querying services on remote devices. -- rfcomm_sppd(1) to access remote services over RFCOMM via stdio or pty. -- bthset(1) for making connections to Bluetooth headsets. Besides this list, there have also been innumerable bug fixes and other miscellaneous enhancements of course. _C_o_m_p_o_n_e_n_t_s _r_e_m_o_v_e_d _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D In this release of NetBSD, some software components known from previous releases were removed from the system. In some cases those were compo- nents that are not useful anymore or their utility does not justify main- tenance overhead. Other components were not working properly and there was lack of interest in fixing them. ++oo Sushi was removed from the base system due to lack of interest and maintenance. If you really want it, it is available in the CVS repos- itory at othersrc/usr.sbin/sushi. However, be warned that it is unmaintained and is most likely out of date. ++oo Vinum was removed due to lack of interest and maintenance. At the time of removal, it had several known serious issues (including not being compilable). RAIDframe provides similar functionality. If you were using Vinum you will need to back up your data, delete the Vinum partitions, create RAIDframe partitions, and restore your data to them. Details about RAIDframe can be found in raid(4), raidctl(8), and the NetBSD Guide: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--rrff..hhttmmll. ++oo Sendmail was removed. Postfix is the MTA and provides the sendmail(1) command line tool. Postfix has been included with NetBSD since NetBSD 1.5 was released in December 2005. Details about Postfix can be found in the NetBSD Guide: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--mmaaiill..hhttmmll. For those who need Sendmail, it is available from pkgsrc in the _m_a_i_l_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l and _m_a_i_l_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l_8_1_3 packages. ++oo NETCCITT and NETNS were removed due to lack of interest and mainte- nance. They had known serious issues (including being out of date with respect to other network code) and there were no known users at the time of their removal. Unfortunately, there is no replacement or option for them. ++oo UUCP was removed. The NetBSD improvements were merged into the pkgsrc version. For those who use UUCP tools, they are available from pkgsrc in the _n_e_t_/_u_u_c_p package. The cu(1) command is available as a frontend to tip(1). ++oo The Fortran 77 compiler ( g77 ) has been removed with the transition from GCC 3 to GCC 4, which does not include it. For those who need it, it is available from pkgsrc in the _l_a_n_g_/_g_c_c_3_-_f_7_7 package. ++oo The evbsh5 port has been removed from NetBSD due to lack of interest, compounded by a lack of available SH5 hardware. TThhee FFuuttuurree ooff NNeettBBSSDD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: ++oo providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. ++oo providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. ++oo providing a better position from which to undertake promotional activities. ++oo periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We hope to support even _m_o_r_e hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//.. NNeettBBSSDD 44..00..11 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 4.0.1 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_4_._0_._1_/ CHANGES Changes between NetBSD 3.0 and branching 4.0. CHANGES-4.0 Changes since NetBSD 4.0 was branched. CHANGES-4.0.1 Changes between NetBSD 4.0 and 4.0.1. CHANGES.prev Changes in earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 4.0.1 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). _p_a_t_c_h_e_s_/ Post-release source code patches. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 4.0.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. _9_5 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _4_8_4 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. _6 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_5 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 4.0.1 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. _4_5 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_1_4 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 4.0.1 kernel for all architectures; config(1); and dbsym(8). _3_3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_6_5 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. _9_5 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _5_0_2 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo 11 _f_i_l_e. CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm _f_i_l_e. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. SYSVSUM Historic ATT System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo 22 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the MD5 digest, and finally the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_s_u_n_2 _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The sun2-specific portion of the NetBSD 4.0.1 release is found in the _s_u_n_2 subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_4_._0_._1_/_s_u_n_2_/. It con- tains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. _s_e_t_s_/ sun2 binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/ sun2 miniroot file system image; see below. _m_i_s_c_/ Miscellaneous sun2 installation utilities; see installation section, below. _n_e_t_b_o_o_t_/ Two programs needed to boot sun2 kernels over the network. _t_a_p_e_i_m_a_g_e_/ Tape boot program, and two shell scripts used to prepare tapes. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD sun2 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 4.0.1 release for the sun2. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _s_u_n_2_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 4.0.1 distribution tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 4.0.1 sun2 bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. _1_0_4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_5_7 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. _2_2 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _7_5 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d eettcc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. _1 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. _8 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_7 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/sun2 4.0.1 GENERIC kernel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. _1 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. _8 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_3 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmiisscc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. _4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_2 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. _5 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_4 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. NetBSD/sun2 currently does not ship with an X server or X clients. Binary sets for the X Win- dow System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. _0_._0_3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _0_._1_7 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxsseerrvveerr The X server. _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _-_u_n_k_n_o_w_n_- _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d The sun2 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. This utility is used only in a Traditional method installation. There is a collection of Sun2 kernels in the _s_u_n_2_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l subdirec- tory of the NetBSD 4.0.1 distribution. The one named _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_R_A_M_D_I_S_K_._g_z contain a root file system image and should only be used for the initial installation. The others are included for convenience. (Most people will want to use _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z or _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_F_O_U_R_M_E_G_._g_z as appropriate.) Please note that these kernels are simply gzipped and are not tar ar- chives. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the sun2 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//ssuunn22 SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess NetBSD/sun2 4.0.1 runs on Multibus Sun2 machines, including: 2/120 2/170 2/100U The minimal configuration requires 4 MB of RAM and about 130 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space (approx. 100 MB additional space is necessary for full sources). To com- pile the system, more RAM is recommended. Good performance requires 7 MB of RAM. Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install: Partition Suggested Needed / (root) 20 MB 15 MB /usr 210 MB 110 MB /var 20 MB 5 MB swap _2_*_R_A_M _._._. Anything else is up to you! As you may note, the recommended size of _/_u_s_r is 100 MB greater than needed. This is to leave room for a kernel source and compile tree as you will probably want to compile your own kernel. (GENERIC is large and bulky to accommodate all people). Note that the sun2 installation procedure uses a _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t image which is placed into the swap area of the disk. The swap partition must be at least as large as the miniroot image (12 MB). _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e ++oo Serial ports (RS232) -- built-in ttya, ttyb -- ttyc, ttyd, ttye, ttyf on first sc SCSI -- ttyg, ttyh, ttyi, ttyj on second sc SCSI ++oo Video adapters -- bwtwo ++oo Network interfaces: -- Multibus Intel Ethernet -- Multibus 3Com Ethernet ++oo SCSI -- Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc -- Multibus Sun-2 SCSI (_s_c) ++oo Input devices -- Sun keyboard and mouse ++oo Miscellaneous -- Battery-backed real-time clock. If it's not on this list, there is no support for it in this release. GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa Installation is supported from several media types, including: ++oo Tape ++oo NFS ++oo CD-ROM ++oo FTP _N_o_t_e_: Installing on a `bare' machine requires some bootable device; either a tape drive or Sun-compatible NFS server. The procedure for transferring the distribution sets onto installation media depends on the type of media. Instructions for each type of media are given below. In order to create installation media, you will need all the files in the directory _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_4_._0_._1_/_s_u_n_2_/ _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _b_o_o_t_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l _t_a_p_e_s Installing from tape is the simplest method of all. This method uses two tapes; one called the _b_o_o_t tape, and another called the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l tape. The boot tape is created as follows: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--44..00..11//ssuunn22//iinnssttaallllaattiioonn//ttaappeeiimmaaggee # sshh MMaakkeeBBoooottTTaappee //ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 The install tape is created as follows: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--44..00..11//ssuunn22//iinnssttaallllaattiioonn//ttaappeeiimmaaggee # sshh MMaakkeeIInnssttaallllTTaappee //ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 If the tapes do not work as expected, you may need to explicitly set the EOF mark at the end of each tape segment. It may also be necessary to use the ccoonnvv==oossyynncc argument to dd(1). Note that this argument is incom- patible with the bbss== argument. Consult the tape-related manual pages on the system where the tapes are created for more details. _B_o_o_t_/_I_n_s_t_a_l_l _f_r_o_m _N_F_S _s_e_r_v_e_r If your machine has a disk and network connection, but no tape drive, it may be convenient for you to install NetBSD over the network. This involves temporarily booting your machine over NFS, just long enough so you can initialize its disk. This method requires that you have access to an NFS server on your network so you can configure it to support disk- less boot for your machine. Configuring the NFS server is normally a task for a system administrator, and is not trivial. If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, consult the documentation that came with it (i.e. add_client(8) on SunOS). When instructed to boot over the network, your sun2 expects to be able to download first and second stage bootstrap programs via ND, the Network Disk protocol. The ndbootd(8) program will attempt to serve a second- stage bootstrap file using a name derived from the machine's recently acquired IP address and an extension which corresponds to the machine architecture. (It may be handy to have a hexadecimal calculator for this next step.) The filename prefix is created by converting the machine's assigned IP address into hexadecimal, most-significant octet first, using uppercase characters for the non-decimal (A-F) digits. The filename suf- fix used by all sun2 machines is _S_U_N_2. For example, a sun2 which has been assigned IP address 130.115.144.11 will be served a second-stage bootstrap file named _8_2_7_3_9_0_0_B_._S_U_N_2. Nor- mally, this file is a symbolic link to the NetBSD/sun2 _n_e_t_b_o_o_t program, which should be located in a place where the ndbootd(8) daemon can find it. The _n_e_t_b_o_o_t program may be found in the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_n_e_t_b_o_o_t direc- tory of this distribution. The netboot program will query a bootparamd server to find the NFS server address and path name for its root, and then load a kernel from that location. The server should have a copy of the _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_R_A_M_D_I_S_K kernel in the root area for your client, hard-linked under the names _n_e_t_b_s_d and _v_m_u_n_i_x (no other files are needed in the client root) and _/_e_t_c_/_b_o_o_t_p_a_r_a_m_s on the server should have an entry for your client and its root direc- tory. The client will need access to the miniroot image, which can be provided using NFS or remote shell. If you will be installing NetBSD on several clients, it may be useful to know that you can use a single NFS root for all the clients as long as they only use the _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_R_A_M_D_I_S_K kernel. There will be no conflict between clients because the RAM-disk kernel will not use the NFS root. No swap file is needed; the RAM-disk kernel does not use that either. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_/_U_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or net- work, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files provided on the CD-ROM. Once you have booted netbsd-rd (the RAM-disk kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets directly from the CD-ROM. The iinnssttaallll program in the miniroot automates the work required to mount the CD-ROM and extract the files. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_/_U_p_g_r_a_d_e _v_i_a _F_T_P This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or net- work, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files in _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_t_a_p_e_i_m_a_g_e and _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l (which you get via FTP). Once you have booted _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_R_A_M_D_I_S_K (the RAM- disk kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribu- tion sets over the net using FTP. The iinnssttaallll program in the miniroot automates the work required to configure the network interface and trans- fer the files. The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you make sure that there's some FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. You need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn Sun2 machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of _b_a_c_k_i_n_g _u_p _a_l_l _d_a_t_a on any attached storage devices. You will need to know the SCSI target ID of the drive on which you will install NetBSD. _N_o_t_e_: SunOS on the sun2 uses confusing names for the SCSI devices: tar- get 1 is sd2, target 2 is sd4, etc. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it should not be too difficult. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your disk. If your machine has a tape drive the easiest way is _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _t_a_p_e (details below). If your machine is on a network with a suitable NFS server, then _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _N_F_S is the next best method. Otherwise, if you have another Sun machine running SunOS you can initialize the disk on that machine and then move the disk. (Installing from SunOS is not recom- mended.) _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _t_a_p_e Create the NetBSD/sun2 4.0.1 boot tape as described in the section enti- tled _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _b_o_o_t_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l _t_a_p_e_s and boot the tape. At the PROM monitor prompt, use one of the commands: >bb sstt(()) >bb sstt((00,,88,,00)) The first example will use the tape on SCSI target 4, where the second will use SCSI target 5. The > is the monitor prompt. After the tape loads, you should see many lines of configuration mes- sages, and then the following `welcome' screen: Welcome to the NetBSD/sun2 RAMDISK root! This environment is designed to do only three things: 1: Partition your disk (use the command: edlabel /dev/rsd0c) 2: Copy a miniroot image into the swap partition (/dev/rsd0b) 3: Reboot (using the swap partition, i.e. /dev/sd?b). Note that the sun2 firmware cannot boot from a partition located more than 1 GB from the beginning of the disk, so the swap partition should be completely below the 1 GB boundary. Copying the miniroot can be done several ways, allowing the source of the miniroot image to be on any of these: boot tape, NFS server, TFTP server, rsh server The easiest is loading from tape, which is done as follows: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 2 dd if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b bs=32k conv=sync (For help with other methods, please see the install notes.) To reboot using the swap partition, first use "halt", then at the PROM monitor prompt use a command like: b sd(,,1) -s To view this message again, type: cat /.welcome Copy the miniroot as described in the welcome message, and reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t for details. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _N_F_S Before you can install from NFS, you must have already configured your NFS server to support your machine as a diskless client. Instructions for configuring the server are found in the section entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n_t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a above. First, at the Sun PROM monitor prompt, enter a boot command using the network interface as the boot device. If your machine has Intel Ether- net, this is _i_e, and if it has 3Com Ethernet, this is _e_c. Examples: >bb iiee(()) --ss >bb eecc(()) --ss After the boot program loads the RAMDISK kernel, you should see the wel- come screen as shown in the _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _t_a_p_e section above. You must configure the network interface before you can use any network resources. For example the command: ssh> iiffccoonnffiigg iiee00 iinneett 119922..223333..2200..119988 uupp will bring up the network interface with that address. The next step is to copy the miniroot from your server. This can be done using either NFS or remote shell. (In the examples that follow, the server has IP address 192.233.20.195.) You may then need to add a default route if the server is on a different subnet: ssh> rroouuttee aadddd ddeeffaauulltt 119922..223333..2200..225555 11 You can look at the route table using: ssh> rroouuttee sshhooww Now mount the NFS file system containing the miniroot image: ssh> mmoouunntt --oo rrddoonnllyy,,--rr==11002244 119922..223333..2200..119955:://sseerrvveerr//ppaatthh //mmnntt The procedure is simpler and much faster if you have space for an expanded (not compressed) copy of the miniroot image. In that case: ssh> dddd iiff==//mmnntt//mmiinniirroooott..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb bbss==88kk Otherwise, you will need to use zzccaatt to expand the miniroot image while copying. This is tricky because the sssshh program (small shell) does not handle sh(1) pipeline syntax. Instead, you first run the reader in the background with its input set to _/_d_e_v_/_p_i_p_e and then run the other program in the foreground with its output to _/_d_e_v_/_p_i_p_e. The result looks like this: ssh> rruunn --bbgg dddd iiff==//ddeevv//ppiippee ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb oobbss==88kk ssh> rruunn --oo //ddeevv//ppiippee zzccaatt //mmnntt//iinnssttaallll//mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz To load the miniroot using rsh to the server, you would use a pair of commands similar to the above. Here is another example: ssh> rruunn --bb dddd iiff==//ddeevv//ppiippee ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb oobbss==88kk ssh> rruunn --oo //ddeevv//ppiippee rrsshh 119922..223333..2200..119955 zzccaatt mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz Note that decompression on a sun2 is _e_x_t_r_e_m_e_l_y slow, be prepared to wait. For this reason, expanding the miniroot image on the NFS server is highly recommended. Once the miniroot has been copied using one of the above methods, you reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t for details. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _S_u_n_O_S To install NetBSD/sun2 onto a machine already running SunOS, you will need the miniroot image (miniroot.fs.gz) and some means to decompress it. First, boot SunOS and place the miniroot file onto the hard drive. If you do not have ggzziipp for SunOS, you will need to decompress the image elsewhere before you can use it. Next, bring SunOS down to single user mode to insure that nothing will be using the swap space on your drive. To be extra safe, reboot the machine into single-user mode rather than using the sshhuuttddoowwnn command. Now copy the miniroot image onto your swap device (here _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_b) with the command ggzziipp --ddcc mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz || dddd ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb oobbss==3322kk or if you have already decompressed the miniroot dddd iiff==mmiinniirroooott..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb oobbss==3322kk Finally, reboot the machine and instruct the PROM to boot from the swap device as described in the next section. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _M_i_n_i_r_o_o_t If the machine is not already at the PROM monitor, run the _h_a_l_t command. If the miniroot was installed on partition `b' of the disk with SCSI tar- get ID=0 then the PROM boot command would be: >bb ssdd((00,,00,,11)) --ss With SCSI target ID=2, the PROM is: >bb ssdd((00,,1100,,11)) --ss The numbers in parentheses above are: 1. controller (usually zero) 2. unit number (SCSI-ID * 8, in hexadecimal) 3. partition number _M_i_n_i_r_o_o_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _p_r_o_g_r_a_m The miniroot's install program is very simple to use. It will guide you through the entire process, and is well automated. Additional improve- ments are planned for future releases. The miniroot's install program will: ++oo Allow you to place disklabels on additional disks. The disk we are installing on should already have been partitioned using the RAMDISK kernel. ++oo Create file systems on target partitions. ++oo Allow you to set up your system's network configuration. Remember to specify host names without the domain name appended to the end. For example use foo instead of foo.bar.org. If, during the process of configuring the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will be able to re-configure that interface by simply selecting it for configuration again. ++oo Mount target file systems. You will be given the opportunity to manually edit the resulting _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b. ++oo Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. ++oo Copy configuration information gathered during the installation process to your root file system (_/). ++oo Make device nodes in your root file system under _/_d_e_v. ++oo Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (_/). ++oo Install a new boot block. ++oo Check your file systems for integrity. First-time installation on a system through a method other than the installation program is possible, but strongly discouraged. PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). If your _/_u_s_r directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use eedd, you will have to mount your _/_u_s_r partition to gain access to eexx or vvii. Do the following: # mmoouunntt //uussrr # eexxppoorrtt TTEERRMM==vvtt222200 If you have _/_v_a_r on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f with vi(1). When you have finished, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single- user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e, furthermore add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. Other files in _/_e_t_c that may require modification or setting up include _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f, _/_e_t_c_/_n_s_s_w_i_t_c_h_._c_o_n_f, and _/_e_t_c_/_w_s_c_o_n_s_._c_o_n_f. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. If you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should cre- ate an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...]. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X Window System, look at the files in _/_u_s_r_/_X_1_1_R_6_/_l_i_b_/_X_1_1_/_d_o_c for information. Don't forget to add _/_u_s_r_/_X_1_1_R_6_/_b_i_n to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies installation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries. ++oo More information on the package system is at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _s_u_n_2_/_4_._0_/_A_l_l subdir. You can install them with the following commands under sh(1): ## PPKKGG__PPAATTHH==ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//ssuunn22//44..00//AAllll ## eexxppoorrtt PPKKGG__PPAATTHH ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ttccsshh ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv bbaasshh ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ppeerrll ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv aappaacchhee ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv kkddee ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ffiirreeffooxx ... If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with the following: ## sseetteennvv PPKKGG__PPAATTHH ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//ssuunn22//44..00//AAllll ... _N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory. If you would like to use such mirrors, you could also try the _/_p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_p_a_c_k_a_g_e_s_/_c_u_r_r_e_n_t_-_p_a_c_k_a_g_e_s_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_s_u_n_2_/_4_._0_/_A_l_l directory which may have the same contents. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shell, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. _N_o_t_e_: In some case the pkg_add(1) command will complain about a version mismatch of packages with a message like the fol- lowing: Warning: package `foo' was built for a different version of the OS: NetBSD/i386 4.0 (pkg) vs. NetBSD/i386 4.0.1 (this host), This warning would be harmless if the formal major release numbers are same between the pkg and your host. Please refer ``the NetBSD release glossary and graphs'': hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//rreelleeaasseess//rreelleeaassee--mmaapp..hhttmmll for details of the release numbering scheme of NetBSD. ++oo Package sources for compiling packages on your own can be obtained by retrieving the file ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz They are typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other locations work fine), with the commands: # mmkkddiirr //uussrr//ppkkggssrrcc # ccdd //uussrr//ppkkggssrrcc # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _R_E_A_D_M_E and _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t files in the extraction directory (e.g. _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_R_E_A_D_M_E) for more infor- mation. 6. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. ++oo The _/_e_t_c_/_p_o_s_t_f_i_x_/_m_a_i_n_._c_f file will almost definitely need to be adjusted. If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using the NetBSD package system or by hand and adjust _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/sun2 system using the upgrade program in the miniroot. If you wish to upgrade your system by this method, simply select the uuppggrraaddee option once the miniroot has booted. The upgrade program with then guide you through the procedure. The upgrade program will: ++oo Enable the network based on your system's current network con- figuration. ++oo Mount your existing file systems. ++oo Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. ++oo Make new device nodes in your root file system under _/_d_e_v. ++oo Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (_/). _N_o_t_e_: the existing kernel _w_i_l_l _n_o_t be backed up; doing so would be pointless, since older kernels may not be capa- ble of running NetBSD 4.0.1 executables. ++oo Install a new boot block. ++oo Check your file systems for integrity. Using the miniroot's upgrade program is the preferred method of upgrading your system. However, it is possible to upgrade your system manually. To do this, follow the following procedure: ++oo Place _a_t _l_e_a_s_t the bbaassee binary set in a file system accessible to the target machine. A local file system is preferred, since the NFS subsystem in the NetBSD 4.0.1 kernel may be incompati- ble with your old binaries. ++oo Back up your pre-existing kernel and copy the 4.0.1 kernel into your root partition (_/). ++oo Reboot with the 4.0.1 kernel into single-user mode. (Otherwise you can not install the boot block.) ++oo Check all file systems: # //ssbbiinn//ffsscckk --ppff ++oo Mount all local file systems: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --aa --tt nnoonnffss ++oo If you keep _/_u_s_r or _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e on an NFS server, you will want to mount those file systems as well. To do this, you will need to enable the network: # sshh //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nneettwwoorrkk ssttaarrtt ++oo Make sure you are in the root file system (_/ _a_n_d _e_x_t_r_a_c_t _t_h_e) bbaassee binary set: # ccdd // # ppaaxx --zzrrvvppee --ff AArr //ppaatthh//ttoo//bbaassee..ttggzz ++oo Install a new boot block: (assuming root is on _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_a) # ccdd //uussrr//mmddeecc # ccpp --pp ..//uuffssbboooott //mmnntt//uuffssbboooott # ssyynncc ;; sslleeeepp 11 ;; ssyynncc # //uussrr//ssbbiinn//iinnssttaallllbboooott --vv //ddeevv//rrssdd00aa bboooottxxxx //uuffssbboooott ++oo Sync the file systems: ssyynncc ++oo At this point you may extract any other binary sets you may have placed on local file systems, or you may wish to extract additional sets at a later time. To extract these sets, use the following commands: # ccdd // # ppaaxx --zzrrvvppee --ff _p_a_t_h___t_o___s_e_t _N_o_t_e_: You _s_h_o_u_l_d _n_o_t extract the eettcc set if upgrading. Instead, you should extract that set into another area and carefully merge the changes by hand. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 4.0.1. N.B. when using ssyyssiinnsstt for upgrading, it will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default (see below) will be handled. _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _2_._1 _a_n_d _o_l_d_e_r _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s_. See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 3.x as well. It is vveerryy iimmppoorrttaanntt that you populate the directory _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_m_._d with appropriate configuration files for Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) because you will not be able to login any more otherwise. Using _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l as described below will take care of this. Please refer to hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--ppaamm..hhttmmll for documentation about PAM. The following issues can generally be resolved by running _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l with the eettcc set : postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l: ++oo Various files in _/_e_t_c need upgrading. These include: -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_t_r_e_e_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_m_._d_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_a_i_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_w_e_e_k_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_o_n_t_h_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_u_b_r -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_h_u_t_d_o_w_n -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_* The following issues need to be resolved manually: ++oo The user `_pflogd' and the groups `_pflogd' and `authpf' need to be created. _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _3_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s_. The following issues can generally be resolved by running _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l with the eettcc set : postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l: ++oo Various files in _/_e_t_c need upgrading. These include: -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_t_r_e_e_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_a_i_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_w_e_e_k_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_o_n_t_h_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_u_b_r -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_h_u_t_d_o_w_n -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_s_y_s_._c_o_n_f The following issues need to be resolved manually: ++oo The users `_proxy', `_rwhod', and `_sdpd' and the groups `_proxy', `_rwhod' and `_sdpd' need to be created and the user `uucp' needs to be updated. ++oo A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 4.0 release including: the evbsh5 port, the Fortran 77 compiler (g77), NETCCITT, NETNS, Sendmail, Sushi, UUCP, and Vinum. If you were using any of these, then please see the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near the beginning of this docu- ment. ++oo The replacement of Sendmail by Postfix can be handled automati- cally by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l but it is not done by default. If you want to transition to Postfix, the command postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix mailerconf will update your _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f file to use Postfix as the MTA. When using ssyyssiinnsstt to upgrade the system, it will ask if you want this to be done. Note that if you have a customized Sendmail setup, you need to set up Postfix in an equivalent way; there is no tool for auto- matic conversion of Sendmail configuration to a Postfix one. Postfix will be started up automatically when the system boots. You may see messages like "$sendmail is not set properly" at boot. You can suppress them by removing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l and _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_s_m_m_s_p. Those files and other parts of sendmail con- figuration like files under _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l are not removed by default while upgrading for those who want to continue using sendmail from outside the base system. If you want to delete them, _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l can be used: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix sendmail IIssssuueess wwiitthh GGDDBB 66..55 Some architectures (arm, i386, powerpc and sparc64) have switched to a newer gdb version (6.5) in this release. Unfortunately support for debugging programs using the SA (scheduler activation) based thread library, is incomplete in this gdb version. Furthermore kernel crash- dumps can not be debugged due to a missing identification in the kernel binaries. Both issues have been addressed on the wrstuden-fixsa branch, but did not make it into the NetBSD release. Both will be fixed in the next patch release. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropros(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_b_u_g_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss//. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Luleoa Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services server. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the NYC build cluster. ++oo The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for running the WWU build cluster that produces daily snapshots. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss//.. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) WWee aarree...... (in alphabetical order) _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _c_o_r_e _g_r_o_u_p_: Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Quentin Garnier _c_u_b_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _T_h_e _p_o_r_t_m_a_s_t_e_r_s _(_a_n_d _t_h_e_i_r _p_o_r_t_s_)_: Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ccoobbaalltt Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g xxeenn Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbmmiippss Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ppmmaaxx Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssbbmmiippss Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aattaarrii Marcus Comstedt _m_a_r_c_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ddrreeaammccaasstt Andrew Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aammdd6644 Andrew Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ii338866 Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g cceessffiicc Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiyyoonniixx Jaime A Fournier _o_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g zzaauurruuss Matt Fredette _f_r_e_d_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssuunn22 Ichiro FUKUHARA _i_c_h_i_r_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhppccaarrmm Chris Gilbert _c_h_r_i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ccaattss Ben Harris _b_j_h_2_1_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aaccoorrnn2266 Ross Harvey _r_o_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aallpphhaa Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhpp770000 Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssppaarrcc6644 IWAMOTO Toshihiro _t_o_s_h_i_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhppccaarrmm Darrin Jewell _d_b_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneexxtt6688kk S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssggiimmiippss Wayne Knowles _w_d_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmiippssccoo Takayoshi Kochi _k_o_c_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiaa6644 Paul Kranenburg _p_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssppaarrcc Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmaaccppppcc Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g vvaaxx Cherry G. Mathew _c_h_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiaa6644 NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g xx6688kk Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g lluunnaa6688kk Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssaannddppooiinntt Andrey Petrov _p_e_t_r_o_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssppaarrcc6644 Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmaacc6688kk Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ooffppppcc Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g pprreepp Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g rrss66000000 Noriyuki Soda _s_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aarrcc Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aammiiggaa Jonathan Stone _j_o_n_a_t_h_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ppmmaaxx Shin Takemura _t_a_k_e_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhppccmmiippss Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aallpphhaa Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneettwwiinnddeerr Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aallggoorr Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbaarrmm Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g sshhaarrkk Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eewwss44880000mmiippss Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhpp330000 Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneewwss6688kk Valeriy E. Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g llaannddiisskk Nathan Williams _n_a_t_h_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssuunn33 Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbppppcc Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmvvmmee6688kk Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmvvmmeeppppcc Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aaccoorrnn3322 _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _4_._0_._1 _R_e_l_e_a_s_e _E_n_g_i_n_e_e_r_i_n_g _t_e_a_m_: Grant Beattie _g_r_a_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g James Chacon _j_m_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Liam J. Foy _l_i_a_m_j_f_o_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Heasley _h_e_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Geert Hendrickx _g_h_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel de Kok _d_a_n_i_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_e_r_s_: Nathan Ahlstrom _n_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Allen _w_o_r_m_e_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jukka Andberg _j_a_n_d_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Assange _p_r_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lennart Augustsson _a_u_g_u_s_t_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christoph Badura _b_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bang Jun-Young _j_u_n_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dieter Baron _d_i_l_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert V. Baron _r_v_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alan Barrett _a_p_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Grant Beattie _g_r_a_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason Beegan _j_t_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hiroyuki Bessho _b_s_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Birrell _j_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mason Loring Bliss _m_a_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Charles Blundell _c_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rafal Boni _r_a_f_a_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stephen Borrill _s_b_o_r_r_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sean Boudreau _s_e_a_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Brezak _b_r_e_z_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Allen Briggs _b_r_i_g_g_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mark Brinicombe _m_a_r_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aaron Brown _a_b_r_o_w_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andrew Brown _a_t_a_t_a_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frederick Bruckman _f_r_e_d_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jon Buller _j_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert Byrnes _b_y_r_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Pavel Cahyna _p_a_v_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g D'Arcy J.M. Cain _d_a_r_c_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel Carosone _d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dave Carrel _c_a_r_r_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g James Chacon _j_m_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mihai Chelaru _k_e_f_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bill Coldwell _b_i_l_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ben Collver _b_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marcus Comstedt _m_a_r_c_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy Cooper _j_e_r_e_m_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chuck Cranor _c_h_u_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aidan Cully _a_i_d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Garrett D'Amore _g_d_a_m_o_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johan Danielsson _j_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Darrow _j_d_a_r_r_o_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jed Davis _j_l_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt DeBergalis _d_e_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Degroote _d_e_g_r_o_o_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Deker _d_e_k_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris G. Demetriou _c_g_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tracy Di Marco White _g_e_n_d_a_l_i_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jarom'ir Dolecek _j_d_o_l_e_c_e_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andy Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Dowdeswell _e_l_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Emmanuel Dreyfus _m_a_n_u_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun Ebihara _j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jaime A Fournier _o_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stoned Elipot _s_e_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael van Elst _m_l_e_l_s_t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Enami Tsugutomo _e_n_a_m_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernd Ernesti _v_e_e_g_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Fair _f_a_i_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hauke Fath _h_a_u_k_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hubert Feyrer _h_u_b_e_r_t_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason R. Fink _j_r_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt J. Fleming _m_j_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marty Fouts _m_a_r_t_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Liam J. Foy _l_i_a_m_j_f_o_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Fredette _f_r_e_d_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thorsten Frueauf _f_r_u_e_a_u_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Castor Fu _c_a_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ichiro Fukuhara _i_c_h_i_r_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Quentin Garnier _c_u_b_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Gerner _t_h_o_m_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon J. Gerraty _s_j_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Justin Gibbs _g_i_b_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Gilbert _c_h_r_i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Gillespie _e_p_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brian Ginsbach _g_i_n_s_b_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Goyette _p_g_o_y_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Graff _e_x_p_l_o_r_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brian C. Grayson _b_g_r_a_y_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Green _m_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andreas Gustafsson _g_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ulrich Habel _r_h_a_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino _i_t_o_j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g HAMAJIMA Katsuomi _h_a_m_a_j_i_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adam Hamsik _h_a_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Juergen Hannken-Illjes _h_a_n_n_k_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Charles M. Hannum _m_y_c_r_o_f_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ben Harris _b_j_h_2_1_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ross Harvey _r_o_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Haszlakiewicz _e_r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Hawkinson _j_h_a_w_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g HAYAKAWA Koichi _h_a_y_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Heasley _h_e_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Geert Hendrickx _g_h_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ren'e Hexel _r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Iain Hibbert _p_l_u_n_k_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kouichirou Hiratsuka _h_i_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael L. Hitch _m_h_i_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g 'Ad'am H'oka _a_h_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jachym Holecek _f_r_e_z_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David A. Holland _d_h_o_l_l_a_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian E. Hopps _c_h_o_p_p_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Hornstein _k_e_n_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Horowitz _m_a_r_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eduardo Horvath _e_e_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Shell Hung _s_h_e_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dean Huxley _d_e_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Love H"ornquist oAstrand _l_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Illig _r_i_l_l_i_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernardo Innocenti _b_e_r_n_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tetsuya Isaki _i_s_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ITOH Yasufumi _i_t_o_h_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g IWAMOTO Toshihiro _t_o_s_h_i_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Jacob _m_j_a_c_o_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj _l_o_n_h_y_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darrin Jewell _d_b_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nicolas Joly _n_j_o_l_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Jones _c_j_o_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takahiro Kambe _t_a_c_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masanori Kanaoka _k_a_n_a_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antti Kantee _p_o_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Kardel _k_a_r_d_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mattias Karlsson _k_e_i_h_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g KAWAMOTO Yosihisa _k_a_w_a_m_o_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mario Kemper _m_a_g_i_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Min Sik Kim _m_i_n_s_k_i_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Klausner _w_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Klaus Klein _k_l_e_i_n_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Klos _j_k_l_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Wayne Knowles _w_d_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takayoshi Kochi _k_o_c_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Kohl _j_t_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel de Kok _d_a_n_i_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan A. Kollasch _j_a_k_l_l_s_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Kranenburg _p_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lubomir Kundrak _l_k_u_n_d_r_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jochen Kunz _j_k_u_n_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martti Kuparinen _m_a_r_t_t_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kentaro A. Kurahone _k_u_r_a_h_o_n_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Lacombe _a_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kevin Lahey _k_m_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Laight _d_s_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johnny C. Lam _j_l_a_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin J. Laubach _m_j_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Lehey _g_r_o_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ted Lemon _m_e_l_l_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian Limpach _c_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank van der Linden _f_v_d_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joel Lindholm _j_o_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tonnerre Lombard _t_o_n_n_e_r_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike Long _m_i_k_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Warner Losh _i_m_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tomasz Luchowski _z_u_n_t_u_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Federico Lupi _f_e_d_e_r_i_c_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brett Lymn _b_l_y_m_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Mackerras _p_a_u_l_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g MAEKAWA Masahide _g_e_h_e_n_n_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Cherry G. Mathew _c_h_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Maxwell _d_a_v_i_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gregory McGarry _g_m_c_g_a_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dan McMahill _d_m_c_m_a_h_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jared D. McNeill _j_m_c_n_e_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Neil J. McRae _n_e_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julio M. Merino Vidal _j_m_m_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Perry Metzger _p_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Luke Mewburn _l_u_k_e_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brook Milligan _b_r_o_o_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Minoura Makoto _m_i_n_o_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simas Mockevicius _s_y_m_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g der Mouse _m_o_u_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joseph Myers _j_s_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Nakata _k_e_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takeshi Nakayama _n_a_k_a_y_a_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Nemeth _j_n_e_m_e_t_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bob Nestor _r_n_e_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NONAKA Kimihiro _n_o_n_a_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takehiko NOZAKI _t_n_o_z_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tobias Nygren _t_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OBATA Akio _o_b_a_c_h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jesse Off _j_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tatoku Ogaito _t_a_c_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OKANO Takayoshi _k_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masaru Oki _o_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Atsushi Onoe _o_n_o_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Oster _o_s_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rui Paulo _r_p_a_u_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan Perkin _s_k_e_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andrey Petrov _p_e_t_r_o_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Herb Peyerl _h_p_e_y_e_r_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Pfaller _m_a_t_t_h_i_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Pinnock _c_j_e_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adrian Portelli _a_d_r_i_a_n_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Peter Postma _p_e_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dante Profeta _d_a_n_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Provenzano _p_r_o_v_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Niels Provos _p_r_o_v_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mindaugas Rasiukevicius _r_m_i_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Rauch _m_r_a_u_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Recht _r_e_c_h_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darren Reed _d_a_r_r_e_n_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy C. Reed _r_e_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antoine Reilles _t_o_n_i_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tyler R. Retzlaff _r_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Richardson _m_c_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alan Ritter _r_i_t_t_e_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hans Rosenfeld _h_a_n_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gordon Ross _g_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Rumble _r_u_m_b_l_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ilpo Ruotsalainen _l_o_n_e_w_o_l_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Heiko W. Rupp _h_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Blair J. 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Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Todd Vierling _t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aymeric Vincent _a_y_m_e_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Vixie _v_i_x_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike M. Volokhov _m_i_s_h_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Krister Walfridsson _k_r_i_s_t_e_r_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lex Wennmacher _w_e_n_n_m_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Leo Weppelman _l_e_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Assar Westerlund _a_s_s_a_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Todd Whitesel _t_o_d_d_p_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Wille _p_h_x_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nathan Williams _n_a_t_h_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Windsor _w_i_n_d_s_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dan Winship _d_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jim Wise _j_w_i_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Wolfson _m_b_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Colin Wood _e_n_d_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Yuji Yamano _y_y_a_m_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Young _d_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S.P.Zeidler _s_p_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Maria Zevenhoven _m_a_r_i_a_7_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _O_t_h_e_r _c_o_n_t_r_i_b_u_t_o_r_s_: Dave Burgess _b_u_r_g_e_s_s_@_c_y_n_j_u_t_._i_n_f_o_n_e_t_._n_e_t Brian R. 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This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Wash- ington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska H"ogskolan and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Chris- tos Zoulas This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna- tios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material TThhee EEnndd NetBSD October 5, 2008 NetBSD