INSTALLATION NOTES for NetBSD/mac68k 1.3.1 Be sure to read _ALL_ of this document before you try to install NetBSD/mac68k. What is NetBSD? ---- -- ------ The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional UN*X-like system derived from the Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many architectures and is being ported to more. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that this release wouldn't have come about. The NetBSD 1.3.1 release is a landmark. Building upon the successful NetBSD 1.2 release, we have provided numerous and significant functional enhancements, including support for many new devices, integration of many bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhancements. The results of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to summarize the 18 months of development that went into the NetBSD 1.3.1 release. Some of the significant changes include: Support for machine independent device drivers has been radically improved with the addition of the "bus.h" interface, providing a high quality abstraction for machine and architecture independent device access. The bus_dma interface has also been integrated, providing a machine-independent abstraction for DMA mapping. This permits many good things, including (among many) clean multi-platform bounce buffer support. Framework support for ISA "Plug and Play" has been added, as well as support for numerous "Plug and Play" devices. APM support has been added to NetBSD/i386. An initial cut of multi-platform PCMCIA support has been added. Support for ATAPI devices (initially just ATAPI CD-ROM drives) has been added. Support for Sun 3/80s (sun3x architecture) has been added. Support for R4000 DECstations has been added. Integration/merger of 4.4BSD Lite-2 sources into userland programs has nearly been completed. Most of userland now compiles with high levels of gcc warnings turned on, which has lead to the discovery and elimination of many bugs. The i386 boot blocks have been completely replaced with a new, libsa based two stage boot system. This has permitted integration of compressed boot support (see below). Many ports now support booting of compressed kernels, and feature new "Single Floppy" install systems that boot compressed install kernels and ramdisks. We intend to do substantial work on improving ease of installation in the future. "ypserv" has been added, thus completing our support for the "yp" network information system suite. Support for the Linux "ext2fs" filesystem and for FAT32 "msdosfs" filesystems has been added. TCP now has a SYN "compressed state engine" which provides increased robustness under high levels of received SYNs (as in the case of "SYN flood" attacks.) (Much of this code was derived from sources provided by BSDI.) An initial implementation of Path MTU discovery has been integrated (though it is not turned on by default). An initial kernel based random number generator pseudodevice has been added. Several major fixes have been integrated for the VM subsystem, including the fix of a notorious VM leak, improved synchronization between mmap()ed and open()ed files, and massively improved performance in low real memory conditions. A new swap subsystem has radically improved configuration and management of swap devices and adds swapping to files. Userland ntp support, including xntpd, has been integrated. The audio subsystems have been substantially debugged and improved, and now offer substantial emulation of the OSS audio interface, thus providing the ability to cleanly run emulated Linux and FreeBSD versions of sound intensive programs. A "packages" system has been adapted from FreeBSD and will provide binary package installations for third party applications. The XFree86 X source tree has been made a supported part of the NetBSD distribution, and X servers (if built for this port), libraries and utilities are now shipped with our releases. The ftp(1) program has been made astoundingly overfunctional. It supports command line editing, tab completion, status bars, automatic download of URLs specified on the command line, firewall support and many other features. All ports now use "new" config. Old config has been laid to rest. The ARP subsystem and API has been rewritten to make it less ethernet-centric. A new if_media subsystem has been added which allows network interfaces to be configured using media type names rather than device-specific mode bits. Many kernel interface manual pages have been added to manual section 9. Several ports support much more hardware. Many updates to bring NetBSD closer to standards compliance. Most third party packages have been updated to the latest stable release. As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. NetBSD 1.3.1 also includes some refinement to the NetBSD binary emulation system (which includes FreeBSD, HP-UX, iBCS2, Linux, OSF/1, SunOS, SVR4, Solaris and Ultrix compatibility), bringing NetBSD closer to the goal of making the emulation as accurate as possible. In the near future, we hope to integrate a fully rewritten Virtual Memory subsystem, kernel threads, and SMP support. NetBSD 1.3.1 is the fourth "real" release of NetBSD for the 68k-based Macintosh. For the mac68k port, NetBSD 1.3.1 brings a number of improvements: - A host of new drivers and kernel changes enable support for many 68040-based Macintosh systems. - Many previously unsupported 68030-based Macintoshes are now working. - Support for SONIC (DP83932) and MACE (Am79C940) Ethernet controllers has been added (via the "sn" and "mc" devices). - The "ae" driver for DP8390-based Ethernet cards now handles more NuBus ethernet cards. - The "grf" video driver supports many more NuBus video cards and most onboard video configurations. - The serial driver code has been converted to use the machine independent driver. This change enables the use of cdtrcts flow control, but support for externally clocked serial ports is still incomplete. - The "adb" driver now supports the ADB hardware on most Mac models, and a wider variety of third party mice and trackballs are handled as well. There is still a lot of work to be done and help is welcomed. Please jump in! NetBSD 1.3.1 on mac68k is, as usual, also fully backward compatible with old NetBSD mac68k binaries, so you don't need to recompile all of your local programs. The Future of NetBSD: --- ------ -- ------ The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of computer software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: * providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. * providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. * providing a better position from which to undertake promotional activities. * periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We hope to have regular releases of the full binary and source trees, but these are difficult to coordinate, especially with all of the architectures which we now support! We hope to support even _more_ hardware in the future, and have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources will provide them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD: ------- -- ------ NetBSD Mirror Site List The following sites mirror NetBSD as of March 03, 1998. If you wish to become a distribution site for NetBSD, contact mirrors@netbsd.org. FTP mirrors ----------- Australia * ftp://ftp.au.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD * ftp://ftp2.au.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD Brazil * ftp://ftp.ravel.ufrj.br/pub/NetBSD Denmark * ftp://ftp.dk.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD France * ftp://ftp.fr.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD Germany * ftp://ftp.de.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD * ftp://ftp2.de.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD * ftp://ftp.uni-regensburg.de/pub/comp/os/NetBSD Japan * ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/NetBSD/ * ftp://netbsd.tohoku.ac.jp/NetBSD Netherlands * ftp://ftp.nl.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD Norway * ftp://ftp.ntnu.no/pub/NetBSD * ftp://skarven.itea.ntnu.no/pub/NetBSD Sweden * ftp://ftp.stacken.kth.se/pub/OS/NetBSD * ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/os/NetBSD UK * ftp://ftp.uk.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD USA * ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD * ftp://ftp.cs.umn.edu/pub/NetBSD * ftp://ftp.cslab.vt.edu/pub/NetBSD * ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/pub/NetBSD * ftp://ftp.iastate.edu/pub/netbsd * ftp://ftp.op.net/pub/NetBSD SUP mirrors ----------- Australia * sup.au.netbsd.org Instructions: ftp://sup.au.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/README.sup Germany * sup.de.netbsd.org Instructions: ftp://sup.de.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/supfile.example Norway * skarven.itea.ntnu.no Instructions: Use this line as your sup file to get /usr/README.supinfo- skarven:current release=supinfo host=skarven.itea.ntnu.no use-rel-suffix backup delete old base=/usr prefix=/usr hostbase=/supmirror UK * sup.uk.netbsd.org Instructions: See ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/README.sup USA * sup.netbsd.org Instructions: See ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/sup/README.sup * ftp.cs.umn.edu Instructions: hostbase=/ftp/ftp/packages/NetBSD, collections are the same as on sup.NetBSD.ORG AFS mirrors ----------- USA * ftp.iastate.edu AFS path: /afs/iastate.edu/public/ftp/pub/netbsd NetBSD 1.3.1 Release Contents: ------ --- ------- -------- The NetBSD 1.3.1 release is organized in the following way: .../NetBSD-1.3.1/ BUGS Known bugs list (incomplete and out of date). CHANGES Changes since NetBSD's last release (and before). LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD's todo list (incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.3.1 has a binary distribution. There are also 'README.export-control' files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution (i.e. the `domestic' portion) that may be subject to export regulations of the United States. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the "source" subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: secrsrc.tgz: This set contains the "domestic" sources. These sources may be subject to United States export regulations. [ 412K gzipped, 1.8M uncompressed ] gnusrc.tgz: This set contains the "gnu" sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. [ 15.6M gzipped, 66.4M uncompressed ] syssrc.tgz: This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.3.1 kernel, config(8), and dbsym(8). [ 10.7M gzipped, 50.0M uncompressed ] sharesrc.tgz: This set contains the "share" sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program, the sources for the typesettable document set, the dictionaries, and more. [ 2.9M gzipped, 11.1M uncompressed ] src.tgz: This set contains all of the NetBSD 1.3.1 sources which are not mentioned above. [ 13.9M gzipped, 60.7M uncompressed ] It is worth noting that unless all of the source distribution sets are installed (except the domestic set), you can't rebuild and install the system from scratch, straight out of the box. However, all that is required to rebuild the system in that case is a trivial modification to one Makefile. Most of the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The secrsrc.tgz set is contained in the source/security subdirectory. This set, which is available only to users in the United States and Canada, contains the sources normally found in /usr/src/domestic -- primarily kerberos and other cryptographic security related software. (Remember, because of United States law, it may not be legal to distribute this set to locations outside of the United States and Canada.) The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: cat set_name.tgz | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - ) The sets/Split/ and security/Split/ subdirectories contain split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are are named "set_name.xx" where "set_name" is the distribution set name, and "xx" is the sequence number of the file, starting with "aa" for the first file in the distribution set, then "ab" for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distribution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with "cat" as follows: cat set_name.?? | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - ) In each of the source distribution set directories, there is a file named "CKSUMS" which contains the checksums of the files in that directory, as generated by the cksum(1) utility. You can use cksum to check the integrity of the archives, if you suspect that one of the files is corrupt and have access to a cksum binary. Checksums based on other algorithms may also be present -- see the release(7) man page for details. The mac68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.3.1 release is found in the "mac68k" subdirectory of the distribution. That subdirectory is laid out as follows: .../NetBSD-1.3.1/mac68k/ SOURCE_DATE the date, in the default format produced by the date(1) command, of the source that the release was built from INSTALL these installation notes binary/ mac68k system binaries; see below. installation/ installation helper items The NetBSD/mac68k system binaries include the NetBSD/mac68k binary distribution sets, additional kernels, and security-related system binaries. The NetBSD 1.3.1 release for the mac68k port is comprised of those files found in the "mac68k/binary/sets" subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution tree. There are seven system distribution sets, two kernel distribution sets, and five X distribution sets. The files in the "sets" subdirectory are as follows: CKSUMS checksums for the various files in the "sets" directory, in the default format produced by the cksum(1) command base.tgz The NetBSD/mac68k 1.3.1 base binary distribution. You MUST install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. [ 8.6M gzipped, 25.1M uncompressed ] comp.tgz The NetBSD/mac68k Compiler tools; all of the tools relating to C and C++. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include), the linker, the compiler tool chain, and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. [ 6.2M gzipped, 21.6M uncompressed ] etc.tgz This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set MUST be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should NOT be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and CAREFULLY upgrade your configuration files by hand.) [ 49K gzipped, 288K uncompressed ] games.tgz This set includes the games and their manual pages. [ 2.8M gzipped, 7.2M uncompressed ] kern_sbc.tgz kern.tgz The NetBSD/mac68k 1.3.1 kernel binary. You MUST install this file. It is the kernel that you need to boot the system. If you experience SCSI-related difficulties with your 68030-based system, you might want to try kern_sbc.tgz instead. [ 606K gzipped, 1.32M uncompressed ] man.tgz This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. [ 2.2M gzipped, 8.8M uncompressed ] misc.tgz This set includes the system dictionaries (which are rather large), the typesettable document set, and man pages for other architectures which happen to be installed from the source tree by default. [ 2.1M gzipped, 7.6M uncompressed ] text.tgz This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff, all related programs, and their manual pages. [ 1.0M gzipped, 3.7M uncompressed ] xbase.tgz X clients, shared libraries, and related man pages. Also includes bitmaps and miscellaneous configuration files. [ 2.34 M gzipped, 7.46M uncompressed ] xcomp.tgz Static libraries, include files (except bitmaps), X config files (for xmkmf), and related man pages. [ 1.57M gzipped, 6.38M uncompressed ] xcontrib.tgz User-contributed X binaries (e.g. xev, xload) built from the X11 "contrib" sources with man pages and default config files. [ 178K gzipped, 661K uncompressed ] xfont.tgz X11 fonts. [ 5.66M gzipped, 6.99M uncompressed ] xserver.tgz The Xmac68k _monochrome_ server with man pages. [ 1.32M gzipped, 3.25M uncompressed ] The NetBSD/mac68k security distribution set is named "secr.tgz" and can be found in the "mac68k/binary/security" subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution tree. It contains the crypt libraries (for the DES encryption algorithm) and the binaries built from the "src/domestic" portion of the NetBSD source tree which depend on it. It can only be found on those sites which carry the complete NetBSD distribution and that can legally obtain it. (Remember, because of United States law, it may not be legal to distribute this set to locations outside of the United States and Canada.) [ 779K gzipped, 2.5M uncompressed ] The mac68k binary distribution sets are distributed as full .tar.gz files (with the extension .tgz because the software used to download the sets may incorrectly auto-unpack files ending in .gz and to accomodate systems which only support 3 character extensions to file names). The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are extracted "below" the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries "into" your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the "tar xpf" from /. Also note that if you upgrade or install this way, those programs that you are using at the time will NOT be replaced. If you follow the normal installation or upgrade procedures, this will be taken care of for you. Additional kernels to those included in the distribution sets may be found in the "mac68k/binary/kernels" subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution tree. These kernels are generally named something like "netbsd-GENERIC.gz" or some other suitable name. Please note that these kernels are simply gzipped and are not in tar archives. A CKSUM file is included in this directory as well. The MacOS-based utilities necessary for installing and running NetBSD can be found in the "mac68k/installation/misc" subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution tree. The important files in this directory are as follows: Booter.sea.hqx The NetBSD/Mac68k Booter utility. This program is used to boot the NetBSD kernel from within MacOS. [ 141 K archived ] Installer.sea.hqx The NetBSD/Mac68k Installer utility. This program is used to install the distribution sets onto your NetBSD partition(s). [ 147 K archived ] Mkfs.sea.hqx The Mkfs utility. This program is used to format your chosen partitions so that they can be used with NetBSD. [ 76 K archived ] These files are all binhexed, self-extracting archives. If you need them, the sources for these utilities are in the "src" subdirectory. NetBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices: ------ ------ ------------ --- --------- ------- NetBSD/mac68k 1.3.1 runs on several of the older Macintosh computers. About 4MB of RAM should be sufficient to boot, and the system can probably be squeezed onto a 40MB hard disk by leaving off an unnecessary set or two. To actually do much compiling or anything more interesting than booting, at least 8MB of RAM and more disk space is recommended. About 75MB will be necessary to install all of the NetBSD 1.3.1 binary system distribution sets (note that this does not count swap space!). An addition 25MB or so is needed for the binary X11 distribution sets. Much more disk space is required to install the source and objects as well (at least another 300MB). Supported models: Mac II, IIx, IIcx, SE/30, IIci, IIsi, IIvx, IIvi, Performa 400/405/410/430, Performa 450, Performa 460/466/467, Performa 520, Performa 550/560, Performa 600, LC II, LC III, LC III+, LC 520, LC 550, MacTV, Centris 650, Quadra 610, Quadra 630, Quadra 650, Quadra 700, Quadra 800, Quadra/Centris 660AV, Quadra 840AV Supported devices on all of the above systems include: Onboard SCSI bus and most SCSI tapes, hard drives, and CD-ROMs Internal sound--enough to beep on some machines, anyway Most basic NuBus video cards (there have been some problems with some 24-bit color cards and with most QuickDraw acclerators) Both internal serial ports ADB keyboards and mice (both Apple and a number of third party multi-button mice and trackballs are supported) Ethernet cards based on the National Semiconductor 8390 and the SONIC (DP83932) chips (Asante, Apple, and a few others--problems still with Ethernet and many NuBus video cards). Onboard Ethernet based on the SONIC chip for Quadra-series Macs Onboard Ethernet based on the MACE chip for the AV Quadras. Comm-slot Ethernet may be working for some machines/cards. If your 68030 system is not listed above, it may be because of a problem with accessing onboard video, and it may still work with a serial console. Some of the known ones in this category: Classic-series Macs PowerBook 100-series and Duo-series Macs If your 68LC040 system is not listed above, it is due to a problem with floating point emulation (FPE) for this type of processor. Machines in this category include: Newer LC-series machines Newer Performa-series machines Some PowerBook 500-series Macs What isn't supported, but often asked about: Macintosh IIfx: This machine has unusual custom chips for the ADB and serial interfaces which make support for it difficult. Work is in progress on this, though. Quadra 900/950: These machines have I/O processor chips for their ADB interfaces similar to those used in the IIfx and thus face similar support problems. PowerPC-based Macs: This will be a separate effort from the mac68k port. The PowerPC is a much different processor as is much of the hardware inside these machines. If you are interested in this, you might want to take a look at http://www.mklinux.apple.com/. In addition, there is also a NetBSD-powerpc port. For more information, please see http://www.tools.de/~ws/NetBSD/powerpc.html. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media: ------- --- ------ ------ -- -- ------ ----- Installation is currently only supported from the local Macintosh hard drive or from an AppleShare volume (however, you may upgrade a system from within NetBSD; see the section on upgrading for more details). This means that you'll need at least enough room for the largest file that you will have to install. This is the 8.6M base.tgz file. There has been talk of allowing an install from split files. If you have the time, desire, and knowledge, please feel free to add that functionality. If the install is being done from an AppleShare-mounted volume, the install utility must be in the same folder as the binary distribution sets. Each distribution file is in "raw" archive format. - Distribution files must be downloaded in binary mode. Common web browsers may not be suitable for this task; FTP clients such as Fetch and Anarchie work fine, but be sure to specify a binary file transfer. - The files should not be unpacked. If you have the Internet Config extension installed, you can disable this in the "Helpers" dialog by removing the entry associated with ".tgz" files. Other FTP clients may require separate changes; consult your package's documentation. You will also need to collect the MacOS installation tools from the "mac68k/installation/misc" subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution: Mkfs, NetBSD/Mac68k Installer, and NetBSD/Mac68k Booter. These three are in binhexed, self-extracting archives as Mkfs.sea.hqx, Installer.sea.hqx, and Booter.sea.hqx, respectively. Extract them as you would any other Macintosh application. Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation: --------- ---- ------ --- ------ ------------ Find your favorite disk partitioning utility. Any formatter capable of partitioning a SCSI disk should work. Some of the ones that have been tried and seem to work are: Apple HD SC Setup Hard Disk ToolKit from FWB SCSI Director Lite Disk Manager Mac from OnTrack Silverlining from LaCie APS Disk Tools Apple's HD SC Setup is probably the easiest to use and the most commonly available. Instructions for patching HD SC Setup so that it will recognize non-Apple drives is available at: http://www.euronet.nl/users/ernstoud/patch.html First, you need to choose a drive on which to install NetBSD. Try to pick a drive with a low SCSI ID number, especially if you are likely to add or remove drives to your SCSI chain in the future. NOTE: BE SURE YOU HAVE A RELIABLE BACKUP OF ANY DATA WHICH YOU MAY WANT TO KEEP. REPARTITIONING YOUR HARD DRIVE IS AN EXCELLENT WAY TO DESTROY IMPORTANT DATA. Second, decide how you want to set up your partitions. At minimum, you need a partition to hold the NetBSD installation (the root partition) and a partition to serve as swap. You may choose to use more than one partition to hold the installation. This allows you to separate the more vital portions of the filesystem (such as the kernel and the /etc directory) from the more volatile parts of the filesystem. Typical setups place the /usr directory on a separate partition from the root partition. Generally, the root partition can be fairly small while the /usr partition should be fairly large. If you plan to use this machine as a server, you may also want a separate /var partition. Once you have decided how to lay out your partitions, you need to calculate how much space to allocate to each partition. A minimal install of NetBSD (i.e. netbsd.tgz, base.tgz, and etc.tgz) should fit in a 30M partition. For a full installation, you should allocate at least 80M. A general rule of thumb for sizing the swap partition is to allocate twice as much swap space as you have real memory. Having your swap + real memory total at least 20M is also a good idea. Systems that will be heavily used or that are low on real memory should have more swap space allocated. Systems that will be only lightly used or have a very large amount of real memory can get away with less. Next, use your favorite partitioning utility to make partitions of the necessary sizes. You can use any type of partition, but partitions of type "Apple_Free" might save you some confusion in the future. You are now set to install NetBSD on your hard drive. Installing the NetBSD System: ---------- --- ------ ------ $NetBSD: install,v 1.8.2.5 1998/01/29 10:14:30 mellon Exp $ The installation can be broken down into three basic steps: * Run Mkfs to build a filesystem or filesystems. * Run the Installer to load the files onto your filesystems. * Run the Booter to boot the system. **** Preparing the filesystem(s) Double-click on the Mkfs application icon to start it up. It will ask you for the SCSI ID of the drive that you are installing upon. Once this is selected, it will present a list of the partitions on that disk. You must first convert the partitions to a type which NetBSD can understand. Select each partition on which you wish to build a filesystem and click on the "Change" button. If you are placing the entire installation on a single partition, select the "NetBSD Root&Usr" radio button. If you are using multiple partitions, select "NetBSD Root" for the root partition and "NetBSD Usr" for all the other partitions. You should select "NetBSD Swap" for the swap partition. When you have finished converting each partition, select each partition and click on the "Format" button. You will now be asked for a bunch of parameters for the hard drive and the filesystem. Usually, you can just take the defaults. If you are installing onto removable media (e.g. a Zip, Jaz, or Syquest), please see the FAQ. Note that although this dialog only has the "OK" button, you are not committed, yet. Once you get the values you want, press the "OK" button. A dialog will be presented at this point with two options: "Format" and "Cancel." If you choose "Cancel," nothing will be written to your drive. If you choose "Format," the program will proceed to make a filesystem. Mkfs is not a well-behaved Macintosh application. It will not allow any other tasks to run while it does (cooperative multitasking at its best). When it's finished, the program will put up a dialog to ask if you have scanned the output for any error messages. Usually there won't have been any errors, but do scan the output to make sure. Simply click on the "I Read It" button and the program will quit. Repeat as necessary for any extra partitions that you wish to make filesystems on. Note that you do _not_ need a filesystem on your swap partition. When you are finished, click on the "Done" button and choose "Quit" from the "File" menu to exit Mkfs. **** Installing the files Before using the Installer, it is probably a good idea to increase its memory allocation. Select the Installer icon by clicking on it and choose "Get Info" from the File menu. Increase both the Minimum and Preferred sizes to as much as you can spare. Double-click on the Installer icon to start it up. The Installer will present the same SCSI ID menu that Mkfs did. Select the same SCSI ID that you did for Mkfs--i.e., the one you are installing onto. If you are installing onto a single root partition, proceed to the "Installation of base files" section, below. If you have not created filesystems for the root, usr, and any other filesystems, go back to "Preparing the filesystem(s)," above. When you started the Installer, it mounted your root partition. Just before it printed, "Mounting partition 'A' as /," it printed lines like: sd1 at scsi ID 5. This means that the device for scsi ID 5 is sd1. The partitions are signified by a trailing letter. For instance, sd1a would be the root partition of the second scsi disk in the chain, and sd0g would be the first Usr partition on the first scsi disk. You will need to know the proper device to mount the remaining partition(s) by hand: * Select "Build Devices" from the "File" menu. * Select "Mini Shell" from the "File" menu. * You can use the 'disklabel' command to get a listing of the available partitions and their types and sizes. * Create the directory mount point(s) with the command: mkdir path (e.g. for the /usr partition type: mkdir /usr) * Mount the filesystems you wish with the command: mount device path For example, if you wish to mount a usr partition from the first scsi disk, sd0, on /usr, you would type: mount /dev/sd0g /usr * Type "fstab force" to create a proper /etc/fstab file * Type "quit" after you have mounted all the filesystems. Installation of base files: Select the "Install" menu item from the "File" menu and install base.tgz, etc.tgz, netbsd.tgz, and any other sets you wish to install at this time (see the contents section for information about what's in each set). The Installer will print out the filename of each file as it is installed, and will take quite some time to install everything (the base package alone can take over an hour on a slow hard drive). As is the case with Mkfs, this is not a particularly well-behaved Macintosh application and the machine will be completely tied up while the installation takes place. At some point after installing the base set, select the "Build Devices" option from the "File" menu if you have not already done so. This will create a bunch of device nodes for you and will create your initial /etc/fstab. The Installer program also has an option to give you a mini-shell. Do not use this unless you are sure know what you are doing. When you are finished installing all of the sets you wish to install, exit the Installer by choosing "Quit" from the "File" menu. **** Booting the system Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k, please verify that all of the following are true: 1) 32-bit addressing is enabled[*] in the Memory control panel; 2) All forms of virtual memory are disabled (the Memory control panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based memory enhancement products); and 3) Your system is in B&W mode (1-bit color or grayscale) as shown by the Monitors control panel. You may choose to have the Booter do this for you automatically by selecting the appropriate check box and radio button in the "Monitors" dialog on the "Options" menu. It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions turned off[*]. You can do this by booting into MacOS with the SHIFT key held down. You may have to restart your Macintosh for changes to take effect before proceeding. [* NOTE: If you have an older II-class system (including the II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is necessary to install Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM issues which prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing. Please see for more information.] Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the application. Select "Booting" from the "Options" menu. Check that all of the items in the resulting dialog look sane--especially the SCSI ID. If not, correct them to your preference (the SCSI ID should be the only thing you need to change). When you are satisfied with your choices, try booting NetBSD by selecting "Boot Now" from the "Options" menu. If you wish to save your preferences, choose "Save Options" from the "File" menu before Booting (your preferences will not be saved if you forget to do this). If the system does not come up, send mail to scottr@netbsd.org describing your software, your hardware, and as complete a description of the problem as you can. If the system does come up, congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 1.3.1. When you first boot into NetBSD, it will automatically drop you into single-user mode with the root filesystem mounted read-write. The system will ask you to choose a shell. Simply hit return to get to a prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with 'vt220' and hit return. At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set "rc_configured=YES" so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use 'ed' or 'ex', you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to 'vi'. Do the following: mount /usr export TERM=vt220 You can then edit /etc/rc.conf with 'vi'. When you have finished, type 'exit' at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. You should log in as "root" at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create yourself an account and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords. Please see the adduser(8) man page for more information on how to add a new user. Some of the files in the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution might need to be tailored for your site. In particular, if you have installed the X11 distribution sets, you will need to edit the /etc/ld.so.conf file to look something like: #add the X shared libraries to the runtime linker search path /usr/X11R6/lib Also, don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. Many other files in /etc will probably need to be modified, as well. Most of these files are described in section 5 of the manual pages. If you are unfamiliar with UN*X-like operating systems or system administration, it's recommended that you buy a book that discusses it. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System: --------- - ---------- --------- ------ ------ The upgrade to NetBSD 1.3.1 is a binary upgrade; it would be prohibitive to make users upgrade by compiling and installing the 1.3.1 sources, and it would be very difficult to even compile a set of instructions that allowed them to do so. Because of the many changes to the system, it is difficult and impractical to upgrade by recompiling from the sources and installing. No automated upgrade procedure exists for upgrading to release 1.3.1 for the NetBSD/mac68k architecture. The current procedure is essentially to perform a new install from scratch. It is hoped that there will be a good upgrade procedure for future releases. Please feel free to volunteer to help replace these installation tools. The following steps outline the current upgrade procedure. These steps should help ease the upgrade process. Please read these instructions carefully and completely before proceeding: 1) Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to BACK UP ANY IMPORTANT DATA ON YOUR DISK, whether on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition, before beginning the upgrade process. Although the upgrade should not damage your filesystem(s) in any way, you never know what may happen. 2) Download the distribution sets you want from the "mac68k/binary/sets" subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution. You will need the base set and the kernel at a minimum. Be sure to download the files in _binary_ mode. If you will be upgrading from within NetBSD, make sure that you place the distribution sets on a filesystem you will be able to reach from single-user mode. 3) Install the 1.3.1 kernel. You may either use the Installer utility (included in the "installation/misc" subdirectory) or install from within NetBSD (the latter is recommended for speed reasons). If you choose the former, proceed as you normally would. If you choose to install from within NetBSD, then boot (or shutdown) into single-user mode and do the following: cd / tar -zxvpf /path/to/kern.tgz There is no need to backup your old kernel explicitly since it will be incapable of running many of the newer binaries you are about to install (unless, of course, you have a backup copy of your older binaries and want to revert to them for some reason). However, you might want to keep a backup if you are upgrading from within NetBSD just in case the newer kernel has trouble booting your machine. 4) If you are installing using the Installer, skip to step 5. Otherwise, reboot into NetBSD in single-user mode. Run 'fsck -f' and then mount all local partitions read/write. Usually 'mount -a -t nonfs' should do the trick, but if you have several partitions on the same disk, take note of the fact that a change in partition numbering may have moved a few of your partitions around. You can do a 'disklabel sdX' (where X is a drive on which you have NetBSD partitions) to see how the partitions are currently layed out. It is likely that a partition has shifted into the 'sdXd' or 'sdXe' slots, slots that often were not available under previous releases of NetBSD. If this is the case, you will need to manually mount your root partition (via 'mount -w /') and edit your /etc/fstab file to reflect the new partition layout. Unless you are familiar with 'ex' or 'ed', the easiest way to fix your /etc/fstab file is probably to simply do a 'cat > /etc/fstab' and type in the corrected file in its entirety. 5) Install the distribution sets. Keep in mind that the NetBSD 1.3.1 distribution takes up a considerably larger amount of disk space than did the 1.2 or 1.2.1 distributions. If you are using the Installer, proceed normally (remember that you will need to mount non-root partitions by hand using the MiniShell before installing). If you are installing from within NetBSD, do the following: cd / tar --unlink -zxvpf /path/to/base.tgz It is crucial that you use the '--unlink' flag when invoking tar or you will fail to correctly overwrite some files. Keep in mind that there is no going back once you have installed the base set short of a complete re-install of an earlier distribution. Continue with the appropriate command line for each of the other sets you wish to install except for the etc set. If you are in the Installer, open up the Minishell and do the following: cd /tmp exit Ignore the warning message this will cause. Now, use the Installer to install the etc set (it will install into /tmp instead of the /etc directory). If you are in NetBSD, do the following instead: cd /tmp tar --unlink -zxvpf /path/to/etc.tgz 6) If you are in the Installer, quit it and boot into NetBSD in single-user mode. From there, 'cd' to the /tmp/etc directory and compare each file there with your old files in /etc. You will probably want to replace some of your system configuration files, or incorporate some of the changes in the new versions into yours. You should take note of the following when upgrading to the NetBSD 1.3.1 etc.tgz set: * The first file to pay attention to is /etc/rc.conf. This file did not exist under NetBSD 1.2, but it is used to configure the rc scripts under NetBSD 1.3.1. Edit the file to your preferences, making sure that you change the line that says: rc_configured=NO to read: rc_configured=YES This will enable all of the options you have configured in /etc/rc.conf. * The next important item to take note of is the new networking configuration files. If you currently have an /etc/hostname.xxN file (fill in the xx with either ae or sn and the X with a number), you will need to convert it into an ifconfig.xxN file before networking automatically works. The format for the new file is simply the arguments which you would give to ifconfig on the command line. The following is an example of the minimal ifconfig.xxN file: inet hostname.domain.dom netmask 0xffffff00 Read the ifconfig(8) man page for more details on arguments to ifconfig. Be sure to set auto_ifconfig=YES in /etc/rc.conf to ensure that your network interfaces will be brought up automatically on boot. * Several of the options given to many of the file systems have changed, and some of the file systems have changed names. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT YOU CHANGE ANY INSTANCES OF "ufs" IN /etc/fstab TO "ffs". To find out more about different filesystem options, read the man page for the associated mount command (e.g. mount_mfs(8) for MFS filesystems; note: FFS type filesystems are documented in the mount(8) man page). If you have not already done so, you may also need to correct /etc/fstab for a shift in the partition numbering scheme. See step (4) above for more details. * You will also probably want to upgrade your device nodes at this time as well. Make sure you have installed the latest MAKEDEV script (it should be included in the etc set) and perform the following commands: cd /dev sh MAKEDEV all 7) A number of binaries have changed their locations from NetBSD 1.2.1 to NetBSD 1.3.1 (most of these have moved from /sbin to /usr/sbin). A few binaries have been removed. It is probably best if you scan the modification dates of the files in the /sbin directory. If there are files in the directory which have newer counterparts in the /usr/sbin directory, it is a very good idea to remove the older files (you will probably run into difficulties later if you choose not to do this). You should also check the /sbin, /bin, /usr/bin/, and /usr/sbin directories for old binaries that are no longer part of the NetBSD distribution and delete them as well. In general, all the files in a particular distribution should have similar modification dates, so looking at these is a good way of determining a file's age. 8) Run 'fsck -f' to make sure that your filesystem is still consistent. If fsck reports any errors, fix them by answering 'y' to its suggested solutions (note: if there are a large number of errors, you may wish to stop and run 'fsck -fy' to automatically answer "yes" instead). 9) Exit from single-user mode and it should continue to boot into multi-user mode. At this point you have successfully upgraded to NetBSD 1.3.1. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases: ------------- ------ ---- -------- ------ -------- Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.3.1: * Swap configuration Description: All swap partitions are now configured by the swapctl(8) program. The kernel no longer configures a "default" swap partition. Because of this, all swap partitions (even the old "default") must be listed in /etc/fstab. Many users of previous releases relied on the kernel configuring a "default" swap partition and did not list any swap space in /etc/fstab at all -- such users will now have no swap space configured unless they list swap partitions in /etc/fstab! Common symptoms of of this problem include machine crashes during builds, and similar memory intensive activities. Fix: The most common position for a swap partition is the `b' partition of the drive the root file system is on. For diskless systems, check the new swapctl(8) manual for more detail on how this is done. Example fstab entries: /dev/sd0b none swap sw,priority=0 /dev/sd1b none swap sw,priority=5 * NFS daemons and other programs in /sbin moved Description: The NFS daemons (nfsd, nfsiod, mountd) have been moved from the /sbin to the /usr/sbin directory. When new binaries are loaded over old ones during upgrade, most programs get overlaid and replaced, but unless these binaries are explicitly removed they will not disappear. The installation subsystems on some NetBSD architectures will not properly remove these binaries. Due to changes in the NFS subsystem, the old NFS daemon binaries will not work correctly, and will cause serious problems. Unfortunately, the default startup script (/etc/rc) will run the old binaries in /sbin if they are present instead of the new ones in /usr/sbin. Some other programs (dumpfs, dumplfs and quotacheck) have also been moved from /sbin to /usr/sbin, and old versions may be left behind by accident. They, too, may cause difficulties. Fix: Remove the old daemon binaries (/sbin/nfsiod, /sbin/nfsd, /sbin/mountd, etc.) after your upgrade has finished. You may wish to do an "ls -lt /sbin | more" to help determine which binaries were not replaced/removed during your upgrade. * AMANDA, The Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, from http://www.amanda.org Description: Due to a change in the output of dump(8) to ensure consistency in the messages, AMANDA's dump output parser breaks. Error messages such as the following may be an indication that this problem is present: FAILURE AND STRANGE DUMP SUMMARY: hostname wd0e lev 1 FAILED [no backup size line] Versions affected: 2.3.0.4, and most likely earlier versions Workaround/Fix: One of: * Apply the patch found at: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/patches/amanda-pre-2.4.patch * Upgrade to AMANDA 2.4.0 or newer. The side effect of this is that the network protocol is incompatible with earlier versions. Using online NetBSD documentation ----- ------ ------ ------------- Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the "man pages" (documentation) are denoted by 'name(section)'. Some examples of this are intro(1), man(1), apropros(1), passwd(1), and passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The 'man' command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering 'man [section] topic'. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the least-numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where "subject-word" is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia: ------------- If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at . To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.ORG To report bugs, use the 'send-pr' command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@NetBSD.ORG Use of 'send-pr' is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the "owner" of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send mail and/or subscribe to: netbsd-help@NetBSD.ORG As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to: ------ -- -- Members and former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. Best Internet Communications for hosting the NetBSD FTP and SUP server. Cygnus Support for hosting the NetBSD Mail server. Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. Dave Burgess has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. The following people (in alphabetical order) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Bay Area Internet Solutions Jason Brazile David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Canada Connect Corporation Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Demon Internet, UK Easynet, UK Scott Ellis Free Hardware Foundation Greg Gingerich Michael L. Hitch Innovation Development Enterprises of America Scott Kaplan Chris Legrow Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Herb Peyerl Mike Price Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) We are: -- --- (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: J.T. Conklin Charles Hannum Paul Kranenburg Jason Thorpe Christos Zoulas The port-masters (and their ports): Mark Brinicombe (arm32) Jeremy Cooper (sun3x) Chuck Cranor (mvme68k) Charles Hannum (i386) Chris Hopps (amiga) Paul Kranenburg (sparc) Anders Magnusson (vax) Phil Nelson (pc532) Masaru Oki (x68k) Scott Reynolds (mac68k) Gordon Ross (sun3, sun3x) Jonathan Stone (pmax) Jason Thorpe (hp300) Frank van der Linden (i386) Leo Weppelman (atari) The NetBSD 1.3.1 Release Engineering team: Ted Lemon Perry Metzger Jason Thorpe Supporting cast: Steve Allen Lennart Augustsson Christoph Badura John Birrell Manuel Bouyer John Brezak Allen Briggs Aaron Brown David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Dave Carrel Bill Coldwell Alistair Crooks Rob Deker Chris G. Demetriou Matthias Drochner Bernd Ernesti Erik Fair Hubert Feyrer Brian R. Gaeke Justin Gibbs Adam Glass Michael Graff Brad Grantham Matthew Green Juergen Hannken-Illjes Michael L. Hitch Marc Horowitz Matthew Jacob Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj Lawrence Kesteloot Klaus Klein John Kohl Kevin Lahey Ted Lemon Mike Long Paul Mackerras SAITOH Masanobu Neil J. McRae Perry Metzger Luke Mewburn der Mouse Herb Peyerl Matthias Pfaller Chris Provenzano Waldi Ravens Darren Reed Kazuki Sakamoto Curt Sampson Wilfredo Sanchez Karl Schilke (rAT) Thor Lancelot Simon Noriyuki Soda Wolfgang Solfrank Bill Sommerfeld Ignatios Souvatzis Bill Studenmund Kevin Sullivan Matt Thomas Enami Tsugutomo Todd Vierling Paul Vixie Colin Wood Steve Woodford Dedication: ---------- The Release Engineering team would like to dedicate the NetBSD 1.3 release to the memory of the late Koji Imada, who was killed in a motorcycle accident in August, 1997 at the age of 28. A doctoral student in Mathematical Science at Nagoya University, he was a user of NetBSD and a contributor to the project since 1993. Well remembered by his friends, he was also known as a connoisseur of gins, teas, and the motorcycles he loved to ride. His death came as a shock, and he will be greatly missed by all of us. May he rest in peace. Legal Mumbo-jumbo: ----- ----- ----- The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Washington University. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Science at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary Department of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Consortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Bradley A. Grantham. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Scott Reynolds. This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski. Contributions: ------------- The following people have made contributions of various sorts specifically for the Macintosh port (in alphabetical order): All of the users who have supplied us with good bug reports and moral support. The Alice Group (Allen K. Briggs, Chris P. Caputo, Michael L. Finch, Bradley A. Grantham, and Lawrence A. Kesteloot), without whom there would be no NetBSD port for the Macintosh. Steven R. Allen for keeping our snapshot distributions up-to-date. Stephen C. Brown for maintaining the Installer application. Denton Gentry and Yanagisawa Takeshi for their work on the SONIC Ethernet driver. Paul Goyette, Taras Ivanenko, Ken Nakata, and Michael R. Zucca for invaluable work towards supporting color X. Takashi Hamada and John Wittkoski beating the direct ADB hardware driver into submission. David Huang for getting MACE Ethernet and basic DMA working on the AV Macs. Scott Jann for acquiring a IIx and a IIci, used for building and testing release sets. Scott Kaplan for lending his IIci and Kensington Turbo Mouse for IIci/IIsi banked memory and internal video as well as non-Apple ADB devices. Noah M. Kieserman for lending a PowerBook 520C for tracking down several bugs on that platform. Markus Krummenacker for monetary donations. Glan Lalonde for an invaluable IIci page table dump. Bob Nestor for (unofficially) maintaining the Mkfs utility, and providing a lot of useful information about the ROM vectors used by different systems. Brad Parker for serial and Ethernet drivers/improvements. Brian R. Gaeke and Nigel Pearson for tweaking and polishing the Booter application. Scott Redman for lending Brad Grantham a PowerBook 160. Craig Ruff for assembling an '030 "pmove ttx" instruction. Brad Salai for lending an Ethernet card to help resolve interrupt conflicts. Larry Samuels for monetary donations. Peter Siebold for lending his IIvx in support of ADB and IIvx internal video. Glen Stewart for lending a Carrera040 accelerator which, while still unsupported, helped to track down memory management bugs for '030-based machines. Bill Studenmund for providing a stable front end to the machine- independent serial driver. Schuyler Stultz for the loan of his Macintosh II when we desperately needed another machine on which to compile and test during the '93 Xmas vacation. Tenon Intersystems for monetary donations, MachTen, and Brad's access to several machines and documentation after hours. Virginia Tech English Department for loan of a IIci w/ NuBus video and 32MB of RAM--the first IIci to run NetBSD/Mac68k. Colin Wood for maintaining a host of NetBSD/mac68k documentation, including the FAQ, Meta-FAQ, and OS Info documents.