INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/macppc. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 Quick install notes for the impatient..........................3 What is NetBSD?................................................4 Upgrade path to NetBSD 1.6.....................................4 Changes Between The NetBSD 1.5 and 1.6 Releases................5 Kernel......................................................5 Networking..................................................5 File system.................................................6 Security....................................................6 System administration and user tools........................7 Miscellaneous...............................................7 macppc specific.............................................8 The Future of NetBSD...........................................8 Sources of NetBSD..............................................9 NetBSD 1.6.1 Release Contents..................................9 NetBSD/macppc subdirectory structure.......................11 Binary distribution sets...................................11 NetBSD/macppc System Requirements and Supported Devices.......13 Supported models...........................................13 Unsupported models.........................................14 Supported devices..........................................15 Unsupported devices........................................17 Supported boot devices and media...........................17 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................17 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................19 Prepare yourself...........................................19 Updating your BootROM......................................20 Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Newer Models........20 Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Apple Network.......21 Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Older Models........21 Older Open Firmware System Preparation.....................22 Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt (Recommended method using22 Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt (Harder method using...23 Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt (Without using MacOS)..24 Setting up pre-Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD..............25 Setting up Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD..................26 Available Boot Media.......................................27 Description of bootable media..............................28 Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD....................29 Preparing the Bootable Media...............................31 Booting off an MS-DOS floppy............................32 Booting off the NetBSD install floppy...................32 Booting off an HFS or HFS+ partition....................33 Booting off the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image................33 Booting off an ISO9660 CD-ROM...........................33 Booting off a hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-ROM.................34 Booting over the ethernet...............................35 Booting the floppy image off a SCSI or IDE drive........39 Installing the NetBSD System..................................40 Open Firmware boot syntax..................................40 Examples of Open Firmware boot commands....................43 Booting off an MS-DOS floppy............................43 Booting off the NetBSD install floppy...................43 Booting off the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R..............44 Booting off the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R..............44 Booting off a home-made CD-ROM ISO9660 or Hybrid........44 Booting off an IDE or SCSI drive with 'partition zero'..45 Booting off an IDE or SCSI drive with an HFS partition..45 Example of a normal boot...................................46 Common Problems and Error Messages.........................46 Black screen............................................47 Grey screen with flashing question mark.................47 Information on your screen seems garbled or out of sync.47 DEFAULT CATCH!..........................................47 CLAIM failed............................................47 can't OPEN..............................................48 unrecognized Client Program formatstate not valid.......48 bad partition number, using 0no bootable HFS partition..48 TFTP timeout............................................48 Bootloader hangs before the copyright notice............48 Hang after configuring devices..........................49 Milestone..................................................49 Running the sysinst installation program...................49 Introduction............................................49 General.................................................49 Quick install...........................................49 Booting NetBSD..........................................51 Network configuration...................................51 Preparing a disk which will be used for Mac OS and NetBS51 Installation drive selection and parameters.............52 Partitioning the disk...................................53 Preparing your hard disk................................53 Getting the distribution sets...........................54 Installation using ftp..................................54 Installation using NFS..................................54 Installation from CD-ROM................................54 Installation from an unmounted file system..............55 Installation from a local directory.....................55 Extracting the distribution sets........................55 Making the device nodes.................................55 Finalizing your installation............................56 Post installation steps.......................................56 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................58 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............59 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.5................59 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.4 or prior.......60 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................61 Administrivia.................................................61 Thanks go to..................................................62 We are........................................................64 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................68 The End.......................................................71 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 1.6.1 on the macppc platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. Quick install notes for the impatient This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to in- stall NetBSD 1.6.1 on a machine of the macppc architecture. o Fetch the files necessary to boot your system. The files depend on what model you are using and how you plan to boot your machine. For systems with built-in floppy drives, fetch the bootloader installation/ofwboot.xcf and the installation kernel binary/kernel/netbsd.INSTALL.gz. For systems without floppy drives, fetch the bootloader installation/ofwboot.xcf and the installation kernel binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz. Alternatively, you can fetch the CD image, macppc_bootable.iso or the boot floppy image installation/floppy/boot.fs which include the bootloader and instal- lation kernel. Alternatively, you may netboot the installation ker- nel, which requires several local netboot services. The details are not covered here, as setting up a netboot server is hardly ``quick''. o The actual binary distribution is in the binary/sets/ directory. When you boot the install kernel from floppy, hard drive, or CD-ROM, the installation program can fetch these files for you (using e.g. ftp), if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need the following sets: kern-GENERIC.tgz, base.tgz and etc.tgz. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. o If your mac has a floppy drive, copy ofwboot.xcf and netbsd.INSTALL.gz to an MS-DOS formatted floppy disk and rename netbsd.INSTALL.gz to netbsd.gz. Otherwise, drag ofwboot.xcf and netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz to your hard drive icon (the top level of the drive, not the desktop). If you are making a CD, burn it now. The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. o Determine your machine's model, quirks, and Open Firmware version from the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/models.html At present, NetBSD/macppc cannot exist on the same hard drive as Mac OS unless you partition your disk using a Mac OS partitioning utili- ty. Open Firmware versions prior to 3 cannot boot into NetBSD on a drive partitioned this way -- you must use the entire disk, parti- tioned with the installation tools. Open Firmware version 3 cannot boot into NetBSD on a drive partitioned with the installation tools, you must use a Mac OS partitioning utility and the ``Re-install sets or install additional sets'' option in the installer (selecting the ``Install NetBSD to hard disk'' or ``Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk'' options will render your drive unbootable). If you are unsure, you may want to read the section below on Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD o For systems with Open Firmware versions prior to 3, you may need to use Apple's System Disk utility to enter Open Firmware and use your screen and keyboard. To enter Open Firmware, hold down the COMMAND- OPTION-O-F keys after the boot chime starts, but before it ends. En- tering Open Firmware versions prior to 3 is usually the most frus- trating part of installation -- you may want to read the section be- low on Older Open Firmware System Preparation You should have the Open Firmware ``0 >'' prompt on your screen be- fore attempting to boot NetBSD/macppc. o At the Open Firmware prompt, type the command to boot. To boot from a floppy, the command is ``boot fd:,\ofwboot.xcf netbsd.gz''. For the install kernel and bootloader on your hard drive (Open Firmware 3), the command is ``boot hd:\,ofwboot.xcf netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz''. For boot CDs, the command is something like ``boot cd:,\ofwboot.xcf netbsd.macppc'' (for Open Firmware 3) or ``boot scsi-int/sd@3:0 NETBSD.MACPPC'' (for earlier Open Firmware versions). You will need to use the correct case for OFWBOOT.XCF and NETBSD.MACPPC depending on how your version of Open Firmware interprets the ISO file system. You may need to replace cd with scsi/sd@3, scsi-int/sd@3, scsi- ext/sd@3, ata/atapi-disk, or some other device alias. You should al- so use the Open Firmware dir command to confirm that the NetBSD/macppc kernel is called NETBSD.MACPPC. o For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis- tribution, you will want to explore the pkgsrc system with its more than 3000 program packages. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on fifty three different system architectures (ports), featuring seventeen machine architectures across eleven distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 1.6.1 release contains complete bi- nary releases for thirty eight different system architectures. (The fif- teen remaining are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Upgrade path to NetBSD 1.6 If you are not installing your system ``from scratch'' but instead are going to upgrade an existing system already running NetBSD you need to know which versions you can upgrade with NetBSD 1.6. NetBSD 1.6 is an upgrade of NetBSD 1.5.3 and earlier major and patch re- leases of NetBSD. The intermediate development versions of code available on the main trunk in our CVS repository (also known as ``NetBSD-current'') from after the point where the release cycle for 1.6 was started are designated by ver- sion identifiers such as 1.6A, 1.6B, etc. These identifiers do not des- ignate releases, but indicate major changes in internal kernel APIs. Note that the kernel from NetBSD 1.6 can not be used to upgrade a system running one of those intermediate development versions. Trying to use the NetBSD 1.6 kernel on such a system will probably result in problems. Please also note that it is not possible to do a direct ``version'' com- parison between any of the intermediate development versions mentioned above and 1.6 to determine if a given feature is present or absent in 1.6. The development of 1.6 and the subsequent ``point'' releases is done on a separate branch in the CVS repository. The branch was created when the release cycle for 1.6 was started, and during the release cycle of 1.6 and its patch releases selected fixes and enhancements have been imported from the main development trunk. Changes Between The NetBSD 1.5 and 1.6 Releases The NetBSD 1.6 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize over eighteen months of develop- ment that went into the NetBSD 1.6.1 release. Some highlights include: Kernel o Ports to new platforms including: algor, dreamcast, evbarm, hpcarm, hpcsh, newsmips, sandpoint, sgimips, sun2, and walnut. o Unified Buffer Cache (UBC) removes size restriction of the file sys- tem's buffer cache to use all available RAM (if not otherwise used!) and improves overall system performance. o Round-robin page colouring implemented for various ports for better cache utilisation, more deterministic run-time behaviour, and faster program execution. o A rewritten SCSI middle layer to provide a cleaner interface between the different kernel layers, including a kernel thread to handle er- ror recovery outside of the interrupt context. See scsipi(9). o A new pipe implementation with significantly higher performance due to lower overheads, which uses the UVM Page Loan facility. o New boot loader flags -v (bootverbose) and -q (bootquiet), to be used by kernel code to optionally print information during boot. o An in-kernel boot time device configuration manager userconf(4), ac- tivated with the -c boot loader flag. o A work-in-progress snapshot of ACPI support, based on the 20010831 snapshot of the Intel ACPICA reference implementation. o USB 2.0 support, in the form of a preliminary driver for the ehci(4) host controller. o Basic kernel support for IrDA in the form of the irframe(4) IrDA frame level driver. Serial dongles and the oboe(4) driver are cur- rently supported. o Kernel configuration files can be embedded into the kernel for later retrieval. Refer to INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE in options(4) for more in- formation. o Many more kernel tunable variables added to sysctl(8). o Linux binary emulation has been greatly improved, and now supports Linux kernel version 2.4.18. Networking o Hardware assisted IPv4 TCP and UDP checksumming and caching of the IPv6 TCP pseudo header. Support for checksum offloading on the DP83820 Gigabit Ethernet, 3Com 3c90xB, 3Com 3c90xC, and Alteon Tigon/Tigon2 Gigabit Ethernet cards. o Zero-Copy for TCP and UDP transmit path achieved through page loaning code for sosend(). o In-kernel ISDN support, from the ISDN4BSD project. o 802.1Q VLAN (virtual LAN) support. See vlan(4). o IPFilter now supports IPv6 filtering. o ndbootd(8) added; used to netboot NetBSD/sun2 machines. o racoon(8) added; IKE key management daemon for IPsec key negotiation, from the KAME project. o WEP encryption supported in ifconfig(8) and awi(4) driver. o wi(4) and wiconfig(8) now support scanning for access points, and de- faults to BSS instead of ad-hoc mode. o Bridging support; currently only for ethernet. See bridge(4). o In-kernel PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) - RFC 2516, with much lower over- head than user-land PPPoE clients. See pppoe(4). o ifwatchd(8) added; invokes up-script and down-script when a network interface goes up and down. Used by pppoe(4). File system o Enhanced stability of LFS version 2, the BSD log-structured file sys- tem. o dump(8), dumpfs(8), fsck_ffs(8), fsirand(8), newfs(8), and tunefs(8) support a -F option to manipulate file system images in regular files. o makefs(8) added; creates file system images from a directory tree. (Currently ffs only.) o Enhanced ffs_dirpref() by Grigoriy Orlov, which noticeably improves performance on FFS file systems when creating directories, and subse- quently manipulating them. o Fixes for free block tracking and directory block allocation in FFS softdeps. o Correctly support FFS file systems with a large number of cylinder groups. o Fix the endian independant FFS (FFS_EI) support. o newfs(8) calculates default block size from the file system size, and uses the largest possible cylinders/group (cpg) value if -c isn't given. o dpti(4) driver added; an implementation of the DPT/Adaptec SCSI/I2O RAID management interface. Allows the use of the Linux versions of dptmgr, raidutil, dptelog, (etc). o Support for Windows 2000 `NTFS' (NTFS5). o Tagged queueing support for SCSI drivers based on the ncr53c9x con- troller. Security o Addition of a chroot(8) hierarchy for services including named(8), ntpd(8), and sshd(8). o Additional passwd(5) ciphers: MD5, and DES with more encryption rounds. See passwd.conf(5). o Several more code audits were performed. o /etc/security performs many more checks and is far more flexible in how it monitors changes. See security.conf(5). System administration and user tools o sushi(8) added; a menu based system administration tool. o pgrep(1) and pkill(1) added; find or signal processes by name or oth- er attributes. o System upgrades are made easier through the etcupdate(8) script which helps updating the /etc config files interactively, and the /etc/postinstall script which is provided to check for or fix config- uration changes that have occurred in NetBSD. o stat(1) added; a user interface to the information returned by the stat(2) system call. o BSD sort(1) replaces GNU sort(1). o The ``stop'' operation for rc.d(8) scripts waits until the service terminates before returning. This improves the reliability of ``restart'' operations as well. o Swap devices can be removed at system shutdown by enabling swapoff in rc.conf(5). o An optional watchdog timer which will terminate rc.shutdown(8) after the number of seconds provided in rcshutdown_timeout from rc.conf(5). Miscellaneous o Support for multibyte LC_CTYPE locales has been integrated from the Citrus project. Many Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and other encodings are now available. o Full support for cross-compilation of the base system, even as a non- root user! src/build.sh is available for doing arbitrary cross- builds; see src/BUILDING for more information. At least 38 ports for the NetBSD 1.6.1 release were cross-built on a NetBSD/i386 system us- ing this mechanism. o Migrated the following CPU platforms to ELF: arm, and m68k (including amiga, hp300, mac68k, mvme68k, sun2, and x68k). o Updates of most third party packages that are shipped in the base system to the following latest stable releases: - amd 6.0.6 - BIND 8.3.3 - binutils 2.11.2 - bzip2 1.0.2 - cvs 1.11 - dhcp 3.0.1rc9 - file 3.38 - gcc 2.95.3 - groff 1.16.1 - Heimdal 0.4e - IPfilter 3.4.27 - kerberos4 1.1 - ksh from pdksh 5.2.14p2 - less 374 - nvi 1.79 - OpenSSH 3.4 - OpenSSL 0.9.6g - Postfix 1.1.11 - ppp 2.4.0 - routed 2.24 - sendmail 8.11.6 - tcpdump 3.7.1 o Many new packages in the pkgsrc system, including the latest open source desktop KDE3, OpenOffice, perl, Apache and many more. At the time of writing, there are over 3000 third party packages available in pkgsrc. o Added AGP GART driver agp(4) for faster access to graphics boards. o init(8) will create an mfs (memory based file system) /dev if /dev/console is missing. o vmstat(8) displays kernel hash statistics with -H and -h hash. o wscons(4) supports blanking of VGA consoles. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. macppc specific This is the third major release of NetBSD for the macppc platform, in- cluding the Apple iBook, iMac, PowerMacintosh, and PowerBook models, as well as clones. As is usual between releases, the macppc port has had many improvements made to it -- too many to detail all of them here. Numerous new drivers have been added. See the supported hardware list for details. Some (but not all!) notable macppc-specific improvements include: o Support for the some of the latest models. o Support for the built-in AirPort/AirMac interface. o Experimental support for the built-in audio on most models. NetBSD 1.6.1 on macppc is, as usual, also fully backward compatible with old NetBSD/macppc binaries, so you don't need to recompile all your local programs provided you set the appropriate binary compatibility options in your kernel configuration. The Future of NetBSD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: o providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. o providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. o providing a better position from which to undertake promotional ac- tivities. o periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the us- ability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html. NetBSD 1.6.1 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 1.6.1 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-1.6.1/ CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.6.1 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD 's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one di- rectory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.6.1 has a binary distribution. There are also README.export- control files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution that may be subject to export regulations of the United States, e.g. code under src/crypto and src/sys/crypto. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 55 MB gzipped, 247 MB uncompressed pkgsrc This set contains the ``pkgsrc'' sources, which contain the in- frastructure to build third-party packages. 12 MB gzipped, 94 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. 4 MB gzipped, 16 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 1.6.1 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 27 MB gzipped, 136 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.6.1 kernel for all architectures; config(8); and dbsym(8). 22 MB gzipped, 114 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 78 MB gzipped, 394 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) < set_name.tgz The sets/Split/ subdirectory contains split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are named set_name.xx where set_name is the distribution set name, and xx is the sequence number of the file, starting with ``aa'' for the first file in the distribution set, then ``ab'' for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distribution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as fol- lows: # cat set_name.?? | ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that di- rectory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file. CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file. SYSVSUM Historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 2 file. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest pos- sible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/macppc subdirectory structure The macppc-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.6.1 release is found in the macppc subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.6.1/macppc/ INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this re- lease. netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this re- lease. It also has a RAM-disk in- staller. This is the kernel you should use when you want to install via from an HFS partition on Open Firmware 3 systems, netboot, or from a CD-R. netbsd.INSTALL.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernelcontaining code only for Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, and 2.4 systems (i.e. those that have floppy drives). It has a RAM-disk in- staller. This is the kernel you should use when you want to install on one of these systems from a floppy disk. sets/ macppc binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ floppy/boot.fs macppc boot and installation floppy image. Only usable on models that ship with a floppy drive (pre-Open Firmware 3); see below. ofwboot.xcf macppc bootloader; see below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD macppc binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 1.6.1 release for the macppc. There are eight binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the macppc/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.6.1 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 1.6.1 macppc base binary distribution. You must in- stall this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD util- ities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. 20 MB gzipped, 53 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system li- braries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 17 MB gzipped, 64 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 3 MB gzipped, 7 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 1.6.1 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. 2 MB gzipped, 5 MB uncompressed man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 7 MB gzipped, 27 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. 3 MB gzipped, 8 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 2 MB gzipped, 6 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 3.3.6. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 3 MB gzipped, 9 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 2 MB gzipped, 9 MB uncompressed xcontrib Programs that were contributed to X. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by X. 6 MB gzipped, 7 MB uncompressed xmisc Miscellaneous X programs. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed xserver The Xmacppc server which supports 256 colors with man pages. 2 MB gzipped, 5 MB uncompressed The macppc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. This utility is used only in a Traditional method in- stallation. Note: Each directory in the macppc binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/macppc System Requirements and Supported Devices Currently, NetBSD/macppc requires the use of Open Firmware to boot. Open Firmware is a command environment using the FORTH language which the NetBSD kernel uses to gether information about your system, and to con- trol some of your devices. It is part of the boot ROMs in most PowerPC- based Macintosh systems. Until late 1996, Apple never intended to use Open Firmware for anything other than internal debugging and hardware support. It was not intended to be used to boot an operating system. This is why earlier machines have so much trouble with Open Firmware. This also means that PowerMacs and clones that lack Open Firmware cannot boot NetBSD on the macppc platform. Most machines introduced by Apple and the clone-makers after August 17, 1995 have Open Firmware and are supported. Apple made several revisions of this Open Firmware environment, and each has various quirks and problems that we must work around. The single hardest step of installing NetBSD/macppc is to set up Open Firmware prop- erly. Open Firmware versions 1.0.5 and 2.0.x act similarly and the same set of instructions applies to them Open Firmware version 2.4 is slightly different with regards to booting. Open Firmware version 3 is altogether different. At present, NetBSD/macppc does not support the PPC 601 microprocessor, which means that the PowerMacintosh 7200 and 7500 models are not support- ed. The PowerMacintosh 7500 may be upgraded to a PPC 604, G3 or G4 mi- croprocessor via a daughtercard replacement, in which case NetBSD will run on this system. The minimal configuration requires 16 MB of RAM and ~80 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space, and to run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended, as NetBSD with 16 MB of RAM is very slow. Note that until you have around 32 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU. Supported models Find your model from the list below and take note of its Open Firmware version: Open Firmware 1.0.5 o Apple PowerMacintosh (7300, 7500 (with CPU upgrade), 7600, 8500, 8600, 9500, and 9600) o Apple Workgroup Server 8550 o Power Computing (PowerBase, PowerCenter, PowerCenter Pro, PowerCurve, PowerTower, PowerTower Pro, and PowerWave) o UMAX (J700, S900) Open Firmware 1.1.22 o Apple Network Server (500 and 700) Note: Users have reported that the NetBSD kernel does not work well with the on-board MACE-based ethernet (the one that requires an Apple AAUI dongle). If your system does not have the Apple PCI Ethernet Card, you may need to purchase and install another ether- net card in your Apple Network Server. Open Firmware 2.0.x o Apple PowerBook (2400, 3400, G3, and G3 Series) o Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (4400, 54xx, 5500, 6300/160, 6360, 6400, and 6500) o Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI RageII+: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in-One) o APS Tech (M*Power 604e/200) o Motorola StarMax (3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500) o UMAX (Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600) Open Firmware 2.4 o Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI Rage Pro: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in-One) Open Firmware 3 o Apple original iBook, iBook SE, iBook (Dual USB), iBook (Late 2001), and iBook (Summer 2002) o Apple iMac; Bondi Blue (Rev A and Rev B, 233 MHz), 5 Fla- vors (Rev C and Rev D, 266 MHz and 333 MHz), iMac (Slot Loading), iMac (Summer 2000), iMac (Early 2001), and iMac (Summer 2001) o Apple original eMac o Apple PowerBook (G3 Series (bronze keyboard) and G3 (FireWire)) o Apple PowerBook G4 (Titanium), PowerBook G4 (Gigabit Ether- net), and PowerBook G4 (DVI) o Apple PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) o Apple PowerMacintosh (G4 (PCI), G4 (AGP), G4 (Gigabit Eth- ernet), G4 (Digital Audio), G4 (Quicksilver), G4 (Quicksil- ver 2002), and G4 Cube) o Apple Xserve Note: Some iMac (Bondi Blue) and PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) machines have keyboard problems. There is a workaround for the PowerMacintosh described in the NetBSD/macppc FAQ. There is no known workaround for the iMac machines encountering this problem. See http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#usb- keyboard-problems Unsupported models o Systems with Open Firmware, but using a PPC 601 microprocessor (PowerMacintosh 7200 and 7500 (without CPU upgrade)) o Systems with a PowerPC microprocessor, but lacking Open Firmware - Apple PowerBook (1400, 2300, and 5300) - Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (52xx, 53xx, 62xx, and 63xx (except 6300/160 and 6360 which are supported)) - Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (61xx, 71xx, and 81xx) - PowerComputing (Power 100 and Power 120) o Systems with broken Open Firmware (Twentieth Anniversary Macin- tosh) o Systems with a Motorola 68k microprocessor (these systems are supported by NetBSD/mac68k) o Systems upgraded from any of the above (unless the motherboard is replaced as part of the upgrade) o Systems released in the second half of 2002 and later (future releases of NetBSD/macppc will support these systems) o Systems released before the second half of 2002, but not listed above. These models might work, but have not been tested as of the release of NetBSD 1.6.1. Supported devices o CPU upgrades - Most CPU upgrades are supported. Some older models will not automatically enable the L2 cache on a G3 or G4 proces- sor. See the FAQ entry http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#cpu- upgrade o Ethernet - On-board 79C950-based MACE Ethernet interface (mc0) - On-board bmac Ethernet interface (bm0) - On-board gmac Ethernet interface (gm0) - Apple PCI Ethernet Card (option for Apple Network Server) (de) - Asante Mac 10/100 PCI Rev A, part number 09-00169-01 (de) - Farallon Fast EtherTX 10/100, part number PN996L-TX (de) - SMC Etherpower II (9432TX) (epic) - SMC 83c170 (epic) - 3Com 3c905 (ex) - Intel EtherExpress PRO/10+ PCI LAN Adapter (fxp) - RealTek 8029 Ethernet (ne) - VIA Technologies VT86C926 (ne) - D-Link DFE-530TX+ (rtk) - RealTek 8139 (rtk) - Netgear FA-311 (sip) - Lite-On PNIC (tlp) - D-Link DFE-530TX (vr) - Many other PCI and Cardbus Ethernet interfaces, such as Tulip-compatible (de and tlp), 3Com (ep), SMC (epic), Intel (fxp), NE2000-compatible (ne), and RealTek (rtk) - Many USB Ethernet interfaces (aue, cue, and kue) o Wireless - On-board AirPort or AirMac 802.11b (wi) - AT&T/Lucent WaveLan IEEE PCMCIA card (wi) o SCSI - On-board NCR 53c94 SCSI controller (esp) - On-board MESH SCSI controller (mesh) - Adaptec PCI controllers 291x, 2920, 2930C, 294x, 295x, 39xx, 19160, 29160 and AIC-78xx (ahc) Note: The 294x models are not bootable in Open Firmware, even though they can boot MacOS . - AdvanSys 1200[A,B], 9xx[U,UA] SCSI controller (adv) - AMD 53c974 (pcscp) - Apple 53c875 Ultra Wide SCSI (shipped in some Beige G3 mod- els) (ncr or siop) Note: This card may need a firmware update to boot NetBSD. Use the Mac OS X SCSI Card Updater from http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=25176 - NCR/Symbios 53C8xx (siop or esiop) - Many other PCI SCSI controllers should work, but no one has tried them - Most SCSI disk/tape/CD-ROM devices should work o IDE - On-board IDE controlers - Promise Ultra66 (pciide) (this, and other PC-based cards are not bootable on macppc) - Acard ATP-850/860 based IDE controlers (pciide) (including the Acard AEC-6210/6260 and the Sonnet Tempo ATA/66 cards) - Some other PCI IDE controllers should work, although no one has had much success - Most IDE disk/CD-ROM/ATAPI devices should work o Input devices - Most ADB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads - Most USB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads - Most PS/2 keyboards, mice, and trackballs (middle button on 3-button mice may not work) o Video - On-board video on most models (ofb) Note: Several models have been reported to not work with NetBSD if the on-board video is in use, such as the Performa 54xx, 6360, 6400, PowerComputing Power- Center and PowerTower, and UMAX C600 and Apus 3000. Also, the video card that shipped with the PowerMac- intosh 9500/150, 9500/180, and 9500/200 systems is reported to have the same problem. - PCI frame buffers which have Open Firmware support (ATI, IMS, Matrox, and NVIDIA have several models which work) o Audio - On-board audio on most models (awacs) Note: This driver has only recently been introduced and is considered ``experimental'' meaning that it may cause your system to crash and/or is lacking some features you may expect. Due to interrupt conflicts with some G4 models, this driver is disabled by de- fault and you will need to build a kernel with it enabled. - USB audio devices (uaudio) - PCI audio cards, although only the Ensoniq AudioPCI (eap) has been thoroughly tested o Serial ports - On-board serial ports (the modem and printer ports) (ttya and ttyb) ttya is the mini-DIN 8 serial port with the `Modem' icon, and ttyb is has the `Printer' icon. Some models with in- ternal modems have the serial port with the `Modem' icon covered over, and the modem is ttya. Note: The on-board serial ports can be used for console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no hand- shaking), although many users have reported problems trying to run ppp or other high speed serial appli- cations - The Gee Three Stealth Serial Port, possibly the Griffin Technology gPort Note: These serial ports can be used for console (57600 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Use (scca) for the Open Firmware `input-device' and `output-device' variables. - Some USB, PCI, and Cardbus serial ports should work, but no one has tried them o USB devices - Most MI USB devices should work (such as disks, printers, input devices, SCSI adapters, and ethernet interfaces) http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/usb.html o PCMCIA and Cardbus cards - Most MI PCMCIA and Cardbus cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/cardbus.html http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/pcmcia.html o PCI cards - Most MI PCI cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/pci.html Note: While the NetBSD kernel may support the various Cardbus, PCI, PCMCIA, and USB devices you may have, Open Firmware does not unless it has a specific Open Firmware ROM. This means you cannot boot from these devices. Some Adaptec SCSI controllers have bootable Open Firmware ROMs. Unsupported devices o Floppy disk Note: Though NetBSD/macppc can boot from a floppy, there is no kernel support yet o FireWire (IEEE 1394) o Advanced power management (cannot put system to `sleep') o Multiple processors Note: Although NetBSD/macppc can boot with more than one pro- cessor present, it will not use the additional CPUs o On-board video capture Supported boot devices and media Each version of Open Firmware supports different devices and media that you may boot from. We define the terms ``bootable media'' as the media (hard drive, floppy, CD-R, ethernet) that will be used to bootstrap your macppc system into NetBSD, and ``distribution sets'' or ``distribution media'' as the media (hard drive, CD-R, ethernet) that contains the files that will be installed to generate a working NetBSD system onto your des- tination media. Go to the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage and look up your system. Take note of the comments about your model and keep these in mind during the rest of this installation procedure. http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/models.html Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media You should wait to decide where to put the NetBSD distribution sets until you have figured out how you are going to boot your system. Refer back to this section after you have done so. Note: Some Mac OS ftp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. Installation is supported from several media types, including: o CD-ROM o FTP o Remote NFS partition The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation de- pend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the vari- ous media are outlined below. CD-ROM Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM. Proceed to the instruction on installation. FTP The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. You need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the nu- meric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD ma- chine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IP ad- dress of ftp.netbsd.org is 204.152.184.75 (as of June, 2002). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Note: This method of installation is recommended only for those already familiar with using BSD network con- figuration and management commands. If you aren't, this documentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install in- to a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on of the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine it- self. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on up- grading. Note: This method of installation is recommended only for those already familiar with using BSD network con- figuration and management commands. If you aren't, this documentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Prepare yourself Take a deep breath. Good. Now, make sure you are reading the PDF (if available), PostScript, or HTML version of this document, as the .txt and .more versions lack im- portant formatting information that will prevent you from following the twisted path you must follow. OK, good. Now, print out this document. While it's printing, get some coffee, relax a bit, and mentally prepare yourself for something that promises to be confusing, frustrating, and annoying. If you assume the worst, you'll be pleasantly surprised when everything works easier than you expected. Also, forget everything you've been told about installing NetBSD/macppc. That's right, flush your knowledge cache -- some of it is almost certainly dirty. Some of this document assumes familiarity with MacOS, e.g. how to down- load BinHex files and extract things with StuffIt Expander. If you've never heard of those terms before, it is possible to install NetBSD/macppc without booting or knowing how to use MacOS, but depending on your model it may be almost as painful as learning a little MacOS. See the FAQ for more help: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#macos-newbie It's done printing? Fine, now get a dark writing implement. The recommended installation procedure is as follows: 1. Go to the NetBSD/macppc model support page and look up your model information and issues (I can't stress this enough times). http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/models.html 2. Spend about 15 minutes and read through this document from this point onward. While you're reading, use the writing implement to cross out the sections that do not apply to your model (or hilight the sections that do depending on your preferences). 3. Now spend another 5 minutes and re-read this document, and mentally piece together how you think you'll be installing onto your machine. It may help to take a blank piece of paper and write out an outline of the procedure you think you'll be going through. 4. Now create your bootable media and media for the distribution sets. 5. Prepare your machine, depending on the instructions for your model (for example: partition your drive, download and run System Disk, or hook up a serial console). 6. Boot into Open Firmware, and verify that it has the version of Open Firmware you think it does. Also make sure that the other variables are set correctly. 7. Figure out the correct boot command, and boot your machine from the bootable media you just created. If you're having trouble, be sure to read the section on Common Problems and Error Messages 8. Celebrate! The worst is over, but you've still got some work to do. Take a break, maybe more coffee, maybe a quick walk around the block, whatever turns your fancy. 9. Now use the installer to install the distribution sets onto your system and do some initial configurations. 10. Figure out how to boot from the installed partition. Boot into NetBSD for the first time. 11. Configure to your preferences, install your favorite packages, and have fun with your new NetBSD/macppc machine! Note: You really actually truly do need to follow the procedure listed in this document in the order that we describe. These systems are rather tricky to boot for the novice and expert alike. Once you cross off the sections that don't apply to you, it will make more sense. Note: If the instructions in a subsection below do not apply to all ver- sions of Open Firmware, there will be a line listing which ver- sions of Open Firmware they apply to, such as: (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) Updating your BootROM (Open Firmware 3) Open Firmware 3 systems have a rewritable ``firmware'', also called the BootROM. When you use an Apple firmware updater, it updates the BootROM. This will not change the version of Open Firmware in your machine -- it will still be Open Firmware 3. The BootROM is what is first executed when you power on or reset your system. The BootROM then loads Open Firmware, which boots your operating system. Go to the `Apple Software Updates' web site at http://asu.info.apple.com/ and search for `firmware' and install the most recent version for your model. You will need to run the FirmWare updater from MacOS 9. Note: If you accidentally set the load-base or real-base Open Firmware variables and reset your machine you will, in effect, rewrite the BootROM with garbage, rendering your machine unbootable. We rec- ommend not doing this. Note: The most recent BootROMs available (4.1.7 and later) are known to have some problems. Some PowerMacintosh users find that their third-party RAM has been disabled. See the discussion at http://www.macfixit.com/archives/april.01.a.shtml#firm-04-07 There are reports that FirmWare Update 4.1.9 on iMac (Summer 2000) will prevent the CD-ROM and the hard drive from operating togeth- er. You may get wdc0:0:1: lost interrupt problems. Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Newer Models (Open Firmware 3) Hold down a special four-key combination when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND- OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware com- mand prompt on your screen: Apple PowerBook3,1 2.1f1 BootROM built on 01/29/00 at 22:38:07 Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved Welcome to Open Firmware. To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return. To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return. ok 0 > Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > setenv auto-boot? false Skip down to the section on Setting up Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD since the next several pages are instructions for older models. Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Apple Network Servers (Open Firmware 1.1.22) The version of Open Firmware in the Apple Network Servers can only use a serial console. You must first hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking) to `Port 2' (the `ttya' de- vice in Open Firmware). Hold down a special four-key combination on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial console) when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND- OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see some introductory text and the Open Firmware command prompt on your serial terminal: 0 > Your Apple Network Server's screen will remain black. Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > setenv auto-boot? false Skip down to the section on Setting up pre-Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD since the next several pages are instructions for MacOS models. Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Older Models (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) These models are significantly trickier than the newer machines. Open Firmware has two variables, `input-device' and `output-device ', which specify which devices to use for input and output. All Open Firmware 1.0.5 and most Open Firmware 2.0.x systems will default to using the `Modem' serial port for the console instead of the ADB keyboard and the monitor attached to the on-board video. Unless you use a MacOS-based utility to set these variables correctly, you will need to hook up a serial console temporarily to configure Open Firmware to use your keyboard and screen. Some models (such as the Per- forma 54xx, 6360, 6400, and 6500) have the `Modem' serial port covered with a piece of plastic since the internal modem usurps that serial port. You will either need to use Boot Variables to set the `input-device' and `output-device' variables to `ttyb' (which is the Printer serial port) or remove the internal modem. Open Firmware seems to ignore the settings on most DB15 to VGA adapters. Depending on your model, it will default to either 640 x 480 at 60 Hz or to the resolution previously selected in MacOS. Make sure that your mon- itor can handle these resolutions. Now would be a good time to look at the NetBSD/macppc Model Support web- page to determine the issues with your model. http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/models.html In particular, some models must use a serial console, or they will be un- able to boot NetBSD at all. All models can be set to use a serial con- sole, if you desire to bypass the keyboard and screen. If, after re-reading the next several sections, you still need help fig- uring out your `input-device' and `output-device' settings, see the FAQ: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#ofw-input-output- devices If you need to use a serial console, you can use a normal `printer' cable (mini-DIN 8 to mini-DIN 8) and a MacOS tool, such as ZTerm to connect a MacOS system to your NetBSD/macppc system. http://hyperarchive.lcs.mit.edu/HyperArchive/Archive/comm/term/zterm-101.hqx See the NetBSD Serial Port Primer for additional help and references: http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/Hardware/Misc/serial.html Older Open Firmware System Preparation (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) All pre-Open Firmware 3 macppc systems have Open Firmware bugs. Luckily, Open Firmware has a small Non-Volatile RAM variable (NVRAM) which is re- served for FORTH commands which will be run before booting an operating system. Apple has released a freeware MacOS tool called System Disk, which patches most of these bugs. We strongly recommend that you use this tool to patch your Open Firmware, as several systems cannot boot without these patches. Instructions for using System Disk are covered in the next section. Unfortunately, some models are broken by or are unsupported by System Disk. If you have one of the following models, then skip down to the section on Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt (Harder method using Apple Performa 4400, 5500, 6500, 54xx, 6400, and 6360, Motorola Starmax 3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500, APS Tech M*Power 604e/200, PowerComputing PowerBase, Umax Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600 Umax S900 Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt (Recommended method using MacOS) (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) Download System Disk: ftp://ftp.apple.com/developer/macosxserver/utilities/SystemDisk2.3.1.smi.bin For a brief tutorial on how to use System Disk, see: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/SystemDisk-tutorial/ Launch the MacOS System Disk tool. Click on ``Power User (Open Firmware)'' then click on the ``Advanced Options'' button. Now, click on the checkbox that says ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' and select ``OK''. Click the ``Save'' button and reboot your system. Note: NVRAM patches and Open Firmware settings will be erased if you `zap your PRAM' by holding down COMMAND-OPTION-P-R keys during the boot chimes, or if you accidentally boot into MacOS . If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/SystemDisk- tutorial/of105patch.html You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model does not support using the on- board video in Open Firmware. You will need to connect a serial console to the `Modem' port of your system (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Note: The ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' setting is persistent. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 > setenv auto-boot? false Note: Unfortunately, there are a few models that are better off without the System Disk patches. If you find that your machine doesn't boot, then try: 0 > setenv use-nvramrc? false 0 > reset-all Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt (Harder method using MacOS) (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) If System Disk doesn't work because your version of MacOS is too old or because System Disk says that it doesn't support your model, then you may try using the MacOS BootVars tool. ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/macppc/macos- utils/bootvars/bootvars.sit.hqx Note: BootVars does not apply the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk does. Expect some devices to not work (such as boot- ing from hard drives and CD-Rs). Look up the proper `output-device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/models.html If the NetBSD/macppc Model support webpage does not list an `output- device' for your model, then your system will default to using the on- board video. You needn't fill in the `output-device' and `input-device' variables. Launch the MacOS BootVars tool. Uncheck the ``auto-boot?'' checkbox, then check on the ``All Variables'' checkbox and type kbd into the `input-device' box, and the proper device name into the `output-device' box. Click on the ``write'' button, and then reboot your system. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/SystemDisk- tutorial/of105patch.html If you have a Performa 5500 or 6500, you may need to apply NVRAMRC patch- es to use your built-in video. See the information in the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshak- ing). Note: The ``auto-boot?'' setting is persistent. Your system will always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 > setenv auto-boot? false Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt (Without using MacOS) (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) If you don't have MacOS, then you need to hold down a special four-key combination when your system boots. Do this on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial console or PS/2 port) when your system boots. Note: Your system will not have the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk applies. Expect some devices to not work (such as booting from hard drives and CD-Rs). After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND- OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware com- mand prompt on your screen or serial console: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your system has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshak- ing). Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > setenv auto-boot? false To use your on-board video and keyboard, look up the proper `output- device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc webpage http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/models.html Run the following commands to use your screen instead of a serial console (replace `screen' with the correct `output-device' for your model): 0 > setenv output-device screen 0 > setenv input-device kbd 0 > reset-all Now you should see the Open Firmware prompt on your screen. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/SystemDisk- tutorial/of105patch.html Setting up pre-Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#ofw-access http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#ofw-variables Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 > dev /openprom 0 > .properties name openprom model Open Firmware, 1.0.5 relative-addressing ok If your system has Open Firmware prior to version 3, then you must set some Open Firmware variables before NetBSD can boot. Do not run these commands on Open Firmware 3 machines, as you may overwrite your firmware requiring a trip to Apple for repairs. 0 > setenv load-base 600000 0 > setenv real-base F00000 0 > reset-all The last command reboots your machine so that the settings are stored. If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 > dev enet 0 > .properties [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] ok Note: Some early Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines had their MAC address stored incorrectly on the motherboard (little- vs. big-endian problems). The patches the System Disk installs will correct this. Without the patch, the machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ethernet device on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the printenv command: 0 > printenv little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base F00000 -1 [...] load-base 600000 4000 [...] input-device kbd ttya output-device /chaos/control ttya Note: Open Firmware 1.0.5 settings and nvram patches will be erased if you boot into MacOS . You will need to re-enter them before boot- ing NetBSD again. Note: Open Firmware 2.0.x and Open Firmware 2.4 systems will set the real-base environment variable to its default value (which pre- vents NetBSD frombooting) if you boot into MacOS . Setting up Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD (Open Firmware 3) This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#ofw-access http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#ofw-variables Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 > dev /openprom 0 > .properties name openprom device_type BootROM model OpenFirmware 3 relative-addressing supports-bootinfo ok If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 > dev enet 0 > .properties [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] Note: Some Open Firmware 3 machines have their MAC address stored incor- rectly (little- vs. big-endian problem). If you look up your MAC address in MacOS, it will be different than what Open Firmware 3 uses to contact your netboot server. Your machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ethernet de- vice on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the printenv command: 0 > printenv -------------- Partition: common -------- Signature: 0x70 --------------- little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base -1 -1 [...] input-device keyboard keyboard output-device screen screen Available Boot Media (All Open Firmware versions) Each version of Open Firmware is capable of booting from a variety of me- dia (such as hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and ethernet). Open Firmware is able to boot files from a variety of file systems (such as ISO9660, MS-DOS, and on some models HFS and HFS+). Unfortunately, Open Firmware is not able to use the NetBSD file system (FFS), so we must put the bootloader in a location that Open Firmware is capable of using. Therefore, to boot the NetBSD kernel, Open Firmware must first open a `bootloader' which knows how to load the NetBSD kernel. There are two approaches, the ofwboot.xcf bootloader and the `partition zero' bootload- er. In the former case, the user tells Open Firmware to load ofwboot.xcf and it will load the kernel. In the latter case, the user tells Open Firmware to boot from a particular device, and a primary bootloader bootxx is loaded, which then loads the secondary bootloader ofwboot which then loads the kernel. Note: ofwboot.elf is obsoleted. All users should be using ofwboot.xcf instead of ofwboot.elf now. The following bootable media are available for loading the bootloader (ofwboot or ofwboot.xcf) (see below for descriptions): o Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x - Partition zero - Ethernet (netboot) - ISO9660 CD-ROM file system - MS-DOS file system o Open Firmware 2.4 - Partition zero - Ethernet (netboot) - ISO9660 CD-ROM file system - HFS or HFS+ file systems - Hybrid (both ISO9660 and HFS) file system - MS-DOS file system o Open Firmware 3 - HFS, HFS+, or Hybrid (ISO9660 and HFS) file system - Ethernet (netboot) - Partition zero (not supported by NetBSD) - MS-DOS file system Once ofwboot or ofwboot.xcf is loaded, it can open the kernel from one of the following sources: o Ethernet (NFS) o NetBSD FFS file system Such as the boot floppy, or an installed NetBSD partition. o HFS or HFS+ file system Only on Open Firmware 2.4 or Open Firmware 3 systems. o ISO9660 CD-ROM file system The boot floppy image provided with the distribution sets has a `partition zero' bootloader and a NetBSD file system with an installation kernel. The boot CD-R images provided with the distribution sets has both a `partition zero' bootloader and ofwboot.xcf on a hybrid partition so it can be booted on all Open Firmware versions. The boot CD-R image also has an ISO9660 file system with an installation kernel and the dis- tribution sets. Description of bootable media (All Open Firmware versions) This section gives a quick description of the various media that can be used by Open Firmware to load the bootloader. o Partition zero (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) This method loads a primary bootloader called bootxx located in the Apple Partition Map, which then loads the secondary boot- loader ofwboot (functionally identical to ofwboot.xcf (q.v.)) which then loads the kernel. This is what sysinst will place on your hard drive during the installation procedure. Addi- tionally, the NetBSD/macppc CD-R images and boot floppies use this method to load a kernel from the floppy's FFS partition or the CD-R's ISO9660 partition. o Partition zero (Open Firmware 3) While Open Firmware 3 supports this boot method, NetBSD/macppc does not yet support it on these systems. o HFS or HFS+ file system (Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) This method loads ofwboot.xcf from an HFS or HFS+ partition which then loads the kernel from an acceptable source (such as an FFS partition or an HFS or HFS+ partition). The FFS-based kernel may be on a previously installed NetBSD file system. Alternatively, the kernel (compressed or non-compressed) may be on an HFS or HFS+ partition. Due to Open Firmware pickiness, it must be on the same partition as ofwboot.xcf. o MS-DOS file system (All Open Firmware versions) Load the ofwboot.xcf bootloader from an MS-DOS file system (such as a floppy or Zip disk). It can then load a NetBSD ker- nel from the same MS-DOS file system or elsewhere. This has only been thoroughly tested on floppy disks, but may work on FDISK-formatted hard drives. This does not work for MS-DOS partitions on a hard drive with an Apple Partition Map. o Ethernet (network boot) (All Open Firmware versions) You can run your entire system diskless or netboot only the files necessary to boot (i.e. the bootloader and the installa- tion kernel), but you must have root access on another UNIX ma- chine on your subnet. Note: You must use your on-board ethernet device for netboot- ing. While there may be some PCI or Cardbus ethernet interfaces with Open Firmware ROMs, no one has reported success netbooting using these devices o ISO9660 CD-ROM file system (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) Load the ofwboot.xcf bootloader from an ISO9660 CD-ROM. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the ISO9660 CD-ROM. Open Firmware 1.0.5 and 2.0.x machines will not boot from the ISO9660 file system if you create a hybrid HFS/ISO format CD-R. Make sure that the CD only has ISO9660 data and does not have an Apple Partition Map. Note: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R o Hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-ROM file system (Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) Load the ofwboot.xcf bootloader from the CD-ROM's HFS file sys- tem. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the HFS or ISO9660 file system. Make sure that the CD has an Apple Partition Map. Note: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD (All Open Firmware versions) o Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x You must use the NetBSD installer to partition your disk if you want it to be bootable. With this release of NetBSD, there is no way to dual-boot MacOS and NetBSD on one hard drive. You can use the instructions in this section to partition a disk that may also be used with MacOS , although a disk pre- pared in this way will not boot NetBSD. That means, your root partition (/ ) must be on a drive prepared with the NetBSD in- staller, but the partitions not necessary to boot (for example /usr , /home , or /export ) may be on the same disk as MacOS . Unless you are planning to use partitions on the same disk as MacOS , skip forward to Preparing the Bootable Media o Open Firmware 2.4 We recommend using the NetBSD installer to partition your disk, but you will not be able to use partitions on this drive with MacOS. If you'd like to have MacOS and NetBSD partitions on one hard drive (and for both to be bootable), then read the rest of this section. o Open Firmware 3 You must have at least one disk that was partitioned using a MacOS tool before installing NetBSD on your system. This is the drive that will be holding the bootloader, ofwboot.xcf . Your NetBSD partitions may either be on this same disk (using the method described in the rest of this sec- tion), or on a separate disk accessible only to NetBSD. If you are dedicating an entire disk to NetBSD, then your MacOS parti- tioned disk only needs HFS or HFS+ partitions. The rest of this section describes how to make a single disk dual-bootable which is necessary for machines which have only one hard drive (such as the iBook, iMac, PowerBook, and Power- Macintosh Cube systems). Using the NetBSD installer to install a disklabel or bootloader will ren- der your disk unusable by MacOS. Either will also prevent Open Firmware 3 machines from booting. You will need to use the installer's ``Re- install sets'' option. More information is provided below on this pro- cess. There are several contradictory partition numbering schemes. You may want to look at the explanation in the FAQ. http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#partitions Unfortunately, the partitioning tools for NetBSD are not advanced enough to create HFS or HFS+ file systems or a partition map that can be shared with MacOS. You will need to use the MacOS Drive Setup tool (versions 1.8.1 and later are known to work) to partition the hard drive you will be using for NetBSD. Drive Setup will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. Make the fol- lowing partitions: HFS or HFS+ Must be large enough to hold the boot- loader, over 100 KB. May be as large as you desire for MacOS usage. A/UX Root Must be at least 20 MB. Alternatively, you may decide to use one partition for your entire NetBSD installation, in which case it should be at least 200 MB without X, or 250 MB with X. NetBSD interprets an A/UX Root partition as the first par- tition (a ) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS . A/UX Swap Any size. The recommendation is 1.5 times your RAM, although this is not strictly necessary for machines with a lot of RAM. NetBSD interprets an A/UX Swap partition as the second partition (b ) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS . A/UX User and A/UX Free1 Use these for any additional partitions you may want to use under NetBSD, such as interprets these partitions as normal partitions. These partitions are not readable from Em Any size. You may want to leave an additional partition available to transfer files between MacOS and NetBSD. If you think you'll be doing this often, then see the FAQ entry on sharing files: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#disk- sharing UFS Any size. This file system type is not currently supported by NetBSD/macppc al- though it might be in the future. UFS partitions are not readable from MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0. If you need further help, there is a partitioning HOW-TO on the NetBSD website: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/partitioning.html Preparing the Bootable Media The purpose of this section is to prepare the media from which your sys- tem will boot the installer. We'll describe how to put the files in the right places on your disk(s) or netboot server and prepare it for use on your system. If you will be running your system diskless (i.e. entirely over NFS, not using any local hard drives), then you do not need to run the installer, you only need to extract the distribution sets on the diskless server. To get the distribution sets (which will be placed on your hard drive) onto appropriate media, see the above section entitled Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media . You may wish to do this at the same time you create the bootable media (such as netbooting and placing distribution sets on the netboot server, or booting from CD-R and placing distribution sets on the same disk) Note: Some MacOS ftp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. These are the recommended techniques for booting the NetBSD install ker- nel: o Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x - Booting off an MS-DOS floppy - Booting off the NetBSD install floppy - Booting off the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R image - Booting off an ISO9660 CD-ROM - Booting over the ethernet - Booting the floppy image off a SCSI or IDE drive (not rec- ommended) o Open Firmware 2.4 - Booting off an MS-DOS floppy (may not be supported by Open Firmware 2.4) - Booting off the NetBSD install floppy - Booting off the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R image - Booting off an HFS or HFS+ partition - Booting off an ISO9660 CD-ROM - Booting off a Hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-ROM - Booting over the ethernet - Booting the floppy image off a SCSI or IDE drive (not rec- ommended) o Open Firmware 3 - Booting off an HFS or HFS+ partition - Booting off the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R image - Booting off a Hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-ROM - Booting over the ethernet What follows are the steps to create different types of bootable media. You should only need to create one of these to get your system to boot the installer o Booting off an MS-DOS floppy (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disk. A bad floppy can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. Mount the floppy on your computer. - Insert it into a Windows or DOS machine. - Use `File Exchange or `PC Exchange'' with MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0 - Use mount_msdos(8) on any unix-like machine. 3. Copy netbsd.INSTALL.gz and ofwboot.xcf to the floppy. 4. Rename netbsd.INSTALL.gz to netbsd.gz, since OpenFirmware can't deal with MS-DOS filenames longer than eight characters. Skip forward to Installing the NetBSD System o Booting off the NetBSDinstall floppy (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disk. A bad floppy can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. If the boot floppy image is compressed, then you will need to uncompress it first. 3. Use a tool to write the boot floppy image installation/floppy/boot.fs to a floppy disk - From a UNIX machine # dd if=boot.fs of=/dev/rfd0a bs=36k - From a Windows machine Get either the rawrite.exe program from the NetBSD/i386 dis- tribution or rawrite32.exe from http://www.duskware.com/rawrite32/ - From a MacOS machine Get DiskCopy 6.3.3 from http://downloAd.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/English- North_American/Macintosh/Utilities/Disk_Copy/Disk_Copy_6.3.3.smi.bin If you are running a MacOS version prior to 9.0, get ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/arch/macppc/macos- utils/MakeDiskCopyFloppyType.hqx and un-BinHex it. Then, drag the boot.fs file onto this ap- plication, which will change the type and creator to dimg and ddsk, which is necessary for DiskCopy to work. 4. Open the `Utilities' menu and pick `Make Floppy' 5. In the dialog box, select boot.fs 6. At the prompt, insert a blank floppy disk - From a MacOS machine (Alternate) Get suntar from http://hyperarchive.lcs.mit.edu/HyperArchive/Archive/cmp/suntar-222.hqx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 3. Insert a floppy disk 4. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 5. Select boot.fs and click ``Open'' 6. Open the `File' menu and pick `Eject' Skip forward to Installing the NetBSD System o Booting off an HFS or HFS+ partition (Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) Place ofwboot.xcf and the installation kernel netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz at the top level of your Macintosh file system. That is, drag the two icons onto your hard drive icon (not the desktop). Make sure they're both on the same partition. Skip forward to Installing the NetBSD System o Booting off the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image (All Open Firmware versions) Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download CD-R image from the pub/NetBSD/iso directory. http://www.netbsd.org/mirrors/#iso - From a UNIX machine Get and install cdrecord. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other unix systems should get it from the official website: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrecord/README.html http://www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html # cdrecord -v speed=4 dev=/dev/cd1c output.iso You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be /dev/cd1d ). - From a MacOS machine (using Toast) 1. Open the `Format' menu and pick `Disk Image' 2. Click the ``Data...'' button and select the disk image you downloaded. 3. Click the ``Write CD...'' button Skip forward to Installing the NetBSD System o Booting off an ISO9660 CD-ROM (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) This section describes how to create your own bootable NetBSD/macppc CD-R. We recommend that you use the official NetBSD/macppc-1.6.1 CD- R image, as described in the section above. Place ofwboot.xcf and the installation kernel netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz at the top level of the CD. Due to restrictions in the way that Open Firmware deals with ISO filenames, you may wish to name your kernel netbsd.gz. You may also place the NetBSD 1.6.1 distribution sets on the disk. - From a UNIX machine Get and install mkhybrid. This is now part of the cdrecord pack- age. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other unix systems should get it from the official website: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrecord/README.html http://www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html # mkhybrid -o output.iso -a -l -J -r # cdrecord -v speed=4 dev=/dev/cd1c output.iso You will need to substitute the correct speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be /dev/cd1d ). See the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO for more detail: http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/bootcd.html - From a MacOS machine (using Toast) 1. Open the `Format' menu and pick `ISO 9660' 2. Click the ``Data...'' button and drag installation/ofwboot.xcf and binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz into the window 3. Click the ``Settings'' tab, open the ``Naming'' popup menu, and pick ``Macintosh Names'' 4. Click the ``Done'' button 5. Click the ``Write CD...'' button Skip forward to Installing the NetBSD System o Booting off a hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-ROM (Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) This section describes how to create your own bootable NetBSD/macppc CD-R. We recommend that you use the official NetBSD/macppc-1.6.1 CD- R image, as described two sections above. Place ofwboot.xcf and the installation kernel netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz at the top level of the CD. Make sure that the bootloader is present on the HFS partition, and the kernel is on both the ISO9660 and HFS par- titions. Due to restrictions in the way that Open Firmware deals with ISO filenames, you may wish to name your kernel netbsd.gz. You may also place the NetBSD 1.6.1 distribution sets on the ISO9660 par- tition (not only on the HFS partition). - From a UNIX machine Get and install mkhybrid. This is now part of the cdrecord pack- age. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other unix systems should get it from the official website: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrecord/README.html http://www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html # mkhybrid -o output.iso -hfs -part -a -l # cdrecord -v speed=4 dev=/dev/cd1c output.iso You will need to substitute the correct speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be /dev/cd1d ). See the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO for more detail: http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/bootcd.html - From a MacOS machine (using Toast) 1. Open the `Format' menu and pick `Mac/ISO Hybrid' 2. Open the `Utilities' menu and pick `Create Temporary Partition...' 3. Make this temporary partition large enough for all of the files you will be placing on the HFS portion of the CD (only ofwboot.xcf is necessary). 4. Copy installation/ofwboot.xcf to the temporary partition 5. Click the ``Data...'' button and select the temporary parti- tion you just created 6. Click the ``ISO...'' button and drag binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz into the window. You may also want to drag the NetBSD 1.6.1 distribution sets to this window as well. 7. Click the ``Settings'' tab, open the ``Naming'' popup menu, and pick ``Macintosh Names'' 8. Click the ``Done'' button 9. Click the ``Write CD...'' button Skip forward to Installing the NetBSD System o Booting over the ethernet (All Open Firmware versions) 1. Introduction To netboot a macppc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your macppc (the `client ).' If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot serv- er(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the net- boot services on a variety of platforms. http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/network/netboot/ You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, ker- nel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client dis- covers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to deter- mine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts exe- cuting the installation tools or init(8). All macppc systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the boot- strap phase to download the bootstrap program, ofwboot.xcf. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this exam- ple, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're pro- viding all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the di- rectory /export/client/root. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e. discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your /etc/dhcpd.conf (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # This is the authoritative DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface the server will listen on. # The zeros indicate which range of addresses are # allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # filename "ofwboot.xcf"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the dhcpd.leases file exists. # touch /var/db/dhcpd.leases You will need to start the dhcpd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD 1.5 or later, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/dhcpd restart 3. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the /tftpboot directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mkdir -p /tftpboot Next, edit /etc/inetd.conf and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD 1.5 or later, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/inetd restart Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your macppc machine to /tftpboot. Get ofwboot.xcf(8) from the installation directory of the distribution. # cp ofwboot.xcf /tftpboot Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # chmod -R a+rX /tftpboot Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to /var/log/messages saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # arp -s client CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mkdir -p /export/client/root Put the following line in /etc/exports to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD 1.5 or later, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/rpcbind start # /etc/rc.d/nfsd start # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart 5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named netbsd in /export/client/root your client should boot the kernel. If you are netbooting the installer, use binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz (this has the installation tools in a RAM disk). Also, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory. # cp *tgz /export/client/root # gunzip netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz # mv netbsd.GENERIC_MD /export/client/root/netbsd If you are running your macppc diskless, simply use binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz. 6. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/network/netboot/nfs.html - Extracting distribution sets # cd /export/client/root # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/base.tgz # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/etc.tgz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. - Set up swap # mkdir /export/client/root/swap # dd if=/dev/zero of=/export/client/swap bs=4k count=4k # echo '/export/client/swap -maproot=root:wheel client.test.net' cat >> # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. - Create device nodes # cd /export/client/root/dev # ./MAKEDEV all This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. - Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in /export/client/root/etc/fstab with the fol- lowing lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 - Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit /export/client/root/etc/rc.conf rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. - Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit /export/client/root/etc/hosts ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your /etc/rc.conf: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the tftpd line in /etc/inetd.conf remains uncommented. Skip forward to Installing the NetBSD System o Booting the floppy image off a SCSI or IDE drive (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) If the boot floppy image is compressed, then you will need to uncom- press it first. Find a spare bootable drive (i.e. SCSI or IDE), and use some tool to write the floppy disk image installation/floppy/boot.fs to your spare drive, and boot from that drive. For example, you could use a Zip drive, a Jaz drive, a Compact Flash drive, or even a spare hard drive. The floppy image has a `partition zero' bootloader which ul- timately loads the installation kernel from the FFS file system from the disk image. - From a UNIX machine # dd if=boot.fs of=/dev/rsd0c where /dev/rsd0c is the `whole disk' partition for the drive you will be using. Be certain you have typed this correctly, as it will erase the disk. - From a Windows machine Get rawrite32.exe from http://www.duskware.com/rawrite32/ Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. - From a MacOS machine Get suntar from http://hyperarchive.lcs.mit.edu/HyperArchive/Archive/cmp/suntar-222.hqx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `File' menu and pick `Open Device ...' 3. Click on the ``scan SCSI'' button to get a list of which drives are attached. 4. Pick the correct drive. Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. 5. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 6. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 7. Select boot.fs and click ``Open'' 8. Open the `File' menu and pick `Close Device' Installing the NetBSD System Open Firmware boot syntax The syntax of the Open Firmware boot command is: boot boot-device [boot-file] [-as] where the boot-device describes where to find the bootloader, boot-file describes where to find the NetBSD kernel, and the options specify how you want to boot. You use the boot-device to tell Open Firmware where to find ofwboot(7) by listing the device, the partition (if it's a disk), and the filename of the bootloader (if using ofwboot.xcf ). If the boot-file is on the same device and (if it's a disk) partition as the boot-device then you can just specify the kernel filename. Other- wise, you need to specify the full Open Firmware path to the kernel. The -a flag will ask you for the location of the next item to load (i.e. the bootloader will ask where the kernel is (if unspecified), or the ker- nel will ask where the root file system is). The -s flag will boot into `single-user' mode. The exact command you will be using depends on which version of Open Firmware your machine has and which device you will be booting from. Sometimes you may have to guess as we don't know all of the combinations of models, device names, and file names. In general the format is: device:[partition][,\filename]. Keep in mind for the future that you may be able to have your boot-device and boot-file on entirely different de- vices (such as the bootloader netbooted from enet and the kernel loaded from a hard drive on the ultra0 ATA/IDE bus). We'll try to walk you through the process of figuring out what Open Firmware calls your device, partition, and file names. To start with, Open Firmware keeps a ``device tree'' with all of the devices it finds in your system. You can get a listing of the nodes in this device tree with the dev and ls commands. dev is similar to the unix cd command and is used to change between the nodes in the Open Firmware device tree (simi- lar to a file system). ls of course is similar to the unix ls command and is used to list the contents of the current device node. To get a listing of all the devices available in your system, use the following commands: 0 > dev / 0 > ls Open Firmware has device aliases which are simple names for the full hardware path to a device (similar to alias in csh(1)). You can find out what device aliases Apple created on your machine with the devalias com- mand. For example, here are the devaliases on a PowerMacintosh 7300: 0 > devalias vci0 /chaos@F0000000 pci1 /bandit@F2000000 pci2 /bandit@F4000000 fd /bandit/gc/swim3 kbd /bandit/gc/via-cuda/adb/keyboard ttya /bandit/gc/escc/ch-a ttyb /bandit/gc/escc/ch-b enet /bandit/gc/mace scsi /bandit/gc/53c94 scsi-int /bandit/gc/mesh ok On most systems, you'll find the devices you're looking for. Typical aliases are: Dl hd internal hard drive Dl cd CD-ROM drive Dl zip internal Zip drive Dl enet ethernet Dl fd floppy drive Dl scsi SCSI bus Dl scsi-int internal SCSI bus (on systems with multiple SCSI busses) Dl scsi-ext external SCSI bus (on systems with multiple SCSI busses) Dl ata ATA/IDE bus Dl ideN ATA/IDE bus number N Dl ultraN Ultra/66 or Ultra/100 IDE bus number N Note that some of these items are the device itself, and some are a bus. When you only have the devalias to a bus, you need to specify which de- vice on that bus you want to use. You can use the Open Firmware dev and ls commands. For example, here are the devices on the internal SCSI bus of a PowerMacintosh 7300: 0 > dev scsi-int 0 > ls FF83C850: /sd@0,0 FF83D480: /st@0,0 ok In this case, Open Firmware seems to be saying there are two devices, both at address zero (one is a SCSI disk `sd@0,0' and the other is a SCSI tape `st@0,0 ).' Unfortunately, older systems will only list the naming convention and not the actual devices currently connected, but that's OK -- we've got more tricks up our sleeve. If you've got ATA/IDE drives, you have all the device information you need (since Apple only ever ships drives as ``master'' which is typically something like ata-disk@0, ATA-Disk@0, atapi-disk, or ata-disk@000ata- disk@011ata-disk@02 You can find out the devices on your SCSI bus with the show-children com- mand: 0 > dev scsi-int 0 > show-children Target 0 Unit 0 Disk IBM DCAS-32160 S65A Target 3 Unit 0 Removable Read Only device SONY CD-ROM CDU-8005 1.0j ok Open Firmware calls SCSI IDs ``Target''. The ``Unit'' number is the Log- ical Unit Number (LUN). This is almost always zero. Thus, this PowerMa- cintosh system has an IBM hard drive (DCAS-32160) at SCSI ID 0, and a Sony CD-ROM drive (CDU-8005) at SCSI ID 3. Now, we've got enough information to construct the device name for Open Firmware. Just stick everything together to describe to Open Firmware what you want. For example, Open Firmware calls the CD-ROM drive in this system scsi-int/sd@3. To determine if a device is bootable, type: 0 > dev scsi-int/sd@3 0 > words load write read seek close open write-blocks read-blocks max-transfer block-size dma-sync dma-map-out dma-map-in dma-free dma-alloc ok If the word ``open'' is present in the list, then the device is almost certainly bootable. Next, you need to figure out what partition Open Firmware thinks your bootloader is located on if you're going to boot from a disk. If you're using a ``partition zero'' bootloader, the answer is obvious: 0. Thus, your boot-device for the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image on an Open Firmware 1.0.5 system would be scsi-int/sd@3:0 since the image has a `partition zero' bootloader. Other situations get a little trickier, as we know of no way to get a partition map from within Open Firmware, and it uses a different number- ing scheme than either NetBSD or MacOS 9.x and earlier. See the FAQ for an explanation: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#partitions Typically, MS-DOS and ISO9660 formatted disks have their file systems at partition 1. Typically, Drive Setup formatted disks have their file sys- tems starting at partition number 9. Often, if you omit the partition number, Open Firmware looks in the first partition it understands holding a valid file system. Open Firmware uses a comma (,) to separate the partition number from the filename. It uses a backslash (the \ character) to separate directories. The bootloader uses forward slashes (the / character) to separate direc- tories when specifying the boot-file. Thus, to specify the top of the file system on a CD-ROM in the example PowerMacintosh 7300 system, you'd use: scsi-int/sd@3:,\ Now, to confirm that you and Open Firmware are looking at the same files, you can get a directory listing of the file system on your device with the dir command. This command is only useful with file systems that Open Firmware understands and is able to boot from. On Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, and 2.0.x systems, you can use dir on ISO9660 (not hybrid) and MS-DOS file systems. On Open Firmware 2.4, you can use it on HFS, HFS+, hybrid, ISO9960, and MS-DOS file systems. On Open Firmware 3, you can use it on HFS, HFS+, hybrid (not pure ISO9660), and MS-DOS file systems. 0 > dir fd:,\ FINDER .DAT 022 2 2B8 DESKTOP . 022 0 0 RESOURCE.FRK 012 3 0 NETBSD~1.GZ 020 5 1FDFCA TRASH . 010 B00 0 OFWBOOT .XCF 020 A75 D8F4 ok You can see that this MacOS formatted floppy has a bunch of stuff, as well as the two important files: NETBSD~1.GZ and OFWBOOT.XCF. Note that MacOS shortened netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz to NETBSD~1.GZ since MS-DOS file systems can only natively hold 8 characters for the filename. Keep in mind that Open Firmware is often case-sensitive when it comes to file- names. If the dir command showed you the files you're looking for, then you've figure out how to tell Open Firmware to look for your bootloader! In this case, your boot-device is fd:,\OFWBOOT.XCF and your boot-file is fd:,/NETBSD~1.GZ. For additional help, see ofwboot(7) and the FAQ on topics like how to use the Open Firmware command environment and how to boot from a device at- tached to a PCI card which has Open Firmware support: http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#ofw-use http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#boot-pci Examples of Open Firmware boot commands Here are some examples of the commands you might use to boot your system: o Booting off an MS-DOS floppy (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) Note: This is not a normal MacOS boot floppy -- you must enter Open Firmware and type a boot command. Use the Open Firmware dir command to get a listing of the files on the floppy. Typically you'll find filenames like OFWBOOT.XCF and NETBSD~1.GZ. 0 > boot fd:,\OFWBOOT.XCF NETBSD~1.GZ You can eject a floppy by typing: 0 > eject fd o Booting off the NetBSD install floppy (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) The floppy disk has a `partition zero' bootloader. Note: This is not a normal MacOS boot floppy -- you must enter Open Firmware and type a boot command. All you need to do is: 0 > boot fd:0 You can eject a floppy by typing: 0 > eject fd o Boot over the ethernet (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) You can try the simple form (i.e. that you are booting from ether- net): 0 > boot enet:,ofwboot.xcf Or you may be more specific, specifying the bootloader filename and the kernel name: 0 > boot enet:,ofwboot.xcf enet:,/netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz Note: Some Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines have their MAC address stored incorrectly. Make sure that your netboot server is us- ing the same MAC address that your macppc client is using. See the section on Setting up pre-Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD to figure out your MAC address. Note: Some Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines, using ofwboot.xcf version 1.2 cannot load compressed kernels. Uncompress them first. o Boot over the ethernet (Open Firmware 3) You can try the simple form (i.e. that you are booting from ether- net): 0 > boot enet:0 Or you may be more specific, specifying the bootloader filename and the kernel name: 0 > boot enet:0,ofwboot.xcf enet:0,/netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz o Booting off the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from CD-ROM (Ap- ple usually sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 3): 0 > boot scsi-int/sd@3:0 NETBSD.MACPPC 0 > boot scsi/sd@3:0 NETBSD.MACPPC 0 > boot scsi-ext/sd@3:0 NETBSD.MACPPC 0 > boot ata/atapi-disk:0 NETBSD.MACPPC 0 > boot ide1/disk@0:0 NETBSD.MACPPC 0 > boot cd:0 NETBSD.MACPPC o Booting off the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R (Open Firmware 3) 0 > boot cd:,\ofwboot.xcf netbsd.macppc o Booting off a home-made CD-ROM ISO9660 or Hybrid (All Open Firmware versions) Open Firmware doesn't understand long filenames (created with the RockRidge and Joliet extensions), so you may need to figure out what your file is called. You should use the Open Firmware dir command to get a listing of the files on your CD. For instance, Toast for MacOS creates CDs with long filenames, but uses MS-DOS style short names as well. Instead of referencing netbsd-GENERIC you would need to open NETBSD-G.ENE The mkisofs and mkhybrid programs have a similar problem. For them, netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz becomes NETBSD_GENERIC_MD.GZ. Another thing to note is that you must use the same case when speci- fying the filename to load that Open Firmware uses. Also, keep in mind what format your CD-R has to be for your version of Open Firmware (pure ISO versus hybrid ISO/HFS). We'll assume that you've wisely renamed your kernel to netbsd.gz to avoid many of these name issues. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from CD-ROM (Apple usually sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 3): 0 > boot scsi-int/sd@3:,\OFWBOOT.XCF NETBSD.GZ 0 > boot scsi/sd@3:,\OFWBOOT.XCF NETBSD.GZ 0 > boot scsi-ext/sd@3:,\OFWBOOT.XCF NETBSD.GZ 0 > boot ata/atapi-disk:,\OFWBOOT.XCF NETBSD.GZ 0 > boot ide1/disk@0:,\OFWBOOT.XCF NETBSD.GZ 0 > boot cd:,\ofwboot.xcf netbsd.gz o Booting off an IDE or SCSI drive with a `partition zero bootloader' (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) You do not specify a file to load, since the `partition zero' booloader knows what to do. You would boot such a system if you have dumped the boot floppy image to your drive, or if you have an al- ready-installed NetBSD/macppc system Remember, that SCSI Zip disks are usually ID 5 or 6. Internal hard drives are usually SCSI ID 0. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from such a drive: 0 > boot scsi-int/sd@0:0 0 > boot scsi/sd@0:0 0 > boot scsi-ext/sd@0:0 0 > boot ata/ata-disk@0:0 0 > boot ata/ATA-Disk@0:0 0 > boot ide0/disk@0:0 0 > boot zip:0 o Booting off an IDE or SCSI drive with an HFS or HFS+ partition (Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) MacOS drives have several system-level partitions reserved for MacOS drivers. You may find that your first HFS or HFS+ partition might be as high as partition 9. You may need to keep trying higher partition numbers until you find the one that has your bootloader. If you're running MacOS X you can run the following command to print out the partition table on your drive: % sudo pdisk /dev/disk0 -dump If you are confused by the various partition numbering schemes, see the explanation in the FAQ http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#partitions You should use the Open Firmware dir command to get a directory list- ing of the files on your hard drive. If bootloader is on a different partition from the NetBSD kernel, you will need to specify where to find the kernel. Remember, that SCSI Zip disks are usually ID 5 or 6. Internal hard drives are usually SCSI ID 0. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot the installer kernel located on an HFS or HFS+ partition: 0 > boot scsi/sd@0:9,\ofwboot.xcf netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz 0 > boot ide0/disk@0:10,\ofwboot.xcf netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz 0 > boot hd:9,\ofwboot.xcf netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz 0 > boot ultra1:9,ofwboot.xcf netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz Example of a normal boot Of course, a lot of the information in this example depends on your model and what your boot method is, but we'll include this anyways just so you get an idea of what to expect (user-typed commands are in bold ). Apple PowerBook3,1 2.1f1 BootROM built on 01/29/00 at 22:38:07 Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved Welcome to Open Firmware. To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return. To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return. ok 0 > boot enet:,ofwboot.xcf netbsd.GENERIC_MD.gz loading XCOFF tsize=C280 dsize=14AC bsize=2620 entry=600000 SECTIONS: .text 00600000 00600000 0000C280 000000E0 .data 0060D000 0060D000 000014AC 0000C360 .bss 0060E4B0 0060E4B0 00002620 00000000 loading .text, done.. loading .data, done.. clearing .bss, done.. >> NetBSD/macppc OpenFirmware Boot, Revision 1.3 >> (tsubai@mint.iri.co.jp, Sun Nov 26 01:41:27 JST 2000) 1701508+177748 [100+68176+55886]=0x1e9468 start=0x100000 Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5.1 (INSTALL) #0: Thu Mar 15 00:52:56 PST 2001 mw@al:/usr/src/sys/arch/macppc/compile/INSTALL total memory = 192 MB avail memory = 172 MB using 2483 buffers containing 9932 KB of memory [...] erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T Terminal type? [vt100] Erase is backspace. (I)nstall, (S)hell or (H)alt ? Common Problems and Error Messages This is a brief list of some of the Open Firmware problems you may run into. See the NetBSD/macppc FAQ for a thorough list. http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#boot-trouble Note: You may find it necessary to remove all non-Apple devices from your machine. Some users have found this necessary. o Black screen If your system is a PowerBook, NetBSD may have turned down the brightness of the backlight. Use the buttons to turn your brightness back up. Otherwise, you need a serial console. See the section entitled Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Older Models o Grey screen with flashing question mark This means that your system is trying to boot MacOS. You might get to this state if you didn't properly enter Open Firmware, or if your Open Firmware boot command is misformed. If you typed a bad boot command, Open Firmware tries to boot from the value stored in the boot-device variable, whose default value is the MacOS ROM. The grey screen with the icon is generated by the MacOS ROM. A flashing question-mark or broken folder means that your machine is looking for a bootable MacOS file system, but can't find one. A hap- py face means it's trying to boot MacOS. The boot floppy does not have a bootable MacOS file system, it has a bootable NetBSD file system. Reboot, re-enter Open Firmware and check your syntax carefully. Note: Don't forget to check your Open Firmware environment vari- ables, as they may have been changed by your brief excursion into MacOS . o Information on your screen seems garbled or out of sync If you have a PowerMacintosh 7300 through 8600, then you need to read the section on System Disk and the patches it applies. See the sec- tion entitled Getting to the Open Firmware Prompt on Older Models If you have a Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, Open Firmware does not work with the internal display, you will need to set up a serial con- sole. o ``DEFAULT CATCH!'' This is a general message from Open Firmware to the effect that it had trouble loading a file. If your machine is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 2.0.x, or 2.4, this error does sometimes appear randomly. You might try the boot command a second time (this is known to work on some models). It's also an indication that either your floppy disk is bad, or the floppy drive is bad. Try doing a low-level format on the floppy, re-copy the files, and try again. There are several models that cannot be booted while using the on- board video and keyboard. Try using a serial console. o ``CLAIM failed'' This is a general message from Open Firmware to the effect that it failed to allocate some memory or memory is messed up. First, make sure you have the Open Firmware variable load-base set correctly. If your system is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, or 2.4, see the section above on Setting up pre-Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD Do not change load-base on an Open Firmware 3 system. If you tried one boot command and it failed, then you tried a second and got the CLAIM failed message, then this is an indication that you should reboot between attempts. Use the Open Firmware reset-all com- mand. Contradictorily, if your machine is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 2.0.x or 2.4, this error does sometimes appear randomly. You might try the boot command a second time (this is known to work on some models). There are several models that cannot be booted while using the on- board video and keyboard. Try using a serial console. o ``can't OPEN'' Open Firmware either can't open the device you specified (because it is not present or the device path is mistyped) or the file you speci- fied. Check your typing and check to make sure that the media has the files you think it has. Use the Open Firmware dir command to verify that the file(s) you tried accessing are really there. o ``unrecognized Client Program formatstate not valid'' This is a general Open Firmware error message indicating that the filename you tried to open either doesn't exist or is in the wrong format. For Open Firmware 1 and 2 machines, it must be an XCOFF file (such as ofwboot.xcf) and for Open Firmware 3 machines, it must be either XCOFF or ELF (such as a kernel). Make sure that you have use binary mode to FTP the files, and that they are properly uncom- pressed. o ``bad partition number, using 0no bootable HFS partition'' If you're trying to boot an Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, or 2.0.x system, this probably means that your media (i.e. hard drive or CD- ROM) has an HFS file system on it (such as a hybrid CD-R or a hard drive with MacOS partitions). o ``TFTP timeout'' Either the server's TFTP server isn't running, or you're using a mod- el with Open Firmware 1.0.5 and not specifying the location of the bootloader. Unfortunately, on the early models, ofwboot.xcf gets confused and doesn't work right unless you load it explicitly from the boot-device, even if the bootp or DHCP server provides the cor- rect information. You need to boot with a command like: 0 > boot enet:,ofwboot.xcf o Bootloader hangs before the copyright notice and the kernel configu- ration You forgot to set real-base in Open Firmware or it got erased by your booting into MacOS. Make sure you have the Open Firmware variable real-base set correct- ly. If your system is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, or 2.4, see the section above on Setting up pre-Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD Do not set real-base on an Open Firmware 3 system. o Hang after configuring devices, but before doing anything else Actually, this can have many causes. The most likely is a keyboard problem. First, try plugging the USB keyboard directly into the com- puter (i.e. not through a hub) and unplugging the mouse. This is also a known problem on some PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) and iMac (Bondi Blue) machines. If you have a PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) with this problem, then you can try the following procedure: 1. Unplug the USB keyboard and plug in an ADB keyboard 2. Boot NetBSD with the ADB keyboard 3. Enter root, swap and file system responses on the ADB keyboard 4. When the system gets to the shell prompt (or login if you went multi-user), unplug the ADB and plug in the USB keyboard The USB will be usable at this point and you can use the system. You'll notice that the ADB is dead even before you unplugged it. Al- so you must boot without the USB installed or this won't work. Alternatively, much as it pains us to say this, NetBSD 1.4.3 works fine on both the iMac (Bondi Blue) and the PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) models and does not have this USB keyboard problem. Milestone If you've reached this point, then you must've gotten the NetBSD in- staller to boot. Congratulations! That was the hard part. From now through the rest of this document, there should be no more Open Firmware specific problems, so read everything because it applies to all models. Running the sysinst installation program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. You still should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guideline for the installation and as such covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu driv- en installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the in- stallation. Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the in- stallation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst pro- gram from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 3. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic in- stallation, using a CD-ROM install as an example. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD). - Some form of bootable media, described above. - A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), a harddisk and a minimum of 8 MB of memory installed. - The harddisk should have at least 200 + n megabytes of space free, where n is the number of megabytes of main memory in your system. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 60 MB more. o The Quick Installation - Boot the system as described above. You should be at the sysinst main menu. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-1.6 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose install. - You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of your disk, and the selection of distributed components to install. When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document for details. - After your disk has been prepared, choose CD-ROM as the medium. The default values for the path and device should be ok. - After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main menu and select reboot. - Once the system reaches the Open Firmware prompt, you will need to type the correct command to boot from your hard drive. NetBSD will now boot. If you haven't already done so in sysinst, you should log in as root, and set a password for that account. You are also advised to edit the file /etc/rc.conf to match your system needs. - Your installation is now complete. - For configuring the X window system, if installed, see the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc. Further information can be found on http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/x11.html 4. Booting NetBSD You may want to read the boot messages, to notice your disk's name and capacity. Its name will be something like sd0 or wd0 and the geometry will be printed on a line that begins with its name. As mentioned above, you may need your disk's geometry when creating NetBSD 's partitions. You will also need to know the name, to tell sysinst on which disk to install. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD 's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the sec- ond, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 5. Network configuration If you will not use network operation during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu, and select the Configure network option. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response in reply to answers relating to this. 6. Preparing a disk which will be used for Mac OS and NetBSD Skip this step if you are installing NetBSD onto a dedicated drive. Go to the Utility Menu, and select the Run /bin/sh option which will give you a shell prompt. From this shell prompt, you will do some of the steps that the normal install procedure runs automatically. Unfortunately, at the moment, our install tools aren't smart enough to deal with drives shared with Mac OS and will overwrite important information describing your partitions. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' Type the following command (replacing wd0 with the name of your des- tination hard drive): # disklabel wd0 This will print out the partition info that was generated by Drive Setup. Note that, as discussed above in the Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD section, your A/UX Root typically is the first par- tition (a) and your A/UX Swap typically is the second partition (b). You may also find that your A/UX User partition is the seventh par- tition (g). For example: # disklabel wd0 [...] # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg/sgs] a: 426613 837432 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 1622*- 2449*) b: 204800 632632 swap # (Cyl. 1226*- 1622*) c: 2134305 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 4136*) d: 426616 1216 HFS # (Cyl. 2*- 829*) e: 204800 427832 HFS # (Cyl. 829*- 1226*) f: 21 2134284 unknown # (Cyl. 4136*- 4136*) g: 870239 1264045 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 2449*- 4136*) disklabel: boot block size 0 disklabel: super block size 0 Now, you need to create file systems on the partitions that NetBSD will be using. Do not modify any partitions labeled HFS or unknown. The partitions you will be using have their fstype listed as 4.2BSD. Run the newfs command on the 4.2BSD partitions: # newfs /dev/wd0a newfs: /dev/sd1a: not a character-special device Warning: 120 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated /dev/sd1a: 426612 sectors in 827 cylinders of 4 tracks, 129 sectors 208.3MB in 52 cyl groups (16 c/g, 4.03MB/g, 1024 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at: 32, 8432, 16832, 25232, 33056, 41456, 49856, 58256, 66080, 74480, 82880, 91280, 99104, 107504, 115904, 124304, 132128, 140528, 148928, 157328, 165152, 173552, 181952, 190352, 198176, 206576, 214976, 223376, 231200, 239600, 248000, 256400, 264224, 272624, 281024, 289424, 297248, 305648, 314048, 322448, 330272, 338672, 347072, 355472, 363296, 371696, 380096, 388496, 396320, 404720, 413120, 421520, newfs: ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument newfs: /dev/sd1a: can't rewrite disk label You can ignore the `not a character-special device', `sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated', `ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument', and `can't rewrite disk label' warnings. Now you need to mount your destination root partition: # mount /dev/wd0a /mnt Make an fstab file for your new system (right now, you only really need to include /, /usr, and swap), for example: # mkdir /mnt/etc # cat > /mnt/etc/fstab /dev/wd0a / ffs rw 1 1 /dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/wd0g /usr ffs rw 1 2 If you mess up while typing, you can press CONTROL-U to erase every- thing on the current line, or CONTROL-C to cancel the file creation, so you can start over. Great, now create the mountpoints for the file systems you listed in the fstab: # mkdir /mnt/usr Clean up and return to sysinst: # cd /;umount /mnt # exit 7. Installation drive selection and parameters To start the installation onto a dedicated NetBSD drive, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu. To start the in- stallation onto a drive which will also be used with Mac OS, select Re-install sets or install additional sets from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. Depending on how many disks are found, you may get a different message. You should see disk names like wd0, wd1, sd0 or sd1. If sysinst reports I can not find any hard disk for use by NetBSD or the drive you wish to install onto is missing, then you should look at the FAQ entry http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/faq.html#nodisk 8. Partitioning the disk You can skip a few steps, down to `Getting the distribution sets', if you are installing onto a drive that will be used with Mac OS (i.e. you selected Re-install sets or install additional sets from the main menu). 9. Editing the NetBSD disklabel The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. In actuality, NetBSD/macppc uses an Apple Partition Map. The installer creates something like a real Apple Partition Map, but it is not compatible with Mac OS, which is one of the reasons why you cannot use this installer to partition a disk that can be used with Mac OS. There are 4 layouts for the NetBSD part of the disk that you can pick from: Standard, Standard with X, Custom and Use Existing. The first two use a set of default values (that you can change) suitable for a normal installation, possibly including X. With the Custom option you can specify everything yourself. The last option uses the partition info already present on the disk. You will be presented with the current layout of the NetBSD diskla- bel, and given a chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap partition has a special type called swap. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (/) b Swap partition. c The NetBSD portion of the disk. d-p Available for other use. Traditionally, g is the par- tition mounted on /usr, but this is historical prac- tice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response is ``mydisk''. For most purposes this will be OK. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a sin- gle word and contains no special characters. You don't need to re- member this name. 10. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, enter yes at the prompt. The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys- tems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installa- tion program after pressing the return key. Note: The bootstrapping code installed in this step will not boot a machine with Open Firmware 3. You will still need to have ofwboot.xcf on an HFS or HFS+ partition. 11. Getting the distribution sets The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets, that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. A few sets must be installed for a working system, others are optional. At this point of the installa- tion, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 12. Installation using ftp To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of the install procedure. sysinst will do this for you, asking you to provide some data, like IP address, hostname, etc. If you do not have name ser- vice set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. sysinst will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 13. Installation using NFS To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of the install procedure. sysinst will do this for you, asking you to provide some data, like IP address, hostname, etc. If you do not have name ser- vice set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e. correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 14. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the de- vice name for your CD-ROM player (usually cd0), and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets. 15. Installation from an unmounted file system In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec- ify the device that the file system resides on (for example sd1e) the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. Remember, NetBSD/macppc doesn't grok HFS or HFS+ partitions 16. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys- tem that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 17. Extracting the distribution sets After the install sets containing the NetBSD distribution have been made available, you can either extract all the sets (a full instal- lation), or only extract sets that you have selected. In the latter case, you will be shown the currently selected sets, and given the opportunity to select the sets you want. Some sets always need to be installed (kern, base) and etc they will not be shown in this se- lection menu. Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being ex- tracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably, especially on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles. If you are installing using the Re-install sets or install additional sets option, then you will need to create the device nodes in /dev, otherwise, all the necessary device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. The next menu will allow you to select the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC. Finally you will be asked to select a password encryption algorithm and can than set a password for the "root" account, to prevent the machine coming up without access restrictions. 18. Making the device nodes If you are installing using the Re-install sets or install additional sets option, then you will need to create the device nodes in /dev now. Otherwise, skip this step. Go to the main installation menu, and select Utility menu and then select the Run /bin/sh option, which will give you a shell prompt. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' Type the following command (replacing wd0a with the partition name of your destination root partition): Now you need to mount your des- tination root partition: # mount /dev/wd0a /mnt # cd /mnt/dev # sh MAKEDEV all # cd /;umount /mnt # exit 19. Finalizing your installation Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 1.6.1. Now, you can reboot to get to the Open Firmware prompt. Once there, you can set Open Firmware to always boot into NetBSD from the media of your choice. First, make sure you know what command you need to boot (see above). If you are using a `partition zero' style boot scheme, you would type something like the following: 0 > setenv auto-boot? true 0 > setenv boot-device scsi/sd@0:0 0 > setenv boot-file netbsd 0 > reset-all The last command resets the system so that these settings are stored. Replace scsi/sd@0:0 with the actual device you will be booting from. If you find that your system tries booting before your hard drive has spun up, you may need to also enter something like: 0 > setenv boot-command begin ['] boot catch If you are not using a `partition zero' style boot scheme, then you can still plug in all the information you need: 0 > setenv auto-boot? true 0 > setenv boot-device ide0/disk@0:8,\ofwboot.xcf 0 > setenv boot-file ide0/disk@0:13,/netbsd 0 > reset-all Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you in- to single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt100 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use ed, you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to ex or vi. Do the following: # mount /usr # export TERM=vt100 If you have /var on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single- user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked en- vironment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, where your on-board interfaces may be one of mc0, bm0, de0 or gm0. For example: ifconfig_mc0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_mc0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up in- clude /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. If you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should cre- ate an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...]. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system; do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See useradd(8) for more information on how to add a new user to the system. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X Window System, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information. Also, you may want to read through the NetBSD/macppc X11R6 FAQ. http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/macppc/x11.html Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies in- stallation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries. o More information on the package system is at http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages, usually in the 1.6.1/macppc/All subdir. You can install them with the following commands: # PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/1.6.1/macppc/All # export PKG_PATH # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v perl ... The above commands will install the tcsh shell, the Apache web server and the perl programming language as well as all the packages they depend on. o Package sources for compiling packages on your own can be ob- tained by retrieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD- current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other lo- cations work fine), with the commands: # mkdir /usr/pkgsrc # ( cd /usr/pkgsrc ; tar -zxpf - ) < pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, then see the README file in the extraction di- rectory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more information. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o The /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more infor- mation. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manu- al; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The upgrade to NetBSD 1.6.1 is a binary upgrade; it can be quite diffi- cult to update the system from an earlier version by recompiling from source, primarily due to interdependencies in the various components. To do the upgrade, you must boot from the installer kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets available, so that you can upgrade with them, using one of the upgrade methods described above. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously in- stalled or to account for growth of the sets between releases. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root (/) and /usr partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the boot blocks on your NetBSD parti- tion, the kernel, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on your disk, whether on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition, before beginning the upgrade process. Since in- stallation of the bootloader will prevent Mac OS from using the disk and will prevent Open Firmware 3 machines from booting, there is an option to bypass this step. Make sure you know whether or not to install the boot- loader. The upgrade procedure using the sysinst tool is similar to an installa- tion, but without the hard disk partitioning. The original /etc directo- ry is renamed to /etc.old, and no attempt is made to merge any of the previous configuration into the new system except that the previous /etc/fstab file is copied into the new configuration. Getting the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for how to do this. Also, some sanity checks are done, i.e. file systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 1.6.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command: # sh MAKEDEV all Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.6.1. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.5 The following issues can generally be resolved by extracting the etc set into a temporary directory and running postinstall: mkdir /tmp/upgrade cd /tmp/upgrade pax -zrpe -f /path/to/etc.tgz ./etc/postinstall -s `pwd` check ./etc/postinstall -s `pwd` fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* o The following files are now obsolete: /etc/rc.d/NETWORK and /etc/rc.d/gated. o The following rc.conf(5) entries are now obsolete: amd_master, ip6forwarding, defcorename, and nfsiod_flags. critical_filesystems_beforenet has been replaced by critical_filesystems_local. critical_filesystems has been re- placed by critical_filesystems_remote. o The users and groups `named', `ntpd', and `sshd' need to be created. o The configuration files for ssh(1) and sshd(8) were moved from /etc to /etc/ssh, including ssh_known_hosts* files and the host key files ssh_host*_key*. /etc/ssh.conf was renamed to /etc/ssh/ssh_config, and /etc/sshd.conf was renamed to /etc/ssh/sshd_config. o The mux entries in wscons.conf(5) are now obsolete. The following issues need to be resolved manually: o postfix(8) configuration files require upgrading. cd /usr/share/examples/postfix cp post-install postfix-files postfix-script /etc/postfix postfix check o The de ethernet driver was replaced with the tlp driver. This may require the renaming of the files /etc/ifconfig.de* to /etc/ifconfig.tlp*, renaming of rc.conf(5) entries ifconfig_de* to ifconfig_tlp*, and the reconfiguration of files such as /etc/dhclient.conf and /etc/ipf.conf. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.4 or prior o /etc/rc modified to use /etc/rc.d/* Prior to NetBSD 1.5, /etc/rc was a traditional BSD style monolithic file; each discrete program or substem from /etc/rc and /etc/netstart has been moved into separate scripts in /etc/rc.d/. At system startup, /etc/rc uses rcorder(8) to build a dependency list of the files in /etc/rc.d and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `start'. Many rc.d scripts won't start unless the ap- propriate rc.conf(5) entry in /etc/rc.conf is set to `YES.' At system shutdown, /etc/rc.shutdown uses rcorder(8) to build a de- pendency list of the files in /etc/rc.d that have a ``KEYWORD: shutdown'' line, reverses the resulting list, and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `stop'. The following scripts support a specific shutdown method: cron, inetd, local, and xdm. Local and third-party scripts may be installed into /etc/rc.d as nec- essary. Refer to the other scripts in that directory and rc(8) for more information on implementing rc.d scripts. o named(8) leaks version information. Previous releases of NetBSD disabled a feature of named(8) where the version number of the server could be determined by remote clients. This feature has not been disabled in NetBSD 1.5, because there is a named.conf(5) option to change the version string: option { version "newstring"; }; o sysctl(8) was moved from /usr/sbin/sysctl to /sbin/sysctl. If you have hardcoded references to the full pathname (in shell scripts, for example) please be sure to update those. o sendmail(8) configuration file pathname changed. Due to sendmail(8) upgrade from 8.9.x to 8.10.x, /etc/sendmail.cf is moved to /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. Also, the default sendmail.cf(5) refers different pathnames than before. For example, /etc/aliases is now located at /etc/mail/aliases, /etc/sendmail.cw is now called /etc/mail/local-host-names, and so forth. If you have customized sendmail.cf(5) and friends, you will need to move the files to the new locations. See /usr/share/sendmail/README for more information. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropros(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is op- tional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@netbsd.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd- comments@netbsd.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@netbsd.org. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.netbsd.org/MailingLists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed be- low). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@netbsd.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. o UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. o Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, SUP, and WWW servers. o Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD mail and GNATS server. o The Helsinki University of Technology in Finland for hosting the NetBSD CVS server. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The many organisations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. o The following individuals and organizations (each in alphabetical or- der) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to sup- port NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Steve Allen Jason Birnschein Mason Loring Bliss Jason Brazile Mark Brinicombe David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Scott Ellis Hubert Feyrer Castor Fu Greg Gingerich William Gnadt Michael Graff Guenther Grau Ross Harvey Charles M. Hannum Michael L. Hitch Kenneth Alan Hornstein Jordan K. Hubbard Soren Jorvang Scott Kaplan Noah M. Keiserman Harald Koerfgen John Kohl Chris Legrow Ted Lemon Norman R. McBride Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger Luke Mewburn Toru Nishimura Herb Peyerl Mike Price Dave Rand Michael Richardson Heiko W. Rupp Brad Salai Chuck Silvers Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Eric and Rosemary Spahr Ted Spradley Kimmo Suominen Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow Krister Walfridsson Rob Windsor Jim Wise Reinoud Zandijk Christos Zoulas AboveNet Communications, Inc. Advanced System Products, Inc. Avalon Computer Systems Bay Area Internet Solutions Brains Corporation, Japan Canada Connect Corporation Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology Demon Internet, UK Digital Equipment Corporation Distributed Processing Technology Easynet, UK Free Hardware Foundation Innovation Development Enterprises of America Internet Software Consortium MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Piermont Information Systems Inc. Precedence Technologies Ltd Salient Systems Inc. VMC Harald Frank, Germany Warped Communications, Inc. Whitecross Database Systems Ltd. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org Luke Mewburn lukem@netbsd.org Christos Zoulas christos@netbsd.org The portmasters (and their ports): Simon Burge simonb@netbsd.org pmax Simon Burge simonb@netbsd.org sbmips Jeremy Cooper jeremy@netbsd.org sun3x Matt Fredette fredette@netbsd.org sun2 Chris Gilbert chris@netbsd.org cats Ross Harvey ross@netbsd.org alpha Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org sh3 Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org acorn26 Eduardo Horvath eeh@netbsd.org sparc64 Darrin Jewell dbj@netbsd.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org cobalt Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org mipsco Paul Kranenburg pk@netbsd.org sparc Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org i386 Anders Magnusson ragge@netbsd.org vax Phil Nelson phil@netbsd.org pc532 NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@netbsd.org x68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura@netbsd.org luna68k NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org prep Scott Reynolds scottr@netbsd.org mac68k Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@netbsd.org bebox Noriyuki Soda soda@netbsd.org arc Wolfgang Solfrank ws@netbsd.org ofppc Ignatios Souvatzis is@netbsd.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@netbsd.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@netbsd.org hpcmips Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org alpha Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org hp300 Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org macppc Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org newsmips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@netbsd.org news68k Leo Weppelman leo@netbsd.org atari Nathan Williams nathanw@netbsd.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@netbsd.org mvme68k Steve Woodford scw@netbsd.org mvmeppc Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@netbsd.org acorn32 The NetBSD 1.6.1 Release Engineering team: Erik Berls cyber@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org Luke Mewburn lukem@netbsd.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org NetBSD Developers: Nathan Ahlstrom nra@netbsd.org Steve Allen wormey@netbsd.org Julian Assange proff@netbsd.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@netbsd.org Christoph Badura bad@netbsd.org Bang Jun-Young junyoung@netbsd.org Dieter Baron dillo@netbsd.org Robert V. Baron rvb@netbsd.org Jason Beegan jtb@netbsd.org Erik Berls cyber@netbsd.org Hiroyuki Bessho bsh@netbsd.org John Birrell jb@netbsd.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@netbsd.org Rafal Boni rafal@netbsd.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@netbsd.org John Brezak brezak@netbsd.org Allen Briggs briggs@netbsd.org Mark Brinicombe mark@netbsd.org Aaron Brown abrown@netbsd.org Andrew Brown atatat@netbsd.org David Brownlee abs@netbsd.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@netbsd.org Jon Buller jonb@netbsd.org Simon Burge simonb@netbsd.org Robert Byrnes byrnes@netbsd.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@netbsd.org Dave Carrel carrel@netbsd.org James Chacon jmc@netbsd.org Bill Coldwell billc@netbsd.org Julian Coleman jdc@netbsd.org Jeremy Cooper jeremy@netbsd.org Chuck Cranor chuck@netbsd.org Alistair Crooks agc@netbsd.org Aidan Cully aidan@netbsd.org Johan Danielsson joda@netbsd.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@netbsd.org Rob Deker deker@netbsd.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Tracy Di Marco White gendalia@netbsd.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@netbsd.org Andy Doran ad@netbsd.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@netbsd.org Emmanuel Dreyfus manu@netbsd.org Matthias Drochner drochner@netbsd.org Jun Ebihara jun@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Stoned Elipot seb@netbsd.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@netbsd.org Bernd Ernesti veego@netbsd.org Erik Fair fair@netbsd.org Gavan Fantom gavan@netbsd.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@netbsd.org Jason R. Fink jrf@netbsd.org Matt Fredette fredette@netbsd.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@netbsd.org Castor Fu castor@netbsd.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@netbsd.org Thomas Gerner thomas@netbsd.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@netbsd.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@netbsd.org Chris Gilbert chris@netbsd.org Adam Glass glass@netbsd.org Michael Graff explorer@netbsd.org Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@netbsd.org Matthew Green mrg@netbsd.org Andreas Gustafsson gson@netbsd.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@netbsd.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@netbsd.org Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org Ross Harvey ross@netbsd.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@netbsd.org Rene Hexel rh@netbsd.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@netbsd.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@netbsd.org Ken Hornstein kenh@netbsd.org Marc Horowitz marc@netbsd.org Eduardo Horvath eeh@netbsd.org Nick Hudson skrll@netbsd.org Shell Hung shell@netbsd.org Martin Husemann martin@netbsd.org Dean Huxley dean@netbsd.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@netbsd.org Tetsuya Isaki isaki@netbsd.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@netbsd.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@netbsd.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@netbsd.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@netbsd.org Darrin Jewell dbj@netbsd.org Chris Jones cjones@netbsd.org Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org Takahiro Kambe taca@netbsd.org Antti Kantee pooka@netbsd.org Masanori Kanaoka kanaoka@netbsd.org Mattias Karlsson keihan@netbsd.org KAWAMOTO Yosihisa kawamoto@netbsd.org Mario Kemper magick@netbsd.org Thomas Klausner wiz@netbsd.org Klaus Klein kleink@netbsd.org Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org John Kohl jtk@netbsd.org Paul Kranenburg pk@netbsd.org Martti Kuparinen martti@netbsd.org Kevin Lahey kml@netbsd.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@netbsd.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org Joel Lindholm joel@netbsd.org Mike Long mikel@netbsd.org Warner Losh imp@netbsd.org Tomasz Luchowski zuntum@netbsd.org Federico Lupi federico@netbsd.org Brett Lymn blymn@netbsd.org Paul Mackerras paulus@netbsd.org Anders Magnusson ragge@netbsd.org MAEKAWA Masahide gehenna@netbsd.org David Maxwell david@netbsd.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@netbsd.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@netbsd.org Jared D. McNeill jmcneill@netbsd.org Neil J. McRae neil@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org Minoura Makoto minoura@netbsd.org Luke Mewburn lukem@netbsd.org der Mouse mouse@netbsd.org Joseph Myers jsm@netbsd.org Ken Nakata kenn@netbsd.org Phil Nelson phil@netbsd.org Bob Nestor rnestor@netbsd.org NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@netbsd.org Tohru Nishimura nisimura@netbsd.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org Jesse Off joff@netbsd.org Tatoku Ogaito tacha@netbsd.org Masaru Oki oki@netbsd.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@netbsd.org Greg Oster oster@netbsd.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@netbsd.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@netbsd.org Chris Pinnock cjep@netbsd.org Dante Profeta dante@netbsd.org Chris Provenzano proven@netbsd.org Michael Rauch mrauch@netbsd.org Darren Reed darrenr@netbsd.org Scott Reynolds scottr@netbsd.org Michael Richardson mcr@netbsd.org Tim Rightnour garbled@netbsd.org Gordon Ross gwr@netbsd.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@netbsd.org David Sainty dsainty@netbsd.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@netbsd.org Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@netbsd.org Ty Sarna tsarna@netbsd.org SATO Kazumi sato@netbsd.org Jan Schaumann jschauma@netbsd.org Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@netbsd.org Amitai Schlair schmonz@netbsd.org Konrad Schroder perseant@netbsd.org Reed Shadgett dent@netbsd.org Tim Shepard shep@netbsd.org Takeshi Shibagaki shiba@netbsd.org Takao Shinohara shin@netbsd.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@netbsd.org Chuck Silvers chs@netbsd.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@netbsd.org Jeff Smith jeffs@netbsd.org Noriyuki Soda soda@netbsd.org Wolfgang Solfrank ws@netbsd.org SOMEYA Yoshihiko someya@netbsd.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@netbsd.org Ignatios Souvatzis is@netbsd.org Bill Squier groo@netbsd.org Jonathan Stone jonathan@netbsd.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@netbsd.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@netbsd.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@netbsd.org Kimmo Suominen kim@netbsd.org Shin Takemura takemura@netbsd.org TAMURA Kent kent@netbsd.org Shin'ichiro TAYA taya@netbsd.org Matt Thomas matt@netbsd.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org Christoph Toshok toshok@netbsd.org Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@netbsd.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@netbsd.org Masao Uebayashi uebayasi@netbsd.org Shuichiro URATA ur@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@netbsd.org Paul Vixie vixie@netbsd.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@netbsd.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@netbsd.org Leo Weppelman leo@netbsd.org Assar Westerlund assar@netbsd.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@netbsd.org Nathan Williams nathanw@netbsd.org Rob Windsor windsor@netbsd.org Dan Winship danw@netbsd.org Jim Wise jwise@netbsd.org Michael Wolfson mbw@netbsd.org Steve Woodford scw@netbsd.org Colin Wood ender@netbsd.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@netbsd.org Yuji Yamano yyamano@netbsd.org Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@netbsd.org Maria Zevenhoven maria7@netbsd.org Christos Zoulas christos@netbsd.org Other contributors: Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Han- num. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Alistair G. Crooks. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Wash- ington University. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the Uni- versity of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Wep- pelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Hauke Fath. This product includes software developed by HAYAKAWA Koichi. This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Iain Hibbert. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetB- SD Project. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetB- SD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary De- partment of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Con- sortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@min- com.oz.au). This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/). This product includes software developed by the University of Oregon. This product includes software developed by the University of Southern California and/or Information Sciences Institute. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by Reinoud Zandijk. This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Allen K. Briggs. This product includes software developed by Apple Computer, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Studenmund. This product includes software developed by Bradley A. Grantham. This product includes software developed by Carnegie-Mellon University. This product includes software developed by Chris P. Cputo. This product includes software developed by Colin Wood. This product includes software developed by David Huang. This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc. This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski. This product includes software developed by Open Software Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom, Opsycon AB and RTMX Inc, USA. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Tsubai Masanari. This product includes software developed by University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank. The End NetBSD September 7, 2002 71