NAME

INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/mvme68k

DESCRIPTION

About this Document

This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD1.4.3 on the mvme68k platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt.

.ps
PostScript.

.html
Standard internet HTML.

.more
The enhanced text format used on Unix-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally presented.

.txt
Plain old ASCII.

You are reading the HTML version.

What is NetBSD?

The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UN*X-like operating system derived from the Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on twenty different system architectures featuring eight distinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD1.4.3 release contains complete binary releases for fifteen different machine types. (The remaining ones are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/)

NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, The X Window System, and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist.

Upgrade path to NetBSD 1.4.3

If you are not installing your system ``from scratch'' but instead are going to upgrade an existing system already running NetBSD you need to know which versions you can upgrade with NetBSD 1.4.3.

NetBSD 1.4.3 is an upgrade of NetBSD 1.4.2, 1.4.1, NetBSD 1.4 and earlier major and patch releases of NetBSD such as versions 1.3.3, 1.2 etc.

The intermediate development versions of code available on the main trunk in our CVS repository (also known as ``NetBSD-current'') from after the point where the release cycle for 1.4 was started are designated by version identifiers such as 1.4A, 1.4B, 1.4P etc. These identifiers do not designate releases, but indicate major changes in internal kernel APIs. Note that the kernel from NetBSD 1.4.3 can not be used to upgrade a system running one of those intermediate development versions. Trying to use the NetBSD1.4.3 kernel on such a system will in all probability result in problems.

Please also note that it is not possible to do a direct ``version'' comparison between any of the intermediate development versions mentioned above and 1.4.3 to determine if a given feature is present or absent in 1.4.3. The development of 1.4 and the subsequent patch or ``point'' releases is done on a separate branch in the CVS repository which was created when the release cylcle for 1.4 was started, and during the release cycle of 1.4 and its patch releases, selective fixes have been imported from the main development trunk (the intent is to only import fixes with no or minor impact on the stability of the release branch). So, there are features in 1.4.3 which were not in e.g. 1.4H, but the reverse is also true.

Major Changes Between 1.4.2 and 1.4.3

The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4.2 and 1.4.3 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.3 in the top directory of the source tree. The following are the highlights only.

  • A driver for the Lucent Wavelan (Orinoco) 802.11B wireless Ethernet PCMCIA card has been added, see wi(4).

  • The PCI Cyclom-4Y and -8Y multiport serial cards are now supported.

  • The Macintosh LC Ethernet Adapter is now supported.

  • The on-board video on Macintosh Quadra 605 is now supported.

  • Bugfixes to the Alteon Gigabit Ethernet driver, ti(4).

  • Support for several new PCI IDE controllers have been added, see pciide(4.)

  • The i386 port may now be installed on wd2 or wd3.

  • A possible CPU hog problem related to large I/Os has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-005.

  • A denial-of-service problem related to handling of IP options has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-002.

  • A problem with /etc/ftpchroot has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-006.

  • A minor problem related to locking of semaphore resources has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-004.

  • The DHCP software has been updated to ISC 2.0pl3. This also fixes SA#2000-008 -- a security problem in the dhcp client code.

  • A problem with use of user-supplied data as a format string in ftpd has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-009.

  • The sparc c++rt0.o code is now compiled with -fPIC. This means that libraries with global constructors (which must link in c++rt0.o on sparc/a.out) must also be compiled -fPIC.

  • Most countries can now import the full release without restriction, including the previously restricted domestic portion. The only ``problem spots'' are US-embargoed countries. See http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html for the full details.

  • An extensive audit of the code (and corresponding fixes) has been done to eliminate possible buffer overruns caused by possible user-specified format strings.

In addition, many bugs have been fixed -- more than 40 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and some other non-reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.4.3 file for the complete list.

Known caveats with 1.4.3

The following are the major known issues with NetBSD 1.4.3.

  • Some of the fixes in NetBSD 1.4.3 required the introduction of a new system call, issetugid(2). This means that you will have to upgrade the kernel before installing the new user-land code.

  • The more strict format checking required a minor fix to the C compiler to allow NULL format strings. Thus, you will need to update your compiler before doing a ``make build'' during a source-based upgrade.

  • PCMCIA support may require manual adjustment to function properly. See Possible Tn PCMCIA Sx issues under Installing the NetBSD System for more details.

  • No major changes have been made to LFS in 1.4.3, so it is still of ``beta test'' quality.

  • The version of the IPF packet filtering software in NetBSD 1.4.3 must be enabled with ``ipf -E'' before filtering rules can be set. Failure to do so may result in a panic. (Enabling NAT will however auto-enable IPF.)

Major Changes Between 1.4.1 and 1.4.2

The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4.1 and 1.4.2 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.2 in the top directory of the source tree. The following are the highlights only.

  • A driver for the Alteon Gigabit Ethernet cards has been added, see ti(4).

  • A driver for the Realtek 8129/8239 Fast Ethernet PCI cards have been added, see rl(4).

  • A driver for the DPT SmartCache and SmartRAID III or IV SCSI adapters has been added, see dpt(4).

  • A driver for the BOCA IOAT66 6-port ISA serial adapter has been added, see ioat(4).

  • Support for the X-surf Amiga board has been added.

  • Support has been added for ext2fs revision 1, with read-only support for the ``sparse super'' and the ``filetype'' options.

  • BIND has been upgraded to version 8.2.2-P5.

  • The IPF packet filtering software has been updated to version 3.3.6.

  • Tcpdump now does hex/ascii dumps of packet contents if asked to do so.

  • An implementation of the System V user management utilities has been added.

  • The name ``errno'' is now always a macro which expands to a function call. This is done to ease the integration of thread libraries with the code in both system and third-party libraries. Please include <errno.h> to access the correct definition of ``errno''.

  • A utility for making temporary files for shell scripts has been added, see mktemp(1).

  • The automounter utility amd(8) has been updated to fix a security problem.

  • A security problem in procfs has been fixed. Procfs is not used by default in NetBSD.

  • The floating point emulation on the ports using the m68k CPU has been reverted to the version in NetBSD 1.4 (the version in 1.4.1 had problems).

  • Several subsystems have received substantial work, such as RAIDframe, LFS, and the package tools.

In addition, many, many bugs have been fixed -- more than 100 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and many other non-reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.4.2 file for the complete list.

Known caveats with 1.4.2

The following are the major known issues with NetBSD 1.4.2.

  • The upgrade of ipf(8) caused a change of the kernel API. Thus, if you are using ipf(8) you need to upgrade both the kernel and the user-land utilities to control that feature in order for it to work.

  • As part of fixing a kernel bug, ``struct vfsnode'' needed to change size. This will unfortunately, and contrary to tradition for patch releases, cause incompatibilities for users of file system LKMs compiled for 1.4 and 1.4.1.

  • Although LFS has been improved between 1.4.1 and 1.4.2, it can probably still be characterized as being of ``beta test'' quality, e.g. filling the file system still gives ``interesting'' effects. It should probably not be used to store critical data quite yet.

  • The version of the IPF packet filtering software in NetBSD 1.4.2 must be enabled with ``ipf -E'' before filtering or NAT rules can be set. Failure to do so may result in a panic.

Major Changes Between 1.4 and 1.4.1

The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4 and 1.4.1 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.1 in the top directory of the source tree.

  • The NetBSD/alpha port's compatibility for Digital UNIX executables has been greatly improved.

  • Many bug fixes and improvements of the installation tools and utilities.

  • Support for more PCI serial/parallel cards has been added.

  • It is now possible to boot NetBSD/i386 on systems with 1GB of RAM.

  • The floating point emulation on the ports using the m68k CPU has been upgraded.

  • A fatal problem with /dev/random has been found and fixed.

  • Support for Alpha 21264 ev6 based systems has been added to NetBSD/alpha.

Major Changes Between 1.3 and 1.4

The NetBSD1.4 release is a substantial improvement over its predecessors. We have provided numerous significant functional enhancements, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhancements. The results of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems.

It is impossible to completely summarize the nearly two years of development that went into the NetBSD1.4 release. Some highlights include:

  • Substantial improvements in the TCP/IP implementation, including numerous performance enhancements and bug fixes by Jason Thorpe and others.

  • A new, high efficiency kernel memory pool allocator by Paul Kranenburg. This has been integrated into most kernel subsystems.

  • A new, totally rewritten virtual memory subsystem, UVM, created by Chuck Cranor, which is substantially cleaner and better performing than the old Mach derived VM subsystem.

  • Improved POSIX and XPG standards compliance.

  • Completion of the integration of all remaining 4.4BSD Lite-2 kernel improvements and bug fixes that had not been previously integrated. (Integration of all userland components was completed before NetBSD1.3)

  • Several new ports, including macppc, bebox, sparc64, next68k, and others, have been integrated into the source tree.

  • The system compilers have been upgraded to egcs 1.1.1, and the system compiler toolchain now (mostly) uses the latest versions of GNU binutils instead of the obsolete versions left over from 4.4BSD Lite.

  • Everyone's favorite ftp(1) client has been improved even further. See the man page for details.

  • A new architecture independent console driver, wscons(4), has been integrated into many ports.

  • Numerous improvements have been made to the audio subsystem support, including support for MIDI device drivers.

  • Linux compatibility support has been improved.

  • A number of scheduler enhancements have yielded dramatic improvements in interactive performance and better control of background tasks.

  • Several network tunneling protocols, including GRE and IP in IP, have been implemented.

  • Kernel support for the CODA distributed file system has been added.

  • Manuel Bouyer completed major changes to the IDE support. It is now architecture independent. Major changes have been made to the IDE code for better error handling, improved ATAPI support, 32 bit data I/O support and bus-master DMA support on PCI IDE controllers.

  • Lennart Augustsson has added full USB support, permitting the use of a wide variety of Universal Serial Bus peripherals. The drivers should easily port to any future platforms that support the PCI bus. See usb(4) for an overview.

  • RAIDframe, version 1.1, from the Parallel Data Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, has been integrated. Supports RAID levels 0, 1, 4, 5, and more.

  • Luke Mewburn added nsswitch.conf(5) functionality to the system to specify the search order for system databases.

  • syslogd(8) now supports listening on multiple sockets, to make the chrooting of servers easier.

  • Most third party packages have been updated to the latest stable release.

As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes.

Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue.

This is the fifth public release of NetBSD for the mvme68k series of boards, and the first to support MVME167.

The Future of NetBSD

The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of computer software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project.

The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by:

  • providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields.

  • providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project.

  • providing a better position from which to undertake promotional activities.

  • periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work.

We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambition is to provide a full release every six to eight months.

We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD.

We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. In addition, Anonymous CVS access to the NetBSD source tree has been added since NetBSD 1.4.1; see http://www.netbsd.org/Changes/#anoncvs-available We have also added a browsable CVS repository on the web at http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/

We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources submit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system.

Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists.

Sources of NetBSD

Please refer to http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html.

NetBSD 1.4.3 Release Contents

The root directory of the NetBSD1.4.3 release is organized as follows:

.../NetBSD-1.4.3/

BUGS
Known bugs list (somewhat incomplete and out of date).

CHANGES
Changes since earlier NetBSD releases.

LAST_MINUTE
Last minute changes.

MIRRORS
A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD1.4.3 distribution.

README.files
README describing the distribution's contents.

TODO
NetBSD's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date).

patches/
Post-release source code patches.

source/
Source distribution sets; see below.

In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD1.4.3 has a binary distribution. There are also 'README.export-control' files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which spell out the current restrictions related to export of this code from the United States of America. Note that these regulations were recently changed so that most countries can import the entire release without significant restrictions. See

http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html

which contains up-to-date information on this issue.

The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the "source" subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows:

secrsrc.tgz:
This set contains the "domestic" sources. These sources may be subject to United States export regulations.
423K gzipped, 2M uncompressed

gnusrc.tgz:
This set contains the "gnu" sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets.
19M gzipped, 84.3M uncompressed

syssrc.tgz:
This set contains the sources to the NetBSD1.4.3 kernel, config(8), and dbsym(8).
13.9M gzipped, 68.8M uncompressed

sharesrc.tgz:
This set contains the "share" sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program, the sources for the typesettable document set, the dictionaries, and more.
3.1M gzipped, 11.8M uncompressed

src.tgz:
This set contains all of the NetBSD1.4.3 sources which are not mentioned above.
14.5M gzipped, 67.5M uncompressed

Most of the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The secrsrc.tgz set is contained in the source/security subdirectory. This set contains the sources normally found in /usr/src/domestic - primarily Kerberos (version 4) and other cryptographic security related software. This code can now be exported from the US to most countries. The document on http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html spells out the current (rather lenient) restrictions applicable for the export of this code.

The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command:
       cat set_name.tgz | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - )
The sets/Split/ and security/Split/ subdirectories contain split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are are named "set_name.xx" where "set_name" is the distribution set name, and "xx" is the sequence number of the file, starting with "aa" for the first file in the distribution set, then "ab" for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distribution set.)

The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as follows:
       cat set_name.?? | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - )

In each of the source distribution set directories, there is a file named CKSUMS which contains the checksums of the files in that directory, as generated by the cksum(1) utility. You can use cksum to check the integrity of the archives, if you suspect that one of the files is corrupt and have access to a cksum binary. Checksums based on other algorithms may also be present - see the release(7) man page for details.

NetBSD/mvme68k Subdirectory Structure
The mvme68k-specific portion of the NetBSD1.4.3 release is found in the mvme68k subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.4.3/mvme68k/
INSTALL.html
INSTALL.ps
INSTALL.txt
INSTALL.more
Installation notes; this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display.
binary/
sets/
mvme68k binary distribution sets; see below.
security/
mvme68k security distribution; see below.
installation/
miniroot/
The miniroot filesystem image.
netboot/
Two programs needed to boot mvme68k kernels over the network.
tapeimage/
Tape boot programs, and a RAMDISK kernel.

The NetBSD/mvme68k install distribution contains files that can be used to install NetBSD onto completely "bare" MVME147 and MVME167 boards. The files in the "mvme68k/installation/*" directories are described below.

miniroot.gz
A gzipped copy of the miniroot filesystem. This image is to be un-gzipped and copied into the swap area of a disk.

netbsd-rd.gz
A gzipped copy of the RAMDISK kernel for installing the miniroot filesystem.

stboot
A tape boot-block, in the form required to allow 1x7-Bug to boot from tape. This is the first segment of a boot tape.

bootst
A copy of the tape boot program, used as the second segment of a boot tape.

sboot
A copy of the MVME147 serial boot program. This is necessary if you don't have a tape drive, but you _do_ have another system which can act as a boot and NFS server. This is also useful if you are installing a diskless NetBSD system on an MVME147 board.

netboot
A copy of the network boot program. Used in conjunction with sboot on the MVME147 to get your system booted over a network. The MVME167 can boot this file directly using 167Bug's builtin TFTP client.

These files can be used to make a boot tape suitable for installing NetBSD/mvme68k. These files can also be used to configure an NFS server to support installation "over the network". See the section Getting the NetBSD System onto Useful Media for instructions on either method.

Binary Distribution Sets
The NetBSD mvme68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD1.4.3 release for the mvme68k. There are eight binary distribution sets and the security distribution set. The binary distribution sets can be found in the mvme68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD1.4.3 distribution tree, and are as follows:

base
The NetBSD1.4.3 mvme68k base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below.

comp
Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages.

etc
This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and carefully upgrade your configuration files by hand.)

games
This set includes the games and their manual pages.

kern
This set contains a NetBSD/mvme68k 1.4.3 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set.

man
This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets.

misc
This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share.

text
This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages.

The mvme68k security distribution set is named secr and can be found in the        mvme68k/binary/security
subdirectory of the NetBSD1.4.3 distribution tree. It contains security-related binaries which depend on cryptographic source code. You do not need this distribution set to use encrypted passwords in your password file; the base distribution includes a crypt library which can perform only the one-way encryption function. The security distribution includes a version of the Kerberos IV network security system, and a Kerberized version of telnet(1) program. The secr distribution set can be found only on those sites which carry the complete NetBSD distribution and which can legally obtain it. Because of United States law, it may not be legal to distribute this set to locations outside of the United States and Canada. See http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html for updated information on this issue.

NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 3.3.6. Binary sets for the X Window system are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:

xbase
The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers.

xcomp
The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code.

xcontrib
Programs that were contributed to X.

xfont
Fonts needed by X.

The mvme68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz.

The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted below the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar xfp command from /.

Note
Each directory in the mvme68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does:

All BSDSUM files are historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file

All CKSUM files are POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file.

All MD5 files are MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file.

All SYSVSUM files are historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o -2 file.

The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of system can check the integrity of the release files.


NetBSD/mvme68k System Requirements and Supported Devices

NetBSD/mvme68k 1.4.3 runs on Motorola MVME147 and MVME167 Single Board Computers.

The minimal configuration requires 4M of RAM and ~100MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space (approx. 200MB additional space is necessary for full sources. Double that if you want to recompile it all!). To run X (clients only) or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. Good performance requires 8MB of RAM, or 16 MB when running the X Window System.

Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install:

partition:      advise          needed
root (/)        20M             12M
user (/usr)     100M            80M
swap            (2 or 3 * RAM)   8M
Anything else is up to you!

Note that the mvme68k installation procedure uses a miniroot image which is placed into the swap area of the disk. The swap partition must be large enough to hold this miniroot image (> 6Mb).

The following VME147 hardware is supported:

Serial ports (RS232):
built-in console, ttyZ1, ttyZ2 and ttyZ3

Parallel port:
On-board centronics style printer port

Network interfaces:
On-board Lance Ethernet (le)

SCSI:
(Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc.) On-board wd33c93 SCSI bus interface chip (async only for now).

Miscellaneous:
Battery-backed real-time clock. VMEbus RAM cards.

The following VME167 hardware is supported:

Serial ports (RS232):
built-in console, ttyC1, ttyC2 and ttyC3

Parallel port:
On-board centronics style printer port

Network interfaces:
On-board Ethernet (ie)

SCSI:
(Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc.) On-board ncr53c710 SCSI I/O Processor chip.

Miscellaneous:
Battery-backed real-time clock.

If it's not on the above lists, there is no support for it in this release.

Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media

Installation is supported from several media types, including:

  • Tape
  • NFS
  • CD-ROM
  • FTP
Note that installing on a "bare" machine requires either a bootable tape drive or an ethernet to a compatible NFS server. MVME147 may also need to be booted over an RS232 connection.

The procedure for transferring the distribution sets onto installation media depends on the type of media. Instructions for each type of media are given below.

In order to create installation media, you will need all the files and subdirectories in these two directories:

       .../NetBSD-1.4.3/mvme68k/installation
       .../NetBSD-1.4.3/mvme68k/binary

Creating boot/install tapes:
Installing from tape is the simplest method of all. This method uses two tapes, one containing a bootable ramdisk and miniroot, the other containing the installation sets.

The boot tape is created as follows:


       cd .../NetBSD-1.4.3/mvme68k/installation
       set T = /dev/nrst0
       mt -f $T rewind
       dd if=tapeimage/stboot of=$T
       dd if=tapeimage/bootst of=$T obs=8k conv=osync
       gzip -dc tapeimage/netbsd-rd.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync
       gzip -dc miniroot/miniroot.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync
       mt -f $T rewind

The installation set tape is created as follows:


       cd .../NetBSD-1.4.3/mvme68k/binary/sets
       set T = /dev/nrst0
       mt -f $T rewind
       foreach f (base etc comp games man misc text)
       gzip -d < $f.tgz | dd of=$T bs=8k
       end
       mt -f $T rewind

If the tape does not work as expected, you may need to explicitly set the EOF mark at the end of each tape segment. Consult the tape-related manual pages on the system where the tapes are created for more details.

Boot/Install from NFS server:
If your machine has a disk and network connection, but no tape drive, it may be convenient for you to install NetBSD over the network. This involves temporarily booting your machine over NFS, just long enough so you can initialize its disk. This method requires that you have access to an NFS server on your network so you can configure it to support diskless boot for your machine. Configuring the NFS server is normally a task for a system administrator, and is not trivial.

If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, consult the documentation that came with it (i.e. add_client(8) on SunOS).

Booting an MVME147 from ethernet is not possible without first downloading a small bootstrap program (sboot) via RS232. See the section entitiled "Installing from NFS" for details on how to accomplish this.

sboot expects to be able to download a second stage bootstrap program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RARP It will look for a filename derived from the machine's IP address expressed in hexadecimal, with an extension of ".147". For example, an MVME147 with IP address 130.115.144.11 will make an TFTP request for `8273900B.147'. Normally, this file is just a symbolic link to the NetBSD/mvme68k "netboot" program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it (remember, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment). The netboot program may be found in the install directory of this distribution.

The MVME167 boot ROM has code builtin to boot over ethernet from a TFTP server. You should configure it to download the same "netboot" program as is used for MVME147.

The netboot program will query a bootparamd server to find the NFS server address and path name for its root, and then load a kernel from that location. The server should have a copy of the netbsd-rd kernel in the root area for your client (no other files are needed in the client root, although it might be a convenient place to put the uncompressed miniroot image) and /etc/bootparams on the server should have an entry for your client and its root directory. Note that you should rename the netbsd-rd kernel to just 'netbsd' in the client's root directory before trying to netboot the client.

The client will need access to the miniroot image, which can be provided using NFS or remote shell. If using NFS, miniroot.gz should be expanded on the server, because doing so from the RAMDISK shell is not so easy. The unzipped miniroot takes about 6Mb of space.

If you will be installing NetBSD on several clients, it may be useful to know that you can use a single NFS root for all the clients as long as they only use the netbsd-rd kernel. There will be no conflict between clients because the RAM-disk kernel will not use the NFS root. No swap file is needed; the RAM-disk kernel does not use that either.

Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM:
This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or network, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files provided on the CD-ROM. Once you have booted netbsd-rd (the RAMDISK kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets directly from the CD-ROM. The "install" program in the miniroot automates the work required to mount the CD-ROM and extract the files.
Install/Upgrade via FTP:
This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or network, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files in .../install (which you get via FTP). Once you have booted netbsd-rd (the RAM-disk kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets over the net using FTP. The "install" program in the miniroot automates the work required to configure the network interface and transfer the files.

This method, of course, requires network access to an FTP server. This might be a local system, or it might even be ftp.NetBSD.ORG itself. If you wish to use ftp.NetBSD.ORG as your FTP file server, you may want to keep the following information handy:


       IP Address: ftp.NetBSD.ORG
       Login: anonymous
       Password: your e-mail address
       Server path: /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.4.3/mvme68k/binary

Note
If you're not using a nameserver duing installation, you might find 204.152.184.75 handy; it's the IP address of ftp.NetBSD.ORG as of January, 1999.

Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation

mvme68k machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of backing up all data on any attached storage devices.

The following instructions should make your machine "NetBSD Ready".

Power-up your MVME147 board. You should have the bug prompt:

     

COLD Start

Onboard RAM start = $00000000, stop = $007FFFFF

147-Bug>

Or, if you have an MVME167 board:
     

MVME167 Debugger/Diagnostics Release Version 2.3 - 02/25/94 COLD Start

Local Memory Found =02000000 (&33554432)

MPU Clock Speed =33Mhz

167-Bug>

Make sure the RAM size looks ok (if you've got an 8Mb MVME147 or a 32Mb MVME167 you should have the same value as I do). Also make sure the clock is ticking:

       1x7-Bug>time
       Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:14
       1x7-Bug>time
       Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:15
       1x7-Bug>

Note that NetBSD bases its year at 1968, and adds the year offset in the MVME1x7's real-time clock to get the current year. So the '31' here equates to 1999. You may have to adjust your clock using the 'set' command to comply with NetBSD 's requirements. Don't worry if the "Day of the week" is not correct, NetBSD doesn't use it. Motorola has acknowledged a year 2000 bug in some versions of the MVME147 whereby the day of the week doesn't get set correctly by the 147Bug PROM. does not affect NetBSD !

Also make sure that your board's ethernet address is initialised to the correct value. You'll find the address on a label on the inside of the MVME147's front panel, and on the VMEbus P2 connector of the MVME167. On the MVME147, enter the last five digits of the address using the 'lsad' command. On the MVME167, you should use the 'cnfg' command.

To install successfully to a local SCSI disk, you need to ensure that 1x7Bug is aware of what targets are connected to the SCSI bus. This can be done by issueing the following command:


       1x7-Bug> iot;t

At this point, 1x7Bug will scan for any attached SCSI devices. After a short delay, a list of SCSI devices will be displayed. 147Bug will ask if LUNs should be assigned from SCSI ids, to which you should answer Y. You should also answer Y when asked if the information is to be saved to NVRAM. 167Bug does not prompt for this information.

The following installation instructions will assume that your target SCSI disk drive appears at SCSI-id 0. If you have a tape drive, the instructions assume is is configured for SCSI-id 5. When the RAMDISK root boots, NetBSD will refer to these devices as 'sd0' and 'rst0' respectively. You may wish to note these down; you'll be using them a lot. :-)

Installing the NetBSD System

Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it should not be too difficult.

There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your disk. If your machine has a tape drive the easiest way is "Installing from tape" (details below). If your machine is on a network with a suitable NFS server, then "Installing from NFS" is the next best method. Otherwise, if you have another mvme68k machine running NetBSD you can initialize the disk on that machine and then move the disk.

Installing from tape:
Create the NetBSD/mvme68k _VER boot tape as described in the section entitled "Preparing a boot tape". Then, with the tape in the drive, type the following at the 1x7Bug prompt:

       147-Bug> bo 5


       167-Bug> bo 0,50

As mentioned earlier, this assumes your tape is jumpered for SCSI-id 5.

As the tape loads (which may take 20 to 30 seconds), you will see a series of status messages. It may be useful if you can capture these messages to a file, or a scrollable xterm window. In particular, you should make a note of the lines which describe the geometry of the SCSI disks detected by NetBSD. They are of the form:

sd0 at scsibus0 targ 0 lun 0: <CDC, 94161-9, 2506> SCSI1 0/direct fixed
sd0: 148MB, 967 cyl, 9 head, 35 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 304605 sectors

The information of most interest is the number of sectors; here it's 304605. You will need this number when you come to create a disklabel for that drive.

RAM address from VMEbus = $00000000
     

Booting from: VME147, Controller 5, Device 0 Loading: Operating System

Volume: NBSD

IPL loaded at: $003F0000 >> BSD MVME147 tapeboot [$Revision: 1.5.2.1 $] 578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4 Start @ 0x8000 ... Copyright (c) 1996, 1997 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.

NetBSD 1.3 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Dec 21 16:19:04 GMT 1997 steve@soapy.mctavish.demon.co.uk:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . .

Note
The exact text of the messages will vary depending on which MVME147 or MVME167 variant you're using.

Finally, you will see the following "welcome" message:

        Welcome to the NetBSD/mvme68k RAMDISK root!
     

This environment is designed to do only four things: 1: Partititon your disk (use the command: edlabel /dev/rsd0c) 2: Copy a miniroot image into the swap partition (/dev/rsd0b) 3: Make that partition bootable (using 'installboot') 4: Reboot (using the swap partition, i.e. /dev/sd0b).

Copying the miniroot can be done several ways, allowing the source of the miniroot image to be on any of these: boot tape, NFS server, TFTP server, rsh server

The easiest is loading from tape, which is done as follows: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3 dd bs=8k if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b (For help with other methods, please see the install notes.)

To reboot using the swap partition after running installboot, first use "halt", then at the Bug monitor prompt use a command like: 1x7Bug> bo 0,,b:

To view this message again, type: cat /.welcome ssh:

You must now create a disklabel on the disk you wish to use for the root filesystem. This will usually be sd0. The disklabel is used by NetBSD to identify the starting block and size of each partition on the disk.

Partitions are named sd0a, sd0b, sd0c etc, up to sd0h. The mvme68k port of NetBSD makes some assumptions about the first three partitions on a boot disk:

sd0a
The root filesystem.
sd0b
The swap partition.
sd0c
The whole disk. Also known as the raw partition.

The raw partition is special; NetBSD is able to use it even if the disk has no label. You should never create a filesystem on the Raw Partition, even on a non-boot disk.

It is good practice to put /usr on a different partition than / (sd0a). So, the first available partition for /usr is sd0d. Refer to the section entitled NetBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices for information on the recommended sizes of the /, /usr and swap partitions.

You are not required to define any partitions beyond sd0d, but if you have a large disk drive, you might want to create several other partitions for filesystems such as /home or /usr/src. Note that at this time you are only required to partition the root/boot disk; you will get the opportunity to partition any other disks in your system from the main miniroot installation program.

To create the disklabel and partitions, use the edlabel program, passing it the name of the Raw Partition of your root/boot disk.


       ssh: edlabel /dev/rsd0c
       edlabel menu:
       print - display the current disk label
       modify - prompt for changes to the label
       write - write the new label to disk
       quit - terminate program
       edlabel>

The program shows what commands it recognizes; print, modify, write and quit. It will accept the first letter of a command if you don't feel like typing each one in full.

To start creating the basic partitions, you should enter m (modify) at the edlabel prompt, then enter the letter corresponding to the first partition, a.
       edlabel> m


       modify subcommands:
       @: modify disk parameters
       a-h: modify partition
       s: standarize geometry
       q: quit this subcommand
       edlabel/modify> a
       a (root) 0 (0/00/00) 0 (0/00/00) unused
       start as <blkno> or <cyls/trks/sects>: 0
       length as <nblks> or <cyls/trks/sects>: 38000
       type: 4.2BSD
       edlabel/modify>

When you enter the start and length of a partition, you can use either blocks or cylinder/track/sector notation. If this is the first time you've partitioned a disk for NetBSD, it's probably easiest to use block notation. The above example creates partition 'a', starting at block zero and with a size of 38000 blocks. Note that the usual size of a block is 512 bytes, so this creates a 19Mb partition.

The 'type' of the partition should be "4.2BSD", otherwise you won't be able to create a filesystem on it.

Next, create a swap partition (b). Note that the minimum size of this swap partition should be 8Mb, otherwise you won't be able to use a miniroot to complete the NetBSD installation!


       edlabel/modify> b
       b (swap) 0 (0/00/00) 0 (0/00/00) unused
       start as <blkno> or <cyls/trks/sects>: 38000
       length as <nblks> or <cyls/trks/sects>: 32768
       type: swap
       edlabel/modify>

Here, we specify a value for 'start' such that the swap partition follows immediately after partition 'a', i.e. 38000. The length of the swap partition should be a multiple of the amount of RAM you have in your system. Here, I've chosen 32768, or 16Mb. The next available block on the drive is thus 38000 + 32768. We will use this to create partition 'd' for our /usr filesystem. (Note that for a busy system, or a system with more than 8Mb of RAM, you'll be better off with a 32 or 64Mb swap partition.)


       edlabel/modify> d
       d (user) 0 (0/00/00) 0 (0/00/00) unused
       start as <blkno> or <cyls/trks/sects>: 70768
       length as <nblks> or <cyls/trks/sects>: 233837
       type: 4.2BSD
       edlabel/modify> q
       edlabel>

As you can see, I've chosen to assign the remainder of the disk to /usr. Since there are 304605 sectors on the example disk (did you remember to note down the number of sectors on your disk during boot?), and partition d starts at sector 70768, a simple bit of arithmetic (304605 - 70768) gives d a size of 233837.

You now need to write this new disklabel, together with the partition details you've just entered, to disk. You might also try the 'p' command to view the partitions. Once written, you can quit back to ssh using 'q'.


       edlabel> p

     type_num: 4
     sub_type: 0
       type_name: SCSI disk
       pack_name: fictitious
    bytes/sector: 512
   sectors/track: 35
 tracks/cylinder: 9
       cylinders: 967
sectors/cylinder: 315
partition      start         (c/t/s)      nblks         (c/t/s)  type
     

a (root) 0 (0/00/00) 38000 (120/05/25)* 4.2BSD b (swap) 38000 (120/05/25)* 32768 (104/00/08)* swap c (disk) 0 (0/00/00) 304605 (967/00/00) unused d (user) 70768 (224/05/33)* 233837 (742/03/02)* 4.2BSD


       edlabel> w
       edlabel> q
       ssh:

Now that your disk's partitioned, you need to get the proper installation miniroot image onto it. The miniroot image is designed to be copied into the swap partition of your disk. This is a safe place which won't be overwritten by the installation procedure. From the ssh prompt, use the following commands to copy the miniroot image from tape to swap (b).


       ssh: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind
       ssh: mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3
       ssh: dd bs=8k if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b

The disk and the miniroot must now be made bootable using the installboot(8) command. To do this, issue the following commands:


       ssh: mount /dev/sd0b /mnt
       ssh: installboot /mnt/usr/mdec/bootsd /bootxx /dev/rsd0b
       ssh: umount /dev/sd0b

You can now shutdown the system.


       ssh: halt
       signal 15
       ssh: syncing disks... done
       unmounting /mnt (/dev/sd1b)...
       unmounting / (root_device)...
       halted


       147-Bug> reset
       Reset Local SCSI Bus [Y,N] N? y
       Automatic reset of known SCSI Buses on RESET [Y,N] Y?
       Cold/Warm Reset flag [C,W] = C?
       Execute Soft Reset [Y,N] N? y

Resetting the MVME167 board is very similar. You should now reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled "Booting the miniroot" for details.

Installing from NFS:
Before you can install from NFS, you must have already configured your NFS server to support your machine as a bootable client. Instructions for configuring the server are found in the section entitled "Getting the NetBSD System onto Useful Media" above.

To get started on the MVME147, you need to download "sboot" into RAM (you will find sboot in the install directory of the mvme68k distribution). You can either do that through the console line or through a 2nd serial connection. For example, an MVME147 connected to a sun4/110 and accessed via tip(1) can be loaded as follows:

lo 0
~Ccat sboot
go 4000

Which will look like this:


       147-Bug> lo 0
       ~CLocal command? cat sboot

away for 11 seconds
       !


       147-Bug> g 4000
       Effective address: 00004000


       sboot: serial line bootstrap program (end = 6018)


       >>>

Now, if you want to do it through serial line 1, then connect serial line one to a machine. At the 147-Bug> prompt type tm 1 You should then login to the machine it is connected to. Then hit "^A" to escape to Bug. do lo 1;x=cat sboot ... then when that is done you can reconnect tm 1 and logout. Then do go 4000 and you've got the ">>> " prompt of sboot.

Once you've got the ">>> " prompt, you can boot the RAMDISK kernel from the server:


       >>> b

le0: ethernet address: 8:0:3e:20:cb:87
My ip address is: 192.168.1.4
Server ip address is: 192.168.1.1
4800
Download was a success!

See below for the next step in booting MVME147.

The MVME167 is able to download netboot directly using TFTP. To enable this, you must first configure the networking parameters on the board as described in the section entitled "Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation. On a properly configured MVME167, all you need to type is:


       167-Bug> nbo

For both boards, the boot messages are very similar:

Start @ 0x8000 ...
>> BSD MVME147 netboot (via sboot) [$Revision: 1.5.2.1 $]
device: le0 attached to 08:00:3e:20:cb:87
boot: client IP address: 192.168.1.4
boot: client name: soapy
root addr=192.168.1.1 path=/export/soapy
578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4
Start @ 0x8000 ...
Copyright (c) 1996, 1997 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
     The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
     

NetBSD 1.3 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Dec 21 16:19:04 GMT 1997 steve@soapy.mctavish.demon.co.uk:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . .

After the boot program loads the RAMDISK kernel, you should see the welcome screen as shown in the "tape boot" section above.

You now need to create a disklabel with partition information on the SCSI disk on which you intend to create your root filesystem. Follow the instructions in the previous section entitled "Installing from tape" to do this. (But stop short of the part which describes how to copy the miniroot from tape.)

You must now configure the network interface before you can access the NFS server containing the miniroot image. For example the command:


       ssh: ifconfig le0 inet 192.168.1.4 up

will bring up the MVME147 network interface 'le0' with that address. The command:


       ssh: ifconfig ie0 inet 192.168.1.4 up

will bring up the MVME167 network interface 'ie0' with that address. The next step is to copy the miniroot from your server. This can be done using either NFS or remote shell. (In the examples that follow, the server has IP address 192.168.1.1) You may then need to add a default route if the server is on a different subnet:


       ssh: route add default 192.168.1.2 1

You can look at the route table using:


       ssh: route show

Now mount the NFS filesystem containing the miniroot image:


       ssh: mount -r 192.168.1.1:/export/soapy /mnt

The procedure is simpler if you have space for an expanded (not compressed) copy of the miniroot image. In that case:


       ssh: dd bs=8k if=/mnt/miniroot of=/dev/rsd0b

Otherwise, you will need to use "zcat" to expand the miniroot image while copying. This is tricky because the "ssh" program (small shell) does not handle sh(1) pipeline syntax. Instead, you first run the reader in the background with its input set to /dev/pipe and then run the other program in the foreground with its output to /dev/pipe. The result looks like this:


       ssh: run -bg dd obs=8k if=/dev/pipe of=/dev/rsd0b
       ssh: run -o /dev/pipe zcat /mnt/install/miniroot.gz

To load the miniroot using rsh to the server, you would use a pair of commands similar to the above. Here is another example:


       ssh: run -b dd obs=8k if=/dev/pipe of=/dev/rsd0b
       ssh: run -o /dev/pipe rsh 192.168.1.1 zcat miniroot.gz

You must now make the disk bootable. Refer to the previous section on installing from tape, where it describes how to run 'installboot'. This is immediately following the part which explains how to copy the miniroot from tape.

Booting the miniroot:
Assuming the miniroot is installed on partition 'b' of the disk with SCSI-id 0, then the 147Bug boot command is:
       147-Bug> bo 0,,b:

The corresponding 167Bug boot command is:
       167-Bug> bo 0,,,b:

The command line parameters above are:

0
controller (usually zero)

,, or ,,,
bug argument separators

b:
tell the bootstrap code to boot from partition b

You should see a bunch of boot messages, followed by messages from the miniroot kernel just as you did when the RAMDISK kernel booted.

You will then be prompted to enter the root device. Since the miniroot was booted from the swap partition, you should enter 'sd0b'. You will then be asked for the swap device and filesystem type. Just press return twice to accept the defaults. When asked to enter a terminal type, either accept the default, or use whatever the TERM environment variable is set to in the shell of your host system:


       boot device: sd0
       root device (default sd0a): sd0b
       dump device (default sd0b): (return)
       file system (default generic): (return)
       root on sd0b dumps on sd0b
       mountroot: trying ffs...
       root file system type: ffs
       init: copying out path `/sbin/init' 11
       erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C
       Terminal type? [vt100] return

Congratulations! The system should now be running the miniroot installation program.

Miniroot install program:

The miniroot's install program is very simple to use. It will guide you through the entire process, and is well automated. Additional improvements are planned for future releases.

The miniroot's install program will:

  • Allow you to place disklabels on additional disks. The disk we are installing on should already have been partitioned using the RAMDISK kernel.

    Note that partition sizes and offsets are expressed in sectors. When you fill out the disklabel, you will need to specify partition types and filesystem parameters. If you're unsure what the these values should be, use the following defaults:


           fstype: 4.2BSD
           fsize: 1024
           bsize: 4096
           cpg: 16

    If the partition will be a swap partition, use the following:


           fstype: swap
           fsize: 0 (or blank)
           bsize: 0 (or blank)
           cpg: 0 (or blank)

    Note that partition 'c' is special; it covers then entire disk and should not be assigned to a filesystem.

    The number of partitions is currently fixed at 8.

  • Create filesystems on target partitions.

  • Allow you to set up your system's network configuration. Remember to specify host names without the domain name appended to the end. For example use `foo' instead of `foo.bar.org'. If, during the process of configuring the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will be able to re-configure that interface by simply selecting it for configuration again.

  • Mount target filesystems. You will be given the opportunity to manually edit the resulting /etc/fstab.

  • Extract binary sets from the media of your choice.

  • Copy configuration information gathered during the installation process to your root filesystem.

  • Make device nodes in your root filesystem.

  • Copy a new kernel onto your root partition.

  • Install a new boot block.

  • Check your filesystems for integrity.

First-time installation on a system through a method other than the installation program is possible, but strongly discouraged.

Post installation steps

Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a propperly configured state, with the most important ones described below.

  1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf

    If you haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf, the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message        /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.
    and with the root filesystem mounted read-write. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply hit return to get to a prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and hit return. At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use 'ed' or 'ex', you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to 'vi'. Do the following:
           mount /usr
           export TERM=vt220
    If you have /var on a seperate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot.

    Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your interface <int>, along the lines of
           ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0"
    or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:
           ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"
    To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information.

    Other files in /etc that are new to NetBSD 1.4 and may require modification or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf and /etc/wscons.conf.

  2. Logging in

    After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords.

  3. Adding accounts

    Use the vipw(8) command to add accounts to your system, do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See adduser(8) for more information on the process of how to add a new user to the system.

  4. The X Window System

    If you have installed the X window system, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information.

    Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries.

  5. Installing 3rd party packages

    There is a lot of software freely available for Unix-based systems, almost all of which can run on NetBSD. Modifications are usually needed to when transferring programs between different Unix-like systems, so the NetBSD packages collection incorporates any such changes necessary to make that software run on NetBSD, and makes the installation (and deinstallation) of the software packages easy. There's also the option of building a package from source, in case there's no precompiled binary available.

    Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/ Package sources for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other locations work fine), as with the command:
           cat pkgsrc.tar.gz | gunzip | (mkdir /usr/pkgsrc;
           cd /usr/pkgsrc; tar xpf - )
    After extracting, then see the README file in the extraction directory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more information.

  6. Misc

    • To adjust the system to your local timezone, point the /etc/localtime symlink to the appropriate file under /usr/share/zoneinfo.

    • Edit /etc/aliases to forward root mail to the right place (run newaliases(1) afterwards.)

    • The /etc/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more information.

    • Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use.

    • Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking
             man filename
      is likely to give you more information on these files.

Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System

It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/mvme68k system using the upgrade program in the miniroot. If you wish to upgrade your system by this method, simply select the `upgrade' option once the miniroot has booted. The upgrade program with then guide you through the procedure. The upgrade program will:

  • Enable the network based on your system's current network configuration.

  • Mount your existing filesystems.

  • Extract binary sets from the media of your choice.

  • Fixup your system's existing /etc/fstab, and if necessary, changing the occurrences of `ufs' to `ffs' and let you edit the resulting file.

  • Make new device nodes in your root filesystem.

  • Copy a new kernel onto your root partition. NOTE: the existing kernel WILL NOT be backed up; doing so would be pointless, since older kernels may not be capable of running NetBSD1.4.3 executables.

  • Install a new boot block.

  • Check your filesystems for integrity.

While using the miniroot's upgrade program is the preferred method of upgrading your system, it is possible to upgrade your system manually. To do this, follow the following procedure:

  • Place _at least_ the `base' binary set in a filesystem accessible to the target machine. A local filesystem is preferred, since the NFS subsystem in the NetBSD1.4.3 kernel may be incompatible with your old binaries.

  • Back up your pre-existing kernel and copy the _VER kernel into your root partition.

  • Reboot with the _VER kernel into single-user mode.

  • Check all filesystems:

           /sbin/fsck -pf

  • Mount all local filesystems:


           /sbin/mount -a -t nonfs

  • If you keep /usr or /usr/share on an NFS server, you will want to mount those filesystems as well. To do this, you will need to enable the network:


           sh /etc/netstart

  • Run the update(8) daemon, to ensure that new programs are actually stored on disk.


           update

  • Make sure you are in the root filesystem and extract the `base' binary set:


           cd /
           pax -zrvpe -f /path/to/base.tgz

  • Delete system files in /sbin which now live in /usr/sbin:


           cd /sbin
           rm -f mountd rtquery quotacheck dumpfs dumplfs

  • Install a new boot block (you may need to be running in single-user mode to do this...):


           cd /usr/mdec
           cp bootsd /.bootsd
           ./installboot /.bootsd bootxx < root-disk

    (root-disk might be, e.g., /dev/rsd0a)

  • Sync the filesystems:


           sync

  • At this point you may extract any other binary sets you may have placed on local filesystems, or you may wish to extract additional sets at a later time. To extract these sets, use the following commands:


           cd /
           pax -zrvpe -f path_to_set

Note
You SHOULD NOT extract the etc set if upgrading. Instead, you should extract that set into another area and carefully merge the changes by hand.

Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases

Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD1.4.3

Note
Only issues effecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.3 or NetBSD 1.3.x are decribed here.

  • "machine" directory/link in "/usr/include"

    Description
    Some architecture may fail to install the comp set because the
           /usr/include/machine
    directory changed to a symbolic link in NetBSD 1.4.

    Fix
    If this happens, you can use the command
           # rm -r /usr/include/machine
    to remove the old directory and it contents and reinstall the comp set.

Using online NetBSD documentation

Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by ``name(section)''. Some examples of this are

  • intro(1),
  • man(1),
  • apropros(1),
  • passwd(1), and
  • passwd(5).

The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.

The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man[ section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter
       man passwd
to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5)m enter
       man 5 passwd
instead.

If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word

where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed.

Administrivia

If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.ORG. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions.

There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.ORG.

To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@NetBSD.ORG.

Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks.

There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the "owner" of that port (listed below).

If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@NetBSD.ORG.

As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.

Thanks go to

  • The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to):
    Keith Bostic
    Ralph Campbell
    Mike Karels
    Marshall Kirk McKusick
    

    for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement.

  • Also, our thanks go to:
    Mike Hibler
    Rick Macklem
    Jan-Simon Pendry
    Chris Torek
    

    for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done.

  • UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD.

  • Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, WWW and SUP server.

  • Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD Mail server.

  • Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool.

  • Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it.

  • The following individuals and organiztions (each in alphabetical order) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it:

    Steve Allen
    Jason Birnschein
    Mason Loring Bliss
    Jason Brazile
    Mark Brinicombe
    David Brownlee
    Simon Burge
    Dave Burgess
    Ralph Campbell
    Brian Carlstrom
    James Chacon
    Bill Coldwell
    Charles Conn
    Tom Coulter
    Charles D. Cranor
    Christopher G. Demetriou
    Scott Ellis
    Hubert Feyrer
    Castor Fu
    Greg Gingerich
    William Gnadt
    Michael Graff
    Guenther Grau
    Ross Harvey
    Charles M. Hannum
    Michael L. Hitch
    Kenneth Alan Hornstein
    Jordan K. Hubbard
    Soren Jorvang
    Scott Kaplan
    Noah M. Keiserman
    John Kohl
    Chris Legrow
    Ted Lemon
    Neil J. McRae
    Perry E. Metzger
    Herb Peyerl
    Mike Price
    Dave Rand
    Michael Richardson
    Heiko W. Rupp
    Brad Salai
    Chuck Silvers
    Thor Lancelot Simon
    Bill Sommerfeld
    Paul Southworth
    Ted Spradley
    Kimmo Suominen
    Jason R. Thorpe
    Steve Wadlow
    Krister Walfridsson
    Jim Wise
    Christos Zoulas
    

    AboveNet Communications, Inc.
    Advanced System Products, Inc.
    Avalon Computer Systems
    Bay Area Internet Solutions
    Brains Corporation, Japan
    Canada Connect Corporation
    Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology
    Demon Internet, UK
    Digital Equipment Corporation
    Easynet, UK
    Free Hardware Foundation
    Innovation Development Enterprises of America
    Internet Software Consortium
    MS Macro System GmbH, Germany
    Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center
    Piermont Information Systems Inc.
    VMC Harald Frank, Germany
    Warped Communications, Inc.
    
    (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.)

  • Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!)

We are...

(in alphabetical order)


The NetBSD core group:
Alistair Crooksagc@NetBSD.ORG
Jun-ichiro itojun Haginoitojun@NetBSD.ORG
Frank van der Lindenfvdl@NetBSD.ORG
Luke Mewburnlukem@NetBSD.ORG
Christos Zoulaschristos@NetBSD.ORG

The portmasters (and their ports):
Mark Brinicombemark@NetBSD.ORG arm32
Jeremy Cooperjeremy@NetBSD.ORG sun3x
Ross Harveyross@NetBSD.ORG alpha
Ignatios Souvatzisis@NetBSD.ORG amiga
Jun-ichiro itojun Haginoitojun@NetBSD.ORG sh3
Eduardo Horvatheeh@NetBSD.ORG sparc64
Paul Kranenburgpk@NetBSD.ORG sparc
Anders Magnussonragge@NetBSD.ORG vax
Tsubai Masanaritsubai@NetBSD.ORG macppc
Tsubai Masanaritsubai@NetBSD.ORG newsmips
Minoura Makotominoura@NetBSD.ORG x68k
Phil Nelsonphil@NetBSD.ORG pc532
Scott Reynoldsscottr@NetBSD.ORG mac68k
Darrin Jewelldbj@NetBSD.ORG next68k
Kazuki Sakamotosakamoto@NetBSD.ORG bebox
Wolfgang Solfrankws@NetBSD.ORG ofppc
Jonathan Stonejonathan@NetBSD.ORG pmax
Shin Takemuratakemura@NetBSD.ORG hpcmips
Jason Thorpethorpej@NetBSD.ORG hp300
Frank van der Lindenfvdl@NetBSD.ORG i386
Leo Weppelmanleo@NetBSD.ORG atari
Nathan Williamsnathanw@NetBSD.ORG sun3
Steve Woodfordscw@NetBSD.ORG mvme68k

The NetBSD 1.4.3 Release Engineering team:
Chris G. Demetrioucgd@NetBSD.ORG
Havard Eidneshe@NetBSD.ORG
Ted Lemonmellon@NetBSD.ORG
Perry Metzgerperry@NetBSD.ORG
Curt Sampsoncjs@NetBSD.ORG

Developers and other contributors:
Steve Allenwormey@NetBSD.ORG
Julian Assangeproff@NetBSD.ORG
Lennart Augustssonaugustss@NetBSD.ORG
Christoph Badurabad@NetBSD.ORG
Robert V. Baronrvb@NetBSD.ORG
Erik Berlscyber@NetBSD.ORG
John Birrelljb@NetBSD.ORG
Mason Loring Blissmason@NetBSD.ORG
Manuel Bouyerbouyer@NetBSD.ORG
John Brezakbrezak@NetBSD.ORG
Allen Briggsbriggs@NetBSD.ORG
Aaron Brownabrown@NetBSD.ORG
David Brownleeabs@NetBSD.ORG
Frederick Bruckmanfredb@NetBSD.ORG
Jon Bullerjonb@NetBSD.ORG
Simon Burgesimonb@NetBSD.ORG
Dave Burgessburgess@cynjut.infonet.net
Robert Byrnesbyrnes@NetBSD.org
D'Arcy J.M. Caindarcy@NetBSD.ORG
Dave Carrelcarrel@NetBSD.ORG
Bill Coldwellbillc@NetBSD.ORG
Julian Colemanjdc@NetBSD.ORG
Chuck Cranorchuck@NetBSD.ORG
Aidan Cullyaidan@NetBSD.ORG
Johan Danielssonjoda@NetBSD.ORG
Matt DeBergalisdeberg@NetBSD.ORG
Rob Dekerdeker@NetBSD.ORG
Chris G. Demetrioucgd@NetBSD.ORG
Jaromir Dolecekjdolecek@NetBSD.ORG
Andy Doranad@NetBSD.ORG
Roland Dowdeswellelric@NetBSD.ORG
Matthias Drochnerdrochner@NetBSD.ORG
Jun Ebiharajun@NetBSD.ORG
Havard Eidneshe@NetBSD.ORG
Enami Tsugutomoenami@NetBSD.ORG
Bernd Ernestiveego@NetBSD.ORG
Erik Fairfair@NetBSD.ORG
Hubert Feyrerhubertf@NetBSD.ORG
Thorsten Frueauffrueauf@NetBSD.ORG
Castor Fucastor@NetBSD.ORG
Ichiro Fukuharaichiro@NetBSD.ORG
Brian R. Gaekebrg@dgate.org
Thomas Gernerthomas@NetBSD.ORG
Simon J. Gerratysjg@NetBSD.ORG
Justin Gibbsgibbs@NetBSD.ORG
Adam Glassglass@NetBSD.ORG
Michael Graffexplorer@NetBSD.ORG
Brian C. Graysonbgrayson@NetBSD.ORG
Brad Granthamgrantham@tenon.com
Matthew Greenmrg@NetBSD.ORG
Juergen Hannken-Illjeshannken@NetBSD.ORG
Charles M. Hannummycroft@NetBSD.ORG
Eric Haszlakiewiczerh@NetBSD.ORG
HAYAKAWA Koichihaya@NetBSD.ORG
Rene Hexelrh@NetBSD.ORG
Michael L. Hitchmhitch@NetBSD.ORG
Christian E. Hoppschopps@NetBSD.ORG
Ken Hornsteinkenh@NetBSD.ORG
Marc Horowitzmarc@NetBSD.ORG
Dean Huxleydean@netbsd.org
ITOH Yasufumiitohy@NetBSD.ORG
IWAMOTO Toshihirotoshii@NetBSD.ORG
Matthew Jacobmjacob@NetBSD.ORG
Lonhyn T. Jasinskyjlonhyn@NetBSD.ORG
Chris Jonescjones@NetBSD.ORG
Soren Jorvangsoren@NetBSD.ORG
Takahiro Kambetaca@NetBSD.ORG
Antti Kanteepooka@NetBSD.ORG
Lawrence Kestelootkesteloo@cs.unc.edu
Thomas Klausnerwiz@NetBSD.ORG
Klaus Kleinkleink@NetBSD.ORG
John Kohljtk@NetBSD.ORG
Kevin Laheykml@NetBSD.ORG
Johnny C. Lamjlam@NetBSD.ORG
Martin J. Laubachmjl@NetBSD.ORG
Ted Lemonmellon@NetBSD.ORG
Joel Lindholmjoel@NetBSD.ORG
Mike Longmikel@NetBSD.ORG
Warner Loshimp@NetBSD.ORG
Brett Lymnblymn@NetBSD.ORG
Paul Mackerraspaulus@NetBSD.ORG
Dan McMahilldmcmahill@NetBSD.ORG
Neil J. McRaeneil@NetBSD.ORG
Perry Metzgerperry@NetBSD.ORG
der Mousemouse@NetBSD.ORG
Joseph Myersjsm@NetBSD.ORG
Ken Nakatakenn@NetBSD.ORG
Bob Nestorrnestor@NetBSD.ORG
Tohru Nishimuranisimura@NetBSD.ORG
Masaru Okioki@NetBSD.ORG
Greg Osteroster@NetBSD.ORG
Herb Peyerlhpeyerl@NetBSD.ORG
Matthias Pfallermatthias@NetBSD.ORG
Dante Profetadante@NetBSD.ORG
Chris Provenzanoproven@NetBSD.ORG
Waldi Ravenswaldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net
Darren Reeddarrenr@NetBSD.ORG
Michael Richardsonmcr@NetBSD.ORG
Tim Rightnourgarbled@NetBSD.ORG
Gordon Rossgwr@NetBSD.ORG
Heiko W. Rupphwr@NetBSD.ORG
SAITOH Masanobumsaitoh@NetBSD.ORG
Curt Sampsoncjs@NetBSD.ORG
Wilfredo Sanchezwsanchez@NetBSD.ORG
Ty Sarnatsarna@NetBSD.ORG
SATO Kazumisato@NetBSD.ORG
Matthias Schelertron@NetBSD.ORG
Karl Schilke (rAT)rat@NetBSD.ORG
Konrad Schroderperseant@NetBSD.ORG
Tim Shepardshep@NetBSD.ORG
Takao Shinoharashin@NetBSD.ORG
Takuya SHIOZAKItshiozak@NetBSD.ORG
Chuck Silverschs@NetBSD.ORG
Thor Lancelot Simontls@NetBSD.ORG
Noriyuki Sodasoda@NetBSD.ORG
Bill Sommerfeldsommerfeld@NetBSD.ORG
Bill Studenmundwrstuden@NetBSD.ORG
Kevin Sullivansullivan@NetBSD.ORG
SUNAGAWA Keikikei@NetBSD.ORG
Kimmo Suominenkim@NetBSD.ORG
Matt Thomasmatt@NetBSD.ORG
Christoph Toshoktoshok@NetBSD.ORG
Izumi Tsutsuitsutsui@NetBSD.ORG
UCHIYAMA Yasushiuch@NetBSD.ORG
Todd Vierlingtv@NetBSD.ORG
Aymeric Vincentaymeric@NetBSD.ORG
Paul Vixievixie@NetBSD.ORG
Krister Walfridssonkristerw@NetBSD.ORG
Lex Wennmacherwennmach@NetBSD.ORG
Assar Westerlundassar@NetBSD.ORG
Rob Windsorwindsor@NetBSD.ORG
Dan Winshipdanw@NetBSD.ORG
Jim Wisejwise@NetBSD.ORG
Colin Woodender@NetBSD.ORG

Legal Mumbo-Jumbo

The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document:

This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Hannum.

This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.

This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc.

This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Washington University.

This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor.

This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.

This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum.

This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano.

This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps.

This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou.

This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas.

This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross.

This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.

This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.

This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.

This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross.

This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Weppelman.

This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross.

This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.

This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.

This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/.

This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes.

This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by John Polstra.

This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.

This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield.

This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.

This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman.

This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.

This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.

This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.

This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank.

This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor.

This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson.

This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller.

This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.

This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.

This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.

This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.

This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes.

This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.

This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert.

This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert.

This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak.

This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt.

This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.

This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc.

This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Science at the University of Utah.

This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary Department of Computer Science and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.

This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project.

This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Consortium by Ted Lemon.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc.

This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon.

This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors.

This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project.

This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas.

This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the University of Utah.

This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.

This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor.

This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.

This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.

This product includes software developed by David Jones.

This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross.

This product includes software developed by Steve C. Woodford.