INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/sparc64. DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 1.5.2 on the sparc64 platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on thirty-one different system architectures featuring twelve dis- tinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 1.5.2 re- lease contains complete binary releases for fifteen different machine types. (The sixteen remaining are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Upgrade path to NetBSD 1.5.2 If you are not installing your system ``from scratch'' but instead are going to upgrade an existing system already running NetBSD you need to know which versions you can upgrade with NetBSD 1.5.2. NetBSD 1.5.2 is an upgrade of NetBSD 1.5, 1.5.1, and earlier major and patch releases of NetBSD. The intermediate development versions of code available on the main trunk in our CVS repository (also known as ``NetBSD-current'') from after the point where the release cycle for 1.5 was started are designated by ver- sion identifiers such as 1.5A, 1.5B, etc. These identifiers do not des- ignate releases, but indicate major changes in internal kernel APIs. Note that the kernel from NetBSD 1.5.2 can not be used to upgrade a sys- tem running one of those intermediate development versions. Trying to use the NetBSD 1.5.2 kernel on such a system will probably result in problems. Please also note that it is not possible to do a direct ``version'' com- parison between any of the intermediate development versions mentioned above and 1.5.2 to determine if a given feature is present or absent in 1.5.2. The development of 1.5 and the subsequent ``point'' releases is done on a separate branch in the CVS repository. The branch was created when the release cycle for 1.5 was started, and during the release cycle of 1.5 and its patch releases, selected fixes and enhancements have been imported from the main development trunk. So, there are features in 1.5.2 which were not in, e.g. 1.5B, and vice versa. Major Changes Between 1.5.1 and 1.5.2 The main purpose of NetBSD 1.5.2 is to fix some problems discovered shortly after the release of NetBSD 1.5.1. Some highlights are: o telnetd(8) has been fixed to deal with a security issue (SA2001-012). o A weakness in the OpenSSL libcrypto's pseudo random number generator has been fixed (SA2001-013). o Floating point emulation on i386 (to run on FPU-less CPUs) which was broken late in 1.5.1's cycle has been restored to working order. o Bugs in the compiler have been worked around to produce a working miniroot image on sparc64. o The script-based installers on amiga, atari and mvme68k have been up- dated to deal with new behaviour from mount(8). o dump(8) has been fixed to deal with a local security issue (SA2001-014). o Several system calls have had defensive length checks applied on their arguments (SA2001-015). o The DHCP software has been upgraded to ISC Version 3, Release Candi- date 10. Additionally, a few more bugs have been fixed. See the CHANGES-1.5.2 file for the complete list of changes. Major Changes Between 1.5 and 1.5.1 The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.5 and 1.5.1 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.5.1 in the top directory of the source tree. The fol- lowing are highlights only: o A driver for the Aironet/Cisco wireless PCMCIA cards has been added; see an(4). o NFS client performance has been improved, typically by 40% for writes but possibly up to 100% in certain setups. o The siop(4) driver has improved in performance and robustness. o Support for cloning pseudo-interfaces has been added. See ifconfig(8). o Support for 802.1Q virtual LANs has been added. See vlan(4). o The isp(4) driver has been upgraded to (among other things) work on MacPPC. o BIND has been upgraded to version 8.2.3 (SA2001-001). o Support for booting from RAIDframe RAID1 mirrors on i386 added. o The lfs(4) file system has again been substantially updated, but is still experimental. o Ultra/66 support has been added for capable VIA chipsets, and Ul- tra/100 support has been added for the HPT370, Promise and Intel ICH2 controllers in the pciide(4) driver. Support for Intel 82801BAM con- trollers has also been added, and handling of Ali controllers has been improved. o OpenSSH has been updated to deal with a security issue (SA2001-003). o Sendmail has been upgraded to version 8.11.3. o The ex(4) driver has added support for 3Com 3c555, 3c556 and 3c556B MiniPCI Ethernet cards. o A driver for the on-board audio hardware found on many Apple PowerMa- cs has been added; see awacs(4). o The sip(4) driver has been fixed to properly support the dp83815, as found in current Netgear FA311 10/100 cards. o ftpd(8) has been updated to deal with two security issues (SA2000-018 and SA2001-005). o ntpd(8) has been updated to deal with a security issue (SA2001-004). o telnetd(8) has been updated to deal with a security issue (SA2000-017). o A vulnerability on i386 related to USER_LDT has been fixed (SA2001-002). o The Linux emulation has been enhanced to prepare for the support of using the Linux version of VMware. o IP checksumming speed has been improved on i386 compared to NetBSD 1.5 by about 10%. o Support for the Socket Communications LP-E Type II PCMCIA NE2000 clone card has been added to ne(4). o The DHCP software has been upgraded to ISC version 3, Beta 2, patch- level 23, to fix core dumps in dhclient(8), among other things. Please note that the new dhcpd(8) forces you to configure a "ddns-up- date-style" of either "ad-hoc", "interim" or "none". o Various fixes and enhancements to INET6 and IPSEC code; among them improved interaction between IPF/Nat and IPSEC. o The Heimdal kerberos(8) implementation has been upgraded to version 0.3e. o Support for Accton EN2242 and other AmdTek AN985 cards added to the tlp(4) driver. o Several country-specific keyboard mappings have been added for USB keyboards. o A driver for Yamaha YMF724/740/744/745-based sound cards has been added, see yds(4). o The maximum number of BSD disklabel partitions on the i386 port has been increased from 8 to 16. o Drivers for the AC'97 based audio sound chips ESS Technology Maestro 1, 2, and 2E (see esm(4)), NeoMagic 256 (see neo(4)), and Cirrus Log- ic CrystalClear PCI Audio CS4281 (see clct(4)) have been added. In addition, many bugs have been fixed--more than 95 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and some other non- reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.5.1 file for the complete list. The NetBSD Packages Collection (pkgsrc) which is used to maintain, build, track dependencies, and maintain NetBSD-specific fixes to third-party programs, has received a major overhaul for NetBSD 1.5.1. Some high- lights are: o Many new packages were added to the collection, which now includes about 2100 packages. Many of them are also available as pre-compiled binaries on ftp.netbsd.org and its mirrors. Many packages have been modified and enhanced to compile and function properly on big-endian (m68k, sparc), and LP64 architectures (alpha, sparc64). o KDE2 and KOffice together consitutes a fully integrated office envi- ronment with no license problems, available for i386, alpha and many other architectures. o Mozilla 0.9, KDE2's Konqueror, and Links 0.95 are just a few examples of the web browsers available. o A support package for running VMware on NetBSD/i386 was added, it's called suse_vmware. The official VMware code, a valid license, and Wasabi Systems' compatibility package are all needed to run VMware. o Internal changes of the pkgsrc system include strong checksums to prevent malicious distribution files, as well as restructuring of the package structure in pkgsrc for faster extraction of pkgsrc tar files and upgrades via SUP and CVS. Please note that at the moment, sysinst will not assist you in installing pre-built third-party binary packages or the pkgsrc system itself, so you will have to manually install packages using pkg_install or fetch and ex- tract the pkgsrc.tgz tar file to get started. Lastly, it should be noted that the X11 binaries shipped in NetBSD 1.5.2 is still based on XFree86 version 3.3.6. Several newer graphics cards are inadequately supported by that code base, but on the other hand sup- port for several older graphics cards is not available in newer XFree86 code. NetBSD is in the process of moving to XFree86 version 4, and is currently maintaining both the XFree86 3.3.6 and the XFree86 version 4 code in the xsrc source set, and you may at compile time pick which sources to build and install. To ease installation, testing and use of the XFree86 version 4 code, a binary snapshot based on XFree86 version 4.0.3 will be made available for at least the i386 architecture shortly after the release of NetBSD 1.5.2. Changes Between The NetBSD 1.4 and 1.5 Releases The NetBSD 1.5 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize over one year of development that went into the NetBSD 1.5.2 release. Some highlights include: Kernel o Ports to new platforms including: arc, cobalt, hpcmips, news68k, sgimips, and sparc64. o Improved performance and stability of the UVM virtual memory subsys- tem. o Implementation of generic kernel locking code, as well as a restruc- ture and re-tuning of the scheduler, to be used by the future symmet- ric multi-processing (SMP) implementation. o Improved compatibility support for Linux, OSF1, and SVR4 programs. o New compatibility support for Win32 programs. o Support for dynamically loaded ELF kernel modules. o Kernel process tracing using ktruss(1). o Deletion of swap devices using swapctl(8). o Easier hot-pluggability of keyboards and mice using a new wscons de- vice--wsmux. o Improved PCMCIA and CardBus support, including support for detaching of devices and cards, resulting in better support for notebooks and PDA devices. o Numerous hardware improvements, including areas such as: audio, UD- MA/66 support for ATA drives, USB, and wireless networking. Networking o Addition of IP version 6 (IPv6) and IPsec to the networking stack, from the KAME project. This includes addition of kernel code for IPv6/IPsec, IPv4/v6 dual-stack user applications and supporting li- braries. Due to this, the shlib major version for pcap(3) is incre- mented and you may need to recompile userland tools. The KAME IPv6 part includes results from the unified-IPv6 effort. File system o Significant Fast file system (FFS) performance enhancements via inte- gration of Kirk McKusick's soft updates and trickle sync code. o Support for the Windows NT `NTFS' file system (read-only at this stage). o Support for revision 1 of the Linux `ext2fs' file system. o Enhanced stability and usability of LFS (the BSD log-structured file system). o Various RAIDframe enhancements including: auto-detection of RAID com- ponents and auto-configuration of RAID sets, and the ability to con- figure the root file system (/) on a RAID set. o Support for Microsoft Joliet extensions to the ISO9660 CD file sys- tem. o Improved file system vnode locking mechanisms, thus resolving a source of several panics in the past. o Support for NFS and RPC over IPv6. o The server part of NFS locking (implemented by rpc.lockd(8)) now works. Security o Strong cryptographic libraries and applications integrated, including the AES cipher Rijndael, the OpenSSL library, more complete Kerberos IV and Kerberos V support, and an SSH server and client. o sysctl(3) interfaces to various elements of process and system infor- mation, allowing programs such as ps(1), dmesg(1) and the like to op- erate without recompilation after kernel upgrades, and remove the ne- cessity to run setgid kmem (thus improving system security). o Disable various services by default, and set the default options for disabled daemons to a higher level of logging. o Several code audits were performed. One audit replaced string rou- tines that were used without bounds checking, and another one identi- fied and disabled places where format strings were used in unsafe ways, allowing arbitrary data to be entered by (possibly) malicious users to overwrite application code, and leading from Denial of Ser- vice attacks to compromised systems. o sshd(8) and ssh(1) now require rnd(4) kernel random number devices. System administration and user tools o Conversion of the rc(8) system startup and shutdown scripts to an `rc.d' mechanism, with separate control scripts for each service, and appropriate dependency ordering provided by rcorder(8). o postfix(1) provided as alternative mail transport agent to sendmail(8). o User management tools useradd(8), usermod(8), userdel(8), groupadd(8), groupmod(8), and groupdel(8) added to the system. o Incorporation of a login class capability database (/etc/login.conf) from BSD/OS. o Improved support for usernames longer than eight characters in pro- grams such as at(1) and w(1). o Many enhancements to ftpd(8) providing features found in larger and less secure FTP daemons, such as user classes, connection limits, im- proved support for virtual hosting, transfer statistics, transfer rate throttling, and support for various IETF ftpext working group extensions. o The ftp(1) client has been improved even further, including transfer rate throttling, improved URL support, command line uploads. See the man page for details. Miscellaneous o Updates to the NetBSD source code style code (located in /usr/share/misc/style) to use ANSI C only (instead of K&R) and re- flect current (best) practice, and begin migrating the NetBSD source code to follow it. o Implementation of many SUSv2 features to the curses(3) library, in- cluding support for color. o Updates of most third party packages that are shipped in the base system, including file(1), ipfilter(4), ppp(4), and sendmail(8) to the latest stable release. o Many new packages in the pkgsrc system, including standard desktops like KDE and GNOME as well as latest Tcl/Tk and perl and many of the components of the Java Enterprise platform. The package framework itself now has full wildcard dependency support. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. NetBSD 1.5.2 is the first major release for the sparc64! The Future of NetBSD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: o providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. o providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. o providing a better position from which to undertake promotional ac- tivities. o periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the us- ability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html. NetBSD 1.5.2 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 1.5.2 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-1.5.2/ CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.5.2 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD 's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one di- rectory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.5.2 has a binary distribution. There are also README.export- control files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution that may be subject to export regulations of the United States, e.g. code under src/crypto and src/sys/crypto. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 22.3 MB gzipped, 98.8 MB uncompressed pkgsrc This set contains the ``pkgsrc'' sources, which contain the in- frastructure to build third-party packages. 7.4 MB gzipped, 73.0 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. 3.3 MB gzipped, 13.2 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 1.5.2 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 24.8 MB gzipped, 123.1 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.5.2 kernel for all architectures; config(8); and dbsym(8). 18.0 MB gzipped, 90.9 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 78.1 MB gzipped, 393.6 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be un- packed into /usr/src with the command: # ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) < set_name.tgz The sets/Split/ subdirectory contains split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are named set_name.xx where set_name is the distribution set name, and xx is the sequence number of the file, starting with ``aa'' for the first file in the distribution set, then ``ab'' for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distri- bution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as fol- lows: # cat set_name.?? | ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that di- rectory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file. CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file. SYSVSUM Historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o -2 file. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest pos- sible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/sparc64 subdirectory structure The sparc64-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.5.2 release is found in the sparc64 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.5.2/sparc64/ INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd.GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. sets/ sparc64 binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ floppy/ sparc64 boot and installation floppies; see below. miniroot/ sparc64 miniroot file system image; see below. misc/ Miscellaneous sparc64 installation utilities; see installation section, below. netboot/ Server boot-file image for diskless machines. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD sparc64 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 1.5.2 release for the sparc64. There are eight binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the sparc64/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.5.2 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 1.5.2 sparc64 base binary distribution. You must in- stall this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utili- ties that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. 17.1 MB gzipped, 47.0 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system li- braries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 7.8 MB gzipped, 36.2 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. 0.1 MB gzipped, 0.6 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 3.0 MB gzipped, 7.6 MB uncompressed kern This set contains a NetBSD/sparc64 1.5.2 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 5.0 MB gzipped, 19.9 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. 2.6 MB gzipped, 10.1 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 1.3 MB gzipped, 4.6 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. The binaries shipped with NetBSD 1.5.2 are based on XFree86 version 3.3.6. NetBSD is in the process of moving to XFree86 version 4, and the X source set actually contains source for both XFree86 3.3.6 and XFree86 4, and the ability to decide at compile-time which one to build and install. The X Window Sys- tem binary sets distributed with NetBSD are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. ? MB gzipped, ? MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. ? MB gzipped, ? MB uncompressed xcontrib Programs that were contributed to X. ? MB gzipped, ? MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by X. 6.2 MB gzipped, 7.5 MB uncompressed xserver The Xsun, Xsun24, XsunMono and Xprt servers with man pages. The 64-bit X server current has problems with pixmaps. ? MB gzipped, ? MB uncompressed The sparc64 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted below the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xpf command from /. Note: Each directory in the sparc64 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/sparc64 System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported machines o Sbus-based UltraSPARC systems (the Ultra1, Ultra1E, Ultra2, Ul- tra2E) o PCI-based UltraSPARC systems (known to work on the Ultra5, Ul- tra10, Ultra30 and Ultra250, and may work on many other sys- tems) Unsupported machines o Chassis-based Enterprise Systems (Ex000, Ex500, E10000) The minimal configuration requires 16 MB of RAM and ~60 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space, and to run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended, as NetBSD with 16 MB of RAM feels like Solaris with 16 MB of RAM - slow. Note that until you have at least 32 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than get- ting a faster CPU. Supported devices o Ethernet devices - Sbus LANCE ethernet (le) - Sbus HME ethernet (hme) - Sbus BigMac ethernet (be) - PCI HME ethernet (hme) - PCI Tulip (tlp) o Video devices - Sbus cgsix o SCSI host controllers - ncr53c9x based controllers (esp) - ncr53c8xx based controllers (siop) - ISP10x0 based controllers (isp) - Adaptec AHA-2x4x[U][2][W] cards and onboard PCI designs us- ing the AIC-7770, AIC-7850, AIC-7860, AIC-7870, AIC-7880 and AIC-789x chipsets. o PCI IDE host controllers - CMD Tech PCI064[3689] IDE Controllers (pciide) Note: Access to hard disks on the secondary PCIIDE channel currently do not work, but CD-ROM does. o Serial devices - Sbus z8530 serial (zs) o Parallel devices - Sbus parallel ports (bpp) - PCI/Ebus parallel ports (lpt) There are a large number of untested PCI drivers that have never been tested on UltraSPARC PCI systems that may `just work'. Unsupported devices o Floppy drives o Audio devices - Sbus & PCI based system audio (audiocs) o Serial devices - PCI based systems (sab) o Keyboard & Mouse devices - PCI based systems o Video devices - Creator3D framebuffers (ffb) - General PCI VGA support o SCSI host controllers - ESP366 based controllers found in Ultra1E and Ultra2 sys- tems (esp) Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installation is supported from several media types, including: o CD-ROM o MS-DOS floppy o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation de- pend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the vari- ous media are outlined below. CD-ROM Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM. Proceed to the instruction on installation. MS-DOS floppy Count the number of set_name.xx files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies. Format all of the floppies with MS-DOS. Do not make any of them bootable MS-DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format /s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the MS-DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for MS-DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. Place all of the set_name.xx files on the MS-DOS disks. Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the sec- tion on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're up- grading an existing installation, go directly to the sec- tion on upgrading. FTP The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. You need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the nu- meric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD ma- chine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IP ad- dress of ftp.netbsd.org is 204.152.184.75 (as of April, 2001). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Note: This method of installation is recommended only for those already familiar with using BSD network con- figuration and management commands. If you aren't, this documentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install in- to a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on of the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine it- self. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on up- grading. Note: This method of installation is recommended only for those already familiar with using BSD network con- figuration and management commands. If you aren't, this documentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_directories where tape_device is the name of the tape device that de- scribes the tape drive you're using; possibly /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys- tem. (If you can't figure it out, ask your system admin- istrator.) In the above example, dist_directories are the distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the misc, base, and etc distributions on tape (in order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-1.5.2 # cd sparc64/binary # tar -cf tape_device misc etc kern Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Upgrade If you are upgrading NetBSD, you also have the option of installing NetBSD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, you must do the following: Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade somewhere in your current file system tree. Please note that the /dev on the floppy used for upgrades only knows about wd0, wd1, sd0, sd1, and sd2. If you have more than two IDE drives or more than three SCSI drives, you should take care not to place the sets on the high-numbered drives. At a bare minimum, you must upgrade the base and kern bi- nary distributions, and so must put the base and kern sets somewhere in your file system. If you wish, you can do the other sets, as well, but you should not upgrade the etc distribution; it contains contains system configura- tion files that you should review and update by hand. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the upgrade process, actually upgrading your system. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation If you're installing NetBSD/sparc64 for the first time it's a good idea to look at the partition sizes of disk you intend installing NetBSD on. Asumming a classic partition scheme with / (root) and /usr file systems, a comfortable size for the NetBSD / partition is about 20 MB; a good ini- tial size for the swap partition is twice the amount of physical memory in your machine (though, unlike SunOS 4.x, there are no restrictions on the size of the swap partition that would render part of your memory un- usable). A full binary installation including X11R6 takes about 150 MB in /usr. You cannot use the security modes of the SPARC OpenBoot PROM. ok setenv security-mode none Some network devices (i.e. certain SBus cards) allow a choice between op- erating on a UTP or a AUI port. The le driver supports automatic detec- tion of the port which is actually connected to the wire. If automatic detection is not available or not working properly in your environment, you may have to specify the type connection using the media parameter of ifconfig(8). During installation, you'll get the opportunity to specify the appropriate medium. Use 10base5/AUI to select the AUI connector, or 10baseT/UTP to select the UTP connector. Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it shouldn't be too much trouble. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto a disk. The easiest way in terms of preliminary setup is to use the NetBSD miniroot that can be booted off your local disk's swap partition. Alternatively, if your Ul- traSPARC is hooked up in a network you can find a server and arrange for a diskless setup which is a convenient way to install on a machine whose disk does not currently hold a usable operating system (see the section `Installing NetBSD by using a diskless setup' below). If you have prob- lems with these, it is possible to install NetBSD from Solaris (see the section `Installing NetBSD using Solaris' below). Installing NetBSD by using the NetBSD miniroot The miniroot is a self-contained NetBSD file system holding all utilities necessary to install NetBSD on a local disk. It is distributed as a plain file designed to be transferred to a raw disk partition from which it can be booted using the appropriate OpenBoot PROM command. Usually, the mini- root will be loaded into the swap partition of a disk. If needed, you can use any other unused partition, but remember that the partition will then not available during the installation process. Loading the miniroot onto your raw partition is simple. On NetBSD as well as Solaris you use a command like: # dd if=miniroot.fs of=/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1 bs=4k conv=sync (Here, /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1 is assumed to be your swap partition.) There's a potential problem here if /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1 is actually in use as a swap partition by your currently running system. If you don't have anoth- er disk or partition to spare, you can usually get away with running this command anyway after first booting into single-user mode to ensure a qui- et system. After transferring the miniroot to disk, bring the system down by: # halt Then boot the miniroot by typing the appropriate command at the OpenBoot PROM: ok boot disk:b netbsd -s If you've loaded the miniroot onto some other disk than sd0 adapt the boot specifier accordingly, e.g.: ok boot disk1:b netbsd -s The monitor boot command will cause the NetBSD kernel contained in the miniroot image to be booted. After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts below. Installing NetBSD by using a diskless setup First, you must setup a diskless client configuration on a server. If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, you'll have to consult documen- tation that came with it. (On SunOS systems, add_client(8) is a good start.) Your SPARCstation expects to be able to download a second stage bootstrap program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RevARP when instructed to boot `over the net'. It will look for a filename composed of the machine's IP address followed by the machine's architecture, sepa- rated by a period. For example, a sun4c machine which has been assigned IP address 130.115.144.11, will make an TFTP request for 8273900B.SUN4U. Normally, this file is a symbolic link to an appropriate second-stage boot program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it (remember, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment). You can find the boot program in /usr/mdec/ofwboot.net in the NetBSD/sparc64 distribution. Note: The /usr/mdec/ofwboot does not know about netbooting. After the boot program has been loaded into memory and given control by the OpenBoot PROM, it starts locating the machine's remote root directory through the BOOTPARAM protocol. First a BOOTPARAM WHOAMI request is broadcast on the local net. The answer to this request (if it comes in) contains the client's name. This name is used in next step, a BOOTPARAM GETFILE request - sent to the server that responded to the WHOAMI request - requesting the name and address of the machine that will serve the client's root directory, as well as the path of the client's root on that server. Finally, this information (if it comes in) is used to issue a REMOTE MOUNT request to the client's root file system server, asking for an NFS file handle corresponding to the root file system. If successful, the boot program starts reading from the remote root file system in search of the kernel which is then read into memory. As noted above in the section Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation you have several options when choosing a location to store the installation filesets. However, the easiest way is to put the *.tgz files you want to install into the root directory for your client on the server. Next, unpack base.tgz and etc.tgz on the server in the root directory for your machine. If you elect to use a separately NFS-mounted file system for /usr with your diskless setup, make sure the ./usr base files in base.tgz end up in the correct location. One way to do this is to tem- porarily use a loopback mount on the server, re-routing root/usr to your server's exported NetBSD /usr directory. Also put the kernel and the in- stall/upgrade scripts into the root directory. A few configuration files need to be edited: root/etc/hosts Add the IP addresses of both server and client. root/etc/myname This files contains the client's hostname; use the same name as in /etc/hosts. root/etc/fstab Enter the entries for the remotely mounted file systems. For ex- ample: server:/export/root/client / nfs rw 0 0 server:/export/exec/sun4u.netbsd /usr nfs rw 0 0 Now you must populate the /dev directory for your client. If your server runs SunOS 4.x, you can simply change your working directory to root/dev and run the MAKEDEV script: sh MAKEDEV all. On Solaris systems, MAKEDEV can also be used, but there'll be error mes- sages about unknown user and groups. These errors are inconsequential for the purpose of installing NetBSD. However, you may want to correct them if you plan to use the diskless setup regularly. In that case, you may re-run MAKEDEV on your NetBSD machine once it has booted. Boot your workstation from the server by entering the appropriate boot command at the monitor prompt. Depending on the OpenBoot PROM version in your machine, this command takes one of the following forms: ok boot net netbsd -s This will boot the NetBSD kernel in single-user mode. If you use a diskless setup with a separately NFS-mounted /usr file sys- tem, mount /usr by hand now: netbsd# mount /usr Note: For miniroot installs, the text editor is vi. When using disklabel(8) to edit disklabels the -e switch will invoke the editor on the label. The -i switch will run an interactive session. At this point, it's worth checking the disk label and partition sizes on the disk you want to install NetBSD onto. NetBSD understands SunOS-style disklabels, so if your disk was previously used by SunOS there will be a usable label on it. Use disklabel -e or disklabel -i (where is the device name assigned by the NetBSD kernel, e.g. sd0) to view and modify the partition sizes. See the section Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation above for suggestions about disk partition sizes. If you are installing on a SCSI disk that does not have a SunOS or NetBSD label on it, you may still be able to use disklabel(8) but you'll have to create all partitions from scratch. If your disk is listed in /etc/disktab, you may use the entry (which in most cases only defines a `c' partition to describe the whole disk) to put an initial label on the disk. Then proceed with disklabel -e disklabel -i to create a partition layout that suits your needs. Note: Because of the built-in compatibility with SunOS-style labels, Always make sure all your partitions start and end on cylinder boundaries. Here follows an example of what you'll see while in the dislabel editor. Do not touch any of the parameters except for the `label:' entry and the actual partition size information at the bottom (the lines starting with `a:', `b:', The size and offset fields are given in sector units. Be sure to make these numbers multiples of the of the number of sectors per cylinder: the kernel might be picky about these things, but aside from this you'll have the least chance of wasting disk space. Partitions on which you intend to have a mountable file system, should be given fstype 4.2BSD. Remem- ber, the `c' partition should describe The whole disk and typically does not require editing. The `(Cyl. x - y)' info that appears after the hash `#' character is treated as a comment and need not be filled in when al- tering partitions. Note: The line containing `8 partitions:' is best left alone, even if you define less then eight partitions. If this line displays a different number and the program complains about it (after you leave the editor), then try setting it to `8 partitions:'. Sample disklabel screen netbsd# disklabel sd2 # /dev/rsd2c: type: SCSI disk: SCSI disk label: Hold Your Breath flags: bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 64 tracks/cylinder: 7 sectors/cylinder: 448 cylinders: 1429 rpm: 3600 interleave: 1 trackskew: 0 cylinderskew: 0 headswitch: 0 # milliseconds track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds drivedata: 0 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsz bsz cpg] a: 50176 0 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 111) b: 64512 50176 swap # (Cyl. 112 - 255) c: 640192 0 unknown # (Cyl. 0 - 1428) d: 525504 114688 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 256 - 1428) To begin installation or the upgrade procedure, run sysinst: netbsd# sysinst Running sysinst The sysinst program will do most of the work of transferring the system from the distribution sets onto your disk. You will frequently be asked for confirmation before sysinst proceeds with each phase of the installa- tion process. Occasionally, you will have to provide a piece of information such as the name of the disk you want to install on or IP addresses and domain names you want to assign. If your system has more than one disk, you may want to look at the output of the dmesg(8) command to see how your disks have been identified by the kernel. The installation script goes through the following phases: o determination of the disk to install NetBSD on o checking of the partition information on the disk o setting of the local timezone o creating and mounting the NetBSD file systems o setup of IP configuration o extraction of the distribution tar files o installation of boot programs Installing NetBSD using Solaris These instructions were kindly contributed by Murray Stokely Preparing the disk The first step is to format and label the disk that you would like to use with NetBSD. This can be accomplished with the format command in So- laris. The format command should allow you to create disk slices and write a disklabel. You will probably at least want to create a root par- tition and a swap partition, plus potentially a /usr or /var partitions, but of course you can layout the disk however you see fit. partition> pr Current partition table (original): Total disk cylinders available: 8186 + 2 (reserved cylinders) Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 root wm 0 - 1923 1.00GB (1924/0/0) 2097160 1 swap wu 1924 - 2863 500.29MB (940/0/0) 1024600 2 backup wu 0 - 8185 4.25GB (8186/0/0) 8922740 3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 4 usr wm 2864 - 8184 2.77GB (5321/0/0) 5799890 5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 6 backup wm 0 - 8185 4.25GB (8186/0/0) 8922740 7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 After your disk has been labelled you need to create filesystems on your slices. The Solaris newfs command will create ffs filesystems that can be used by NetBSD. You should create filesystems for all of your slices ex- cept for root with a command similar to below, given we have root on c1t2d0s0 and /usr on c1t2d0s4. # newfs /dev/dsk/c1t2d0s0 # newfs /dev/dsk/c1t2d0s4 Installing NetBSD Software You should now mount your NetBSD root and /usr partitions under Solaris so that you can populate the filesystems with NetBSD NetBSD binaries. # mount /dev/dsk/c1t2d0s0 /mnt # mkdir /mnt/usr # mount /dev/dsk/c1t2d0s4 /mnt/usr First, you should uncompress all of the binary distribution sets for sparc64 into a temporary directory and then extract them into the filesystems you just mounted. # cd ~/netbsd/binary/sets # gunzip *.tar.gz # mkdir ~/netbsd/temp # cd ~/netbsd/temp # echo ~/netbsd/binary/sets/*.tar | (cd /mnt; xargs -n1 pax -rpe) Now you should copy the NetBSD kernel and second stage bootloader into your new NetBSD root partition and install the bootblocks using Solaris's installboot command. # cp ~/netbsd/binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC /mnt # cp /mnt/netbsd.GENERIC /mnt/netbsd # cp ~/netbsd/installation/misc/ofwboot /mnt # installboot ~/netbsd/installation/misc/bootblk /dev/c1t2d0s0 Creating NetBSD Device Nodes under Solaris Now you will need to create a minimum set of device nodes so that NetBSD can boot correctly. You should create all of the devices listed in the 'std' section of NetBSD 's /dev/MAKEDEV. You can use the Solaris version of mknod to create device nodes but you must be careful to use numeric group id's since the groups are numbered differently between the two sys- tems. # mknod console c 0 0 # mknod tty c 2 0 ; chmod 666 tty # mknod kmem c 3 1 ; chmod 640 kmem ; chgrp 2 kmem # mknod mem c 3 0 ; chmod 640 mem ; chgrp 2 mem # mknod null c 3 2 ; chmod 666 null # mknod zero c 3 12 ; chmod 666 zero # mknod eeprom c 3 11 ; chmod 640 eeprom ; chgrp 2 eeprom # mknod openprom c 70 0 ; chmod 640 openprom;chgrp 2 openprom # mknod drum c 7 0 ; chmod 640 drum ; chgrp 2 drum # mknod klog c 16 0 ; chmod 600 klog # mknod stdin c 24 0 ; chmod 666 stdin # mknod stdout c 24 1 ; chmod 666 stdout # mknod stderr c 24 2 ; chmod 666 stderr # mknod fb c 22 0 ; chmod 666 fb # mknod mouse c 13 0 ; chmod 666 mouse # mknod kbd c 29 0 ; chmod 666 kbd You also must create device nodes for the disk devices that you are in- stalling NetBSD onto, again you can use NetBSD 's /dev/MAKEDEV as a ref- erence. # mknod sd0a b 7 0 # mknod sd0b b 7 1 # mknod sd0c b 7 2 # mknod sd0d b 7 3 # mknod sd0e b 7 4 # mknod sd0f b 7 5 # mknod sd0g b 7 6 # mknod sd0h b 7 7 # mknod sd1a b 7 8 # mknod sd1b b 7 9 # mknod sd1c b 7 10 # mknod sd1d b 7 11 # mknod sd1e b 7 12 # mknod sd1f b 7 13 # mknod sd1g b 7 14 # mknod sd1h b 7 15 # mknod rsd0a c 17 0 # mknod rsd0b c 17 1 # mknod rsd0c c 17 2 # mknod rsd0d c 17 3 # mknod rsd0e c 17 4 # mknod rsd0f c 17 5 # mknod rsd0g c 17 6 # mknod rsd0h c 17 7 # mknod rsd1a c 17 8 # mknod rsd1b c 17 9 # mknod rsd1c c 17 10 # mknod rsd1d c 17 11 # mknod rsd1e c 17 12 # mknod rsd1f c 17 13 # mknod rsd1g c 17 14 # mknod rsd1h c 17 15 # chgrp 5 *sd[0-1][a-h] # chmod 640 *sd[0-1][a-h] For IDE disks, use 12 instead of 7 and 26 instead of 17, for wd0a and rwd0a, etc. Configuring the NetBSD system (still under Solaris) You will now need to configure some of the files in /mnt/etc to allow the system to work properly. In particular, you will need to modify /etc/rc.conf or else you will only get to single user mode. Read through the examples in /etc/defaults/rc.conf and override any settings in /etc/rc.conf. You will also need to create a /etc/fstab file to tell the system which slice to mount as /usr, etc. You should follow the examples in /etc/fstab.wd or /etc/fstab.sd depending on whether you are using IDE or SCSI disks. You may also want to setup your /etc/resolv.conf file for name services and your /etc/hosts file if you are confident that you will get networking setup on your first try. Booting NetBSD for the first time Now it is time to boot NetBSD for the first time. Initially we'd suggest you boot netbsd -bs, then try multiuser after that. If you boot single- user the NetBSD incantation to make the root file system (/) writable is netbsd# mount -u /dev/sd0a / Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 1.5.2. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you in- to single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-write. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root filesystem read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use ed, you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to ex or vi. Do the following: # mount /usr # export TERM=vt220 If you have /var on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked en- vironment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up in- clude /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. If you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should cre- ate an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...]. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system, do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See useradd(8) for more information on how to add a new user to the system. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X Window System, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information. Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies in- stallation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries. o More information on the package system is at http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/software/packages.html o A browsable listing of available packages is at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages, usually in the 1.5.2/sparc64/All subdir. You can install them with the following commands: # export PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/1.5.2/sparc64/All # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v cvs # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v perl ... The above commands will install the tcsh shell, the CVS source code management system, the Apache web server and the perl pro- gramming language as well as all the packages they depend on. o Package sources for compiling packages on your own can be ob- tained by retrieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD- current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other lo- cations work fine), with the commands: # mkdir /usr/pkgsrc # ( cd /usr/pkgsrc ; tar -zxpf - ) < pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, then see the README file in the extraction di- rectory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more information. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o The /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more infor- mation. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manu- al; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System To upgrade to NetBSD 1.5.2 from a previous version follow the instruc- tions in the section Installing NetBSD, but run sysinst and choose the upgrade option rather than the install option. The upgrade option will use the existing disk partitions to install the new system in, and also preserves the files in /etc by moving them to /etc.old. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.5.2. General issues o /etc/rc modified to use /etc/rc.d/* Prior to NetBSD 1.5, /etc/rc was a traditional BSD style monolithic file; each discrete program or substem from /etc/rc and /etc/netstart has been moved into separate scripts in /etc/rc.d/. At system startup, /etc/rc uses rcorder(8) to build a dependency list of the files in /etc/rc.d and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `start'. Many rc.d scripts won't start unless the ap- propriate rc.conf(5) entry in /etc/rc.conf is set to `YES.' At system shutdown, /etc/rc.shutdown uses rcorder(8) to build a de- pendency list of the files in /etc/rc.d that have a ``KEYWORD: shutdown'' line, reverses the resulting list, and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `stop'. The following scripts support a specific shutdown method: cron, inetd, local, and xdm. Local and third-party scripts may be installed into /etc/rc.d as nec- essary. Refer to the other scripts in that directory and rc(8) for more information on implementing rc.d scripts. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.4 or prior o named(8) leaks version information Previous releases of NetBSD disabled a feature of named(8) where the version number of the server could be determined by remote clients. This feature has not been disabled in NetBSD 1.5, because there is a named.conf(5) option to change the version string: option { version "newstring"; }; o sysctl(8) pathname changed sysctl(8) is moved from /usr/sbin/sysctl to /sbin/sysctl. If you have hardcoded references to the full pathname (in shell scripts, for example) please be sure to update those. o sendmail(8) configuration file pathname changed Due to sendmail(8) upgrade from 8.9.x to 8.10.x, /etc/sendmail.cf is moved to /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. Also, the default sendmail.cf(5) refers different pathnames than before. For example, /etc/aliases is now located at /etc/mail/aliases, /etc/sendmail.cw is now called /etc/mail/local-host-names, and so forth. If you have customized sendmail.cf(5) and friends, you will need to move the files to the new locations. See /usr/share/sendmail/README for more information. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropros(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is op- tional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@netbsd.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd- comments@netbsd.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports in- clude lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@netbsd.org. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.netbsd.org/MailingLists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed be- low). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@netbsd.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. o UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. o Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, SUP, and WWW servers. o Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD mail and GNATS server. o The Helsinki University of Technology in Finland for hosting the NetBSD CVS server. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The many organisations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. o The following individuals and organizations (each in alphabetical or- der) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to sup- port NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Steve Allen Jason Birnschein Mason Loring Bliss Jason Brazile Mark Brinicombe David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Scott Ellis Hubert Feyrer Castor Fu Greg Gingerich William Gnadt Michael Graff Guenther Grau Ross Harvey Charles M. Hannum Michael L. Hitch Kenneth Alan Hornstein Jordan K. Hubbard Soren Jorvang Scott Kaplan Noah M. Keiserman Harald Koerfgen John Kohl Chris Legrow Ted Lemon Norman R. McBride Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger Toru Nishimura Herb Peyerl Mike Price Dave Rand Michael Richardson Heiko W. Rupp Brad Salai Chuck Silvers Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Eric and Rosemary Spahr Ted Spradley Kimmo Suominen Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow Krister Walfridsson Jim Wise Reinoud Zandijk Christos Zoulas AboveNet Communications, Inc. Advanced System Products, Inc. Avalon Computer Systems Bay Area Internet Solutions Brains Corporation, Japan Canada Connect Corporation Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology Demon Internet, UK Digital Equipment Corporation Distributed Processing Technology Easynet, UK Free Hardware Foundation Innovation Development Enterprises of America Internet Software Consortium MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Piermont Information Systems Inc. Precedence Technologies Ltd Salient Systems Inc. VMC Harald Frank, Germany Warped Communications, Inc. Whitecross Database Systems Ltd. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@netbsd.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org Luke Mewburn lukem@netbsd.org Christos Zoulas christos@netbsd.org The portmasters (and their ports): Mark Brinicombe mark@netbsd.org arm32 Simon Burge simonb@netbsd.org pmax Jeremy Cooper jeremy@netbsd.org sun3x Matt Fredette fredette@netbsd.org sun2 Ross Harvey ross@netbsd.org alpha Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org sh3 Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org arm26 Eduardo Horvath eeh@netbsd.org sparc64 Darrin Jewell dbj@netbsd.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org cobalt Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org mipsco Paul Kranenburg pk@netbsd.org sparc Anders Magnusson ragge@netbsd.org vax Minoura Makoto minoura@netbsd.org x68k Phil Nelson phil@netbsd.org pc532 Tohru Nishimura nisimura@netbsd.org luna68k NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org prep Scott Reynolds scottr@netbsd.org mac68k Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@netbsd.org bebox Noriyuki Soda soda@netbsd.org arc Wolfgang Solfrank ws@netbsd.org ofppc Ignatios Souvatzis is@netbsd.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@netbsd.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@netbsd.org hpcmips Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org alpha Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org hp300 Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org macppc Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org newsmips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@netbsd.org news68k Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org i386 Leo Weppelman leo@netbsd.org atari Nathan Williams nathanw@netbsd.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@netbsd.org mvme68k The NetBSD 1.5.2 Release Engineering team: Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Developers and other contributors: Nathan Ahlstrom nra@NetBSD.org Steve Allen wormey@netbsd.org Julian Assange proff@netbsd.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@netbsd.org Christoph Badura bad@netbsd.org Dieter Baron dillo@netbsd.org Robert V. Baron rvb@netbsd.org Jason Beegan jtb@netbsd.org Erik Berls cyber@netbsd.org John Birrell jb@netbsd.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@netbsd.org Rafal Boni rafal@netbsd.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@netbsd.org John Brezak brezak@netbsd.org Allen Briggs briggs@netbsd.org Aaron Brown abrown@netbsd.org Andrew Brown atatat@netbsd.org David Brownlee abs@netbsd.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@netbsd.org Jon Buller jonb@netbsd.org Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Robert Byrnes byrnes@netbsd.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@netbsd.org Dave Carrel carrel@netbsd.org James Chacon jmc@netbsd.org Bill Coldwell billc@netbsd.org Julian Coleman jdc@netbsd.org Chuck Cranor chuck@netbsd.org Aidan Cully aidan@netbsd.org Johan Danielsson joda@netbsd.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@netbsd.org Rob Deker deker@netbsd.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@netbsd.org Andy Doran ad@netbsd.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@netbsd.org Emmanuel Dreyfus manu@netbsd.org Matthias Drochner drochner@netbsd.org Jun Ebihara jun@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@netbsd.org Bernd Ernesti veego@netbsd.org Erik Fair fair@netbsd.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@netbsd.org Jason R. Fink jrf@netbsd.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@netbsd.org Castor Fu castor@netbsd.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@netbsd.org Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Thomas Gerner thomas@netbsd.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@netbsd.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@netbsd.org Adam Glass glass@netbsd.org Michael Graff explorer@netbsd.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@netbsd.org Matthew Green mrg@netbsd.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@netbsd.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@netbsd.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@netbsd.org Rene Hexel rh@netbsd.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@netbsd.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@netbsd.org Ken Hornstein kenh@netbsd.org Marc Horowitz marc@netbsd.org Nick Hudson skrll@netbsd.org Martin Husemann martin@netbsd.org Dean Huxley dean@netbsd.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@netbsd.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@netbsd.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@netbsd.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@netbsd.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@netbsd.org Chris Jones cjones@netbsd.org Takahiro Kambe taca@netbsd.org Antti Kantee pooka@netbsd.org Masanori Kanaoka kanaoka@netbsd.org KAWAMOTO Yosihisa kawamoto@netbsd.org Mario Kemper magick@netbsd.org Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Thomas Klausner wiz@netbsd.org Klaus Klein kleink@netbsd.org Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org John Kohl jtk@netbsd.org Kevin Lahey kml@netbsd.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@netbsd.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org Joel Lindholm joel@netbsd.org Mike Long mikel@netbsd.org Warner Losh imp@netbsd.org Tomasz Luchowski zuntum@netbsd.org Federico Lupi federico@netbsd.org Brett Lymn blymn@netbsd.org Paul Mackerras paulus@netbsd.org MAEKAWA Masahide gehenna@netbsd.org David Maxwell david@netbsd.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@netbsd.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@netbsd.org Neil J. McRae neil@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org der Mouse mouse@netbsd.org Joseph Myers jsm@netbsd.org Ken Nakata kenn@netbsd.org Bob Nestor rnestor@netbsd.org NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@netbsd.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org Jesse Off joff@netbsd.org Tatoku Ogaito tacha@netbsd.org Masaru Oki oki@netbsd.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@netbsd.org Greg Oster oster@netbsd.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@netbsd.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@netbsd.org Dante Profeta dante@netbsd.org Chris Provenzano proven@netbsd.org Michael Rauch mrauch@netbsd.org Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Darren Reed darrenr@netbsd.org Michael Richardson mcr@netbsd.org Tim Rightnour garbled@netbsd.org Gordon Ross gwr@netbsd.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@netbsd.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@netbsd.org Ty Sarna tsarna@netbsd.org SATO Kazumi sato@netbsd.org Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@netbsd.org Konrad Schroder perseant@netbsd.org Reed Shadgett dent@netbsd.org Tim Shepard shep@netbsd.org Takao Shinohara shin@netbsd.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@netbsd.org Chuck Silvers chs@netbsd.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@netbsd.org Jeff Smith jeffs@netbsd.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@netbsd.org Bill Squier groo@netbsd.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@netbsd.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@netbsd.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@netbsd.org Kimmo Suominen kim@netbsd.org TAMURA Kent kent@netbsd.org Shin'ichiro TAYA taya@netbsd.org Matt Thomas matt@netbsd.org Christoph Toshok toshok@netbsd.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@netbsd.org Shuichiro URATA ur@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@netbsd.org Paul Vixie vixie@netbsd.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@netbsd.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@netbsd.org Assar Westerlund assar@netbsd.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@netbsd.org Rob Windsor windsor@netbsd.org Dan Winship danw@netbsd.org Jim Wise jwise@netbsd.org Michael Wolfson mbw@netbsd.org Colin Wood ender@netbsd.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@netbsd.org Yuji Yamano yyamano@netbsd.org Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@netbsd.org Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product in- cludes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Hannum. This product includes software devel- oped by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Al- istair G. Crooks. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Washington University. This product includes software devel- oped by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural Col- lege and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This prod- uct includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This prod- uct includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product in- cludes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes soft- ware developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software devel- oped by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Hauke Fath. This product includes soft- ware developed by HAYAKAWA Koichi. This product includes software devel- oped by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch. This product includes soft- ware developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operat- ing systems. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Iain Hibbert. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software de- veloped by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software de- veloped by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This prod- uct includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product in- cludes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes soft- ware developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This prod- uct includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch. This product in- cludes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes soft- ware developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software devel- oped by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Pe- ter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nel- son. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This prod- uct includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software de- veloped by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert. This product includes software devel- oped by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes soft- ware developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software de- veloped by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software devel- oped by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software devel- oped by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Science at the University of Utah. This product in- cludes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the Uni- versity of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Univer- sity of Calgary Department of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes soft- ware developed for the Internet Software Consortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Pro- ject by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product in- cludes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software de- veloped for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes soft- ware developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This prod- uct includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au). This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/). This product includes software developed by the University of Oregon. This product includes software developed by the University of Southern California and/or Information Sciences Institute. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product in- cludes software developed by Reinoud Zandijk. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by David Miller. The End NetBSD September 10, 2001 33