October 5, 2008 INSTALL 8 NetBSD

NAME

INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/next68k.

CONTENTS

                                                              

About this Document............................................2 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Changes Between The NetBSD 4.0 release and 4.0.1 update........3 Security Advisories Fixes...................................3 Other Security Fixes........................................3 Networking..................................................4 Libraries...................................................4 Drivers.....................................................4 Miscellaneous...............................................4 Platforms specific..........................................4 Changes Between The NetBSD 3.0 and 4.0 Releases................5 Networking..................................................5 File systems................................................6 Drivers.....................................................6 Platforms...................................................8 Kernel subsystems...........................................9 Security...................................................10 Userland...................................................10 Components removed from NetBSD.............................12 The Future of NetBSD..........................................13 Sources of NetBSD.............................................13 NetBSD 4.0.1 Release Contents.................................13 NetBSD/next68k subdirectory structure......................15 Binary distribution sets...................................15 NetBSD/next68k System Requirements and Supported Devices......16 Supported hardware.........................................16 Unsupported hardware.......................................17 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................17 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................17 Get to the ROM Monitor prompt..............................17 Change the configuration parameters to netboot.............18 Installing the NetBSD System..................................18 Post installation steps.......................................22 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................25 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............25 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 2.1 and older......25 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......25 Issues with GDB 6.5...........................................26 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................27 Administrivia.................................................27 Thanks go to..................................................28 We are........................................................28 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................34 The End.......................................................40

DESCRIPTION

About this Document

This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 4.0.1 on the next68k platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt:

.ps
PostScript.

.html
Standard Internet HTML.

.more
The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally presented.

.txt
Plain old ASCII.

You are reading the HTML version.

What is NetBSD?

The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on fifty four different system architectures (ports), featuring seventeen machine architectures across fifteen distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 4.0.1 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. Please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.)

NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist.

Changes Between The NetBSD 4.0 release and 4.0.1 update

The NetBSD 4.0.1 update is the first security/critical update of the NetBSD 4.0 release branch. This represents a selected subset of fixes deemed critical in nature for stability or security reasons.

These fixes will also appear in future releases (NetBSD 4.1), together with other less-critical fixes and feature enhancements.

The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-4.0.1: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0.1/CHANGES-4.0.1 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 4.0.1 release tree.

Security Advisories Fixes

Note:
NetBSD-SA2008-007 and advisories prior to NetBSD-SA2008-004 don't affect NetBSD 4.0.
Other Security Fixes
Networking
Libraries
Drivers
Miscellaneous
Platforms specific

Changes Between The NetBSD 3.0 and 4.0 Releases

The NetBSD 4.0 release provides numerous significant functional enhancements, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems.

It is impossible to completely summarize more than a year of development that went into the NetBSD 4.0 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0/CHANGES and CHANGES-4.0: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0/CHANGES-4.0 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 4.0 release tree. Some highlights include:

Networking
File systems
Drivers
Platforms
Kernel subsystems

Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue.

Security
Userland

Besides this list, there have also been innumerable bug fixes and other miscellaneous enhancements of course.

Components removed from NetBSD

In this release of NetBSD, some software components known from previous releases were removed from the system. In some cases those were components that are not useful anymore or their utility does not justify maintenance overhead. Other components were not working properly and there was lack of interest in fixing them.

The Future of NetBSD

The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of computer software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project.

The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by:

We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD.

We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis.

We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources submit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system.

Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists.

Sources of NetBSD

Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/.

NetBSD 4.0.1 Release Contents

The root directory of the NetBSD 4.0.1 release is organized as follows:

.../NetBSD-4.0.1/

CHANGES
Changes between NetBSD 3.0 and branching 4.0.

CHANGES-4.0
Changes since NetBSD 4.0 was branched.

CHANGES-4.0.1
Changes between NetBSD 4.0 and 4.0.1.

CHANGES.prev
Changes in earlier NetBSD releases.

LAST_MINUTE
Last minute changes.

MIRRORS
A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 4.0.1 distribution.

README.files
README describing the distribution's contents.

TODO
NetBSD's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date).

patches/
Post-release source code patches.

source/
Source distribution sets; see below.

In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 4.0.1 has a binary distribution.

The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows:

gnusrc
This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets.
95 MB gzipped, 484 MB uncompressed

sharesrc
This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more.
6 MB gzipped, 25 MB uncompressed

src
This set contains all of the base NetBSD 4.0.1 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc.
45 MB gzipped, 214 MB uncompressed

syssrc
This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 4.0.1 kernel for all architectures; config(1); and dbsym(8).
33 MB gzipped, 165 MB uncompressed

xsrc
This set contains the sources to the X Window System.
95 MB gzipped, 502 MB uncompressed

All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree.

The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command:
       # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz

In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory:

BSDSUM
Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command:
cksum -o 1 file.

CKSUM
POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command:
cksum file.

MD5
MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command:
cksum -a MD5 file.

SHA512
SHA512 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command:
cksum -a SHA512 file.

SYSVSUM
Historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command:
cksum -o 2 file.

The SHA512 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the MD5 digest, and finally the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of systems can check the integrity of the release files.

NetBSD/next68k subdirectory structure
The next68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 4.0.1 release is found in the next68k subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-4.0.1/next68k/. It contains the following files and directories:

INSTALL.html
INSTALL.ps
INSTALL.txt
INSTALL.more
Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display.
binary/
kernel/
netbsd-GENERIC.gz
A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release.
sets/
next68k binary distribution sets; see below.
installation/
misc/
Miscellaneous next68k installation utilities; see installation section, below.
Binary distribution sets
The NetBSD next68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 4.0.1 release for the next68k. The binary distribution sets can be found in the next68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 4.0.1 distribution tree, and are as follows:

base
The NetBSD 4.0.1 next68k base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below.
24 MB gzipped, 68 MB uncompressed

comp
Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages.
23 MB gzipped, 83 MB uncompressed

etc
This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading.
1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed

games
This set includes the games and their manual pages.
3 MB gzipped, 8 MB uncompressed

kern-GENERIC
This set contains a NetBSD/next68k 4.0.1 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set.
2 MB gzipped, 3 MB uncompressed

man
This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets.
8 MB gzipped, 33 MB uncompressed

misc
This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share.
4 MB gzipped, 12 MB uncompressed

text
This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages.
3 MB gzipped, 11 MB uncompressed

NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. NetBSD/next68k currently does not ship with an X server or X clients. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:

xbase
The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers.
6 MB gzipped, 18 MB uncompressed

xcomp
The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code.
11 MB gzipped, 39 MB uncompressed

xfont
Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.
31 MB gzipped, 39 MB uncompressed

xetc
Configuration files for X which could be locally modified.
0.03 MB gzipped, 0.17 MB uncompressed

xserver
The X server.
4 MB gzipped, 10 MB uncompressed

The next68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz.

The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. This utility is used only in a Traditional method installation.

Note:
Each directory in the next68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does.

NetBSD/next68k System Requirements and Supported Devices

NetBSD/next68k 4.0.1 will run on the 25 MHz 68040-based NeXT workstations. The Turbo (33 MHz) models are not supported. The 68030 model is not supported. NetBSD/next68k 4.0.1 does not have any local disk support, so you must netboot and run diskless.

The minimum configuration requires 4 MB of RAM and a network server capable of netbooting NetBSD/next68k. Serial consoles are poorly supported by the hardware, see the FAQ for help. Typically it is just easier to use the NeXT monitor and keyboard. http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/next68k/faq.html

Supported hardware

Unsupported hardware

Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media

Because NetBSD/next68k must run diskless, the distribution must be installed to a remote machine that NFS exports to the NeXT machine. As a result, there is no automated install procedure. Begin by retrieving the NetBSD set files onto the serving machine. These can be found at ftp.NetBSD.org. You may want to keep the following information handy:

IP Address: ftp.NetBSD.org
Login: anonymous
Password: <your e-mail address>
Server path: /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0.1/next68k/binary/sets

Preparing your System for NetBSD installation

Get to the ROM Monitor prompt
After the system performs its power-on self test, and while it tries to boot an operating system, press the COMMAND-` keys (the backquote is above 7 on the keypad on the right of the keyboard). You should see a prompt like this:
                        NeXT ROM Monitor 2.5 (v66)
                                                                                     

CPU MC68040 25 MHz, memory 100 nS Backplane slot #0 Ethernet address: 0:0:f:0:fb:90 Memory size 40 MB NeXT>

Write down the ethernet address. You will need this later to configure the netboot server for your NetBSD/next68k system.

Change the configuration parameters to netboot
Press the p key to modify the configuration parameters. You will need to change the boot command to en()netbsd which is to boot from the en() ethernet device the kernel named netbsd. You should wite down what the original boot command was in case you wish to boot NEXTSTEP in the future. It will probably be sd(). While modifying the parameters, you may wish to set the system to use verbose test mode which will print detailed messages while it is attempting to load the kernel, as opposed to the normal graphic of a network cable. You should not set the extended diagnostics as the system will try to boot a diagnostic kernel. Here is an example configuration session:
NeXT> p
boot command: sd()? en()netbsd
DRAM tests:  yes? yes
perform power-on system test:  yes? yes
sound out tests:  yes? yes
SCSI tests:  yes? yes
loop until keypress:  no? no
verbose test mode:  no? yes
boot extended diagnostics:  no? no
serial port A is alternate console:  no? yes
allow any ROM command even if password protected:  no? no
allow boot from any device even if password protected:  no? no
allow optical drive #0 eject even if password protected:  yes? yes
enable parity checking if parity memory is present:  no? no

Now, whenever you reset or power on your system, it will attempt to netboot. From the ROM Monitor prompt, you can simply type b to netboot. You can also press the power key (above the arrows) to turn off the system.

Installing the NetBSD System

  1. Introduction

    To netboot a next68k, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your next68k (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the netboot services on a variety of platforms. http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/

    Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. The kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing init(8). All next68k systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to download the bootstrap program, boot. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server.

    We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory /export/client/root. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment.

    You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e. discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed.

  2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode

    Put the following lines in your /etc/dhcpd.conf (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information):

    ddns-update-style none;
                    # Do not use any dynamic DNS features
                    #
    allow bootp;    # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server
                    # will act as a bootp server.
                    #
    authoritative;  # master DHCP server for this subnet
                    #
    subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
                    # Which network interface to listen on.
                    # The zeros indicate the range of addresses
                    # that are allowed to connect.
    }
    group {
                    # Set of parameters common to all clients
                    # in this "group".
                    #
            option broadcast-address        192.168.1.255;
            option domain-name              "test.net";
            option domain-name-servers      dns.test.net;
            option routers                  router.test.net;
            option subnet-mask              255.255.255.0;
                    #
                    # An individual client.
                    #
            host client.test.net {
                    hardware ethernet       CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC;
                    fixed-address           192.168.1.10;
                    #
                    # Name of the host (if the fixed address
                    # doesn't resolve to a simple name).
                    #
                    option host-name        "client";
                    #
                    # Name of the bootloader or kernel
                    # to download via tftp.
    #
                    filename                "boot";
                                                                                         

    # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root";

    # #next68k machines require non-RFC1048 BOOTP # always-reply-rfc1048 false;

    # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network }

    You will need to make sure that the dhcpd.leases file exists.

    # touch /var/db/dhcpd.leases
    

    You will need to start the dhcpd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

    # /etc/rc.d/dhcpd restart
    

  3. tftpd(8)

    The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the /tftpboot directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory:

    # mkdir -p /tftpboot
    

    Next, edit /etc/inetd.conf and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon:

    tftp  dgram  udp  wait  root  /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot
    

    Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

    # /etc/rc.d/inetd restart
    

    Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your next68k machine to /tftpboot. Get boot from the installation directory of the distribution.

    # cp boot /tftpboot
    
    Just to be sure, let's make everything readable.
    # chmod -R a+rX /tftpboot
    

    Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to /var/log/messages saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address:

    # arp -s client CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC
    

  4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8)

    Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client:

    # mkdir -p /export/client/root
    

    Put the following line in /etc/exports to enable NFS sharing:

    /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net
    

    If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

    # /etc/rc.d/rpcbind start
    # /etc/rc.d/nfsd start
    # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart
    

  5. NetBSD kernel

    Now, if you place a kernel named netbsd in /export/client/root your client should boot the kernel. Use binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz.

    # gunzip netbsd-GENERIC.gz
    # mv netbsd-GENERIC /export/client/root/netbsd
    

  6. Client file system

    You need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/nfs.html

  7. Setting up the server daemons

    You need these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your /etc/rc.conf:

    dhcpd=YES        dhcpd_flags="-q"
    nfs_server=YES         # enable server daemons
    mountd=YES
    rpcbind=YES      rpcbind_flags="-l"   # -l logs libwrap
    

    Also, you'll need to make sure the tftpd line in /etc/inetd.conf remains uncommented.


Post installation steps

Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below.

  1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf

    If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message

           /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.

    and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard:
           # stty erase '^h'
           # stty erase '^?'
    At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with:
           # /sbin/mount -u -w /
    Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5).

    If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use ed, you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to ex or vi. Do the following:


           # mount /usr
           # export TERM=vt220

    If you have /var on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot.

    Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your <int> network interface, along the lines of


           ifconfig_xe0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0"

    or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:


           ifconfig_xe0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"

    To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in /etc/rc.conf.

    Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf.

  2. Logging in

    After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. If you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

    Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...].

  3. Adding accounts

    Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database.

    Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries.

  4. Installing third party packages

    If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies installation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries.

  5. Misc

Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System

NetBSD/next68k does not currently support an upgrade procedure.

Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases

Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 4.0.1.

N.B. when using sysinst for upgrading, it will automatically invoke

postinstall fix
and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default (see below) will be handled.
Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 2.1 and older releases.
See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 3.x as well.

It is very important that you populate the directory /etc/pam.d with appropriate configuration files for Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) because you will not be able to login any more otherwise. Using postinstall as described below will take care of this. Please refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-pam.html for documentation about PAM.

The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set :

postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check
postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix

Issues fixed by postinstall:

The following issues need to be resolved manually:

Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.

The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set :

postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check
postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix

Issues fixed by postinstall:

The following issues need to be resolved manually:

Issues with GDB 6.5

Some architectures (arm, i386, powerpc and sparc64) have switched to a newer gdb version (6.5) in this release. Unfortunately support for debugging programs using the SA (scheduler activation) based thread library, is incomplete in this gdb version. Furthermore kernel crashdumps can not be debugged due to a missing identification in the kernel binaries.

Both issues have been addressed on the wrstuden-fixsa branch, but did not make it into the NetBSD release. Both will be fixed in the next patch release.

Using online NetBSD documentation

Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are

The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.

The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man[ section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter


       # man passwd

to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter


       # man 5 passwd

instead.

If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter


       # apropos subject-word

where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed.

Administrivia

If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions.

There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org.

To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@NetBSD.org.

Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks.

There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below).

If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org.

As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.

Thanks go to

We are...

(in alphabetical order)


The NetBSD core group:
Alistair Crooksagc@NetBSD.org
Quentin Garniercube@NetBSD.org
Matt Thomasmatt@NetBSD.org
YAMAMOTO Takashiyamt@NetBSD.org
Christos Zoulaschristos@NetBSD.org

The portmasters (and their ports):
Erik Berlscyber@NetBSD.org cobalt
Manuel Bouyerbouyer@NetBSD.org xen
Simon Burgesimonb@NetBSD.org evbmips
Simon Burgesimonb@NetBSD.org pmax
Simon Burgesimonb@NetBSD.org sbmips
Julian Colemanjdc@NetBSD.org atari
Marcus Comstedtmarcus@NetBSD.org dreamcast
Andrew Doranad@NetBSD.org amd64
Andrew Doranad@NetBSD.org i386
Matthias Drochnerdrochner@NetBSD.org cesfic
Gavan Fantomgavan@NetBSD.org iyonix
Jaime A Fournierober@NetBSD.org zaurus
Matt Fredettefredette@NetBSD.org sun2
Ichiro FUKUHARAichiro@NetBSD.org hpcarm
Chris Gilbertchris@NetBSD.org cats
Ben Harrisbjh21@NetBSD.org acorn26
Ross Harveyross@NetBSD.org alpha
Nick Hudsonskrll@NetBSD.org hp700
Martin Husemannmartin@NetBSD.org sparc64
IWAMOTO Toshihirotoshii@NetBSD.org hpcarm
Darrin Jewelldbj@NetBSD.org next68k
Søren Jørvangsoren@NetBSD.org sgimips
Wayne Knowleswdk@NetBSD.org mipsco
Takayoshi Kochikochi@NetBSD.org ia64
Paul Kranenburgpk@NetBSD.org sparc
Michael Lorenzmacallan@NetBSD.org macppc
Anders Magnussonragge@NetBSD.org vax
Cherry G. Mathewcherry@NetBSD.org ia64
NISHIMURA Takeshinsmrtks@NetBSD.org x68k
Tohru Nishimuranisimura@NetBSD.org luna68k
Tohru Nishimuranisimura@NetBSD.org sandpoint
Andrey Petrovpetrov@NetBSD.org sparc64
Scott Reynoldsscottr@NetBSD.org mac68k
Tim Rightnourgarbled@NetBSD.org ofppc
Tim Rightnourgarbled@NetBSD.org prep
Tim Rightnourgarbled@NetBSD.org rs6000
Noriyuki Sodasoda@NetBSD.org arc
Ignatios Souvatzisis@NetBSD.org amiga
Jonathan Stonejonathan@NetBSD.org pmax
Shin Takemuratakemura@NetBSD.org hpcmips
Matt Thomasmatt@NetBSD.org alpha
Matt Thomasmatt@NetBSD.org netwinder
Jason Thorpethorpej@NetBSD.org algor
Jason Thorpethorpej@NetBSD.org evbarm
Jason Thorpethorpej@NetBSD.org shark
Izumi Tsutsuitsutsui@NetBSD.org ews4800mips
Izumi Tsutsuitsutsui@NetBSD.org hp300
Izumi Tsutsuitsutsui@NetBSD.org news68k
Valeriy E. Ushakovuwe@NetBSD.org landisk
Nathan Williamsnathanw@NetBSD.org sun3
Steve Woodfordscw@NetBSD.org evbppc
Steve Woodfordscw@NetBSD.org mvme68k
Steve Woodfordscw@NetBSD.org mvmeppc
Reinoud Zandijkreinoud@NetBSD.org acorn32

The NetBSD 4.0.1 Release Engineering team:
Grant Beattiegrant@NetBSD.org
Manuel Bouyerbouyer@NetBSD.org
David Brownleeabs@NetBSD.org
James Chaconjmc@NetBSD.org
Julian Colemanjdc@NetBSD.org
Håvard Eidneshe@NetBSD.org
Liam J. Foyliamjfoy@NetBSD.org
John Heasleyheas@NetBSD.org
Geert Hendrickxghen@NetBSD.org
Soren Jacobsensnj@NetBSD.org
Daniel de Kokdaniel@NetBSD.org
Phil Nelsonphil@NetBSD.org
Jeff Rizzoriz@NetBSD.org

NetBSD Developers:
Nathan Ahlstromnra@NetBSD.org
Steve Allenwormey@NetBSD.org
Jukka Andbergjandberg@NetBSD.org
Julian Assangeproff@NetBSD.org
Lennart Augustssonaugustss@NetBSD.org
Christoph Badurabad@NetBSD.org
Bang Jun-Youngjunyoung@NetBSD.org
Dieter Barondillo@NetBSD.org
Robert V. Baronrvb@NetBSD.org
Alan Barrettapb@NetBSD.org
Grant Beattiegrant@NetBSD.org
Jason Beeganjtb@NetBSD.org
Erik Berlscyber@NetBSD.org
Hiroyuki Besshobsh@NetBSD.org
John Birrelljb@NetBSD.org
Mason Loring Blissmason@NetBSD.org
Charles Blundellcb@NetBSD.org
Rafal Bonirafal@NetBSD.org
Stephen Borrillsborrill@NetBSD.org
Sean Boudreauseanb@NetBSD.org
Manuel Bouyerbouyer@NetBSD.org
John Brezakbrezak@NetBSD.org
Allen Briggsbriggs@NetBSD.org
Mark Brinicombemark@NetBSD.org
Aaron Brownabrown@NetBSD.org
Andrew Brownatatat@NetBSD.org
David Brownleeabs@NetBSD.org
Frederick Bruckmanfredb@NetBSD.org
Jon Bullerjonb@NetBSD.org
Simon Burgesimonb@NetBSD.org
Robert Byrnesbyrnes@NetBSD.org
Pavel Cahynapavel@NetBSD.org
D'Arcy J.M. Caindarcy@NetBSD.org
Daniel Carosonedan@NetBSD.org
Dave Carrelcarrel@NetBSD.org
James Chaconjmc@NetBSD.org
Mihai Chelarukefren@NetBSD.org
Bill Coldwellbillc@NetBSD.org
Julian Colemanjdc@NetBSD.org
Ben Collverben@NetBSD.org
Marcus Comstedtmarcus@NetBSD.org
Jeremy Cooperjeremy@NetBSD.org
Chuck Cranorchuck@NetBSD.org
Alistair Crooksagc@NetBSD.org
Aidan Cullyaidan@NetBSD.org
Garrett D'Amoregdamore@NetBSD.org
Johan Danielssonjoda@NetBSD.org
John Darrowjdarrow@NetBSD.org
Jed Davisjld@NetBSD.org
Matt DeBergalisdeberg@NetBSD.org
Arnaud Degrootedegroote@NetBSD.org
Rob Dekerdeker@NetBSD.org
Chris G. Demetrioucgd@NetBSD.org
Tracy Di Marco Whitegendalia@NetBSD.org
Jaromír Dolecekjdolecek@NetBSD.org
Andy Doranad@NetBSD.org
Roland Dowdeswellelric@NetBSD.org
Emmanuel Dreyfusmanu@NetBSD.org
Matthias Drochnerdrochner@NetBSD.org
Jun Ebiharajun@NetBSD.org
Håvard Eidneshe@NetBSD.org
Jaime A Fournierober@NetBSD.org
Stoned Elipotseb@NetBSD.org
Michael van Elstmlelstv@NetBSD.org
Enami Tsugutomoenami@NetBSD.org
Bernd Ernestiveego@NetBSD.org
Erik Fairfair@NetBSD.org
Gavan Fantomgavan@NetBSD.org
Hauke Fathhauke@NetBSD.org
Hubert Feyrerhubertf@NetBSD.org
Jason R. Finkjrf@NetBSD.org
Matt J. Flemingmjf@NetBSD.org
Marty Foutsmarty@NetBSD.org
Liam J. Foyliamjfoy@NetBSD.org
Matt Fredettefredette@NetBSD.org
Thorsten Frueauffrueauf@NetBSD.org
Castor Fucastor@NetBSD.org
Ichiro Fukuharaichiro@NetBSD.org
Quentin Garniercube@NetBSD.org
Thomas Gernerthomas@NetBSD.org
Simon J. Gerratysjg@NetBSD.org
Justin Gibbsgibbs@NetBSD.org
Chris Gilbertchris@NetBSD.org
Eric Gillespieepg@NetBSD.org
Brian Ginsbachginsbach@NetBSD.org
Paul Goyettepgoyette@NetBSD.org
Michael Graffexplorer@NetBSD.org
Brian C. Graysonbgrayson@NetBSD.org
Matthew Greenmrg@NetBSD.org
Andreas Gustafssongson@NetBSD.org
Ulrich Habelrhaen@NetBSD.org
Jun-ichiro itojun Haginoitojun@NetBSD.org
HAMAJIMA Katsuomihamajima@NetBSD.org
Adam Hamsikhaad@NetBSD.org
Juergen Hannken-Illjeshannken@NetBSD.org
Charles M. Hannummycroft@NetBSD.org
Ben Harrisbjh21@NetBSD.org
Ross Harveyross@NetBSD.org
Eric Haszlakiewiczerh@NetBSD.org
John Hawkinsonjhawk@NetBSD.org
HAYAKAWA Koichihaya@NetBSD.org
John Heasleyheas@NetBSD.org
Geert Hendrickxghen@NetBSD.org
René Hexelrh@NetBSD.org
Iain Hibbertplunky@NetBSD.org
Kouichirou Hiratsukahira@NetBSD.org
Michael L. Hitchmhitch@NetBSD.org
Ádám Hókaahoka@NetBSD.org
Jachym Holecekfreza@NetBSD.org
David A. Hollanddholland@NetBSD.org
Christian E. Hoppschopps@NetBSD.org
Ken Hornsteinkenh@NetBSD.org
Marc Horowitzmarc@NetBSD.org
Eduardo Horvatheeh@NetBSD.org
Nick Hudsonskrll@NetBSD.org
Shell Hungshell@NetBSD.org
Martin Husemannmartin@NetBSD.org
Dean Huxleydean@NetBSD.org
Love Hörnquist Åstrandlha@NetBSD.org
Roland Illigrillig@NetBSD.org
Bernardo Innocentibernie@NetBSD.org
Tetsuya Isakiisaki@NetBSD.org
ITOH Yasufumiitohy@NetBSD.org
IWAMOTO Toshihirotoshii@NetBSD.org
Matthew Jacobmjacob@NetBSD.org
Soren Jacobsensnj@NetBSD.org
Lonhyn T. Jasinskyjlonhyn@NetBSD.org
Darrin Jewelldbj@NetBSD.org
Nicolas Jolynjoly@NetBSD.org
Chris Jonescjones@NetBSD.org
Søren Jørvangsoren@NetBSD.org
Takahiro Kambetaca@NetBSD.org
Masanori Kanaokakanaoka@NetBSD.org
Antti Kanteepooka@NetBSD.org
Frank Kardelkardel@NetBSD.org
Mattias Karlssonkeihan@NetBSD.org
KAWAMOTO Yosihisakawamoto@NetBSD.org
Mario Kempermagick@NetBSD.org
Min Sik Kimminskim@NetBSD.org
Thomas Klausnerwiz@NetBSD.org
Klaus Kleinkleink@NetBSD.org
John Klosjklos@NetBSD.org
Wayne Knowleswdk@NetBSD.org
Takayoshi Kochikochi@NetBSD.org
John Kohljtk@NetBSD.org
Daniel de Kokdaniel@NetBSD.org
Jonathan A. Kollaschjakllsch@NetBSD.org
Paul Kranenburgpk@NetBSD.org
Lubomir Kundraklkundrak@NetBSD.org
Jochen Kunzjkunz@NetBSD.org
Martti Kuparinenmartti@NetBSD.org
Kentaro A. Kurahonekurahone@NetBSD.org
Arnaud Lacombealc@NetBSD.org
Kevin Laheykml@NetBSD.org
David Laightdsl@NetBSD.org
Johnny C. Lamjlam@NetBSD.org
Martin J. Laubachmjl@NetBSD.org
Greg Leheygrog@NetBSD.org
Ted Lemonmellon@NetBSD.org
Christian Limpachcl@NetBSD.org
Frank van der Lindenfvdl@NetBSD.org
Joel Lindholmjoel@NetBSD.org
Tonnerre Lombardtonnerre@NetBSD.org
Mike Longmikel@NetBSD.org
Michael Lorenzmacallan@NetBSD.org
Warner Loshimp@NetBSD.org
Tomasz Luchowskizuntum@NetBSD.org
Federico Lupifederico@NetBSD.org
Brett Lymnblymn@NetBSD.org
Paul Mackerraspaulus@NetBSD.org
MAEKAWA Masahidegehenna@NetBSD.org
Anders Magnussonragge@NetBSD.org
Cherry G. Mathewcherry@NetBSD.org
David Maxwelldavid@NetBSD.org
Gregory McGarrygmcgarry@NetBSD.org
Dan McMahilldmcmahill@NetBSD.org
Jared D. McNeilljmcneill@NetBSD.org
Neil J. McRaeneil@NetBSD.org
Julio M. Merino Vidaljmmv@NetBSD.org
Perry Metzgerperry@NetBSD.org
Luke Mewburnlukem@NetBSD.org
Brook Milliganbrook@NetBSD.org
Minoura Makotominoura@NetBSD.org
Simas Mockeviciussymka@NetBSD.org
der Mousemouse@NetBSD.org
Joseph Myersjsm@NetBSD.org
Ken Nakatakenn@NetBSD.org
Takeshi Nakayamanakayama@NetBSD.org
Phil Nelsonphil@NetBSD.org
John Nemethjnemeth@NetBSD.org
Bob Nestorrnestor@NetBSD.org
NISHIMURA Takeshinsmrtks@NetBSD.org
Tohru Nishimuranisimura@NetBSD.org
NONAKA Kimihirononaka@NetBSD.org
Takehiko NOZAKItnozaki@NetBSD.org
Tobias Nygrentnn@NetBSD.org
OBATA Akioobache@NetBSD.org
Jesse Offjoff@NetBSD.org
Tatoku Ogaitotacha@NetBSD.org
OKANO Takayoshikano@NetBSD.org
Masaru Okioki@NetBSD.org
Atsushi Onoeonoe@NetBSD.org
Greg Osteroster@NetBSD.org
Rui Paulorpaulo@NetBSD.org
Jonathan Perkinsketch@NetBSD.org
Andrey Petrovpetrov@NetBSD.org
Herb Peyerlhpeyerl@NetBSD.org
Matthias Pfallermatthias@NetBSD.org
Chris Pinnockcjep@NetBSD.org
Adrian Portelliadrianp@NetBSD.org
Peter Postmapeter@NetBSD.org
Dante Profetadante@NetBSD.org
Chris Provenzanoproven@NetBSD.org
Niels Provosprovos@NetBSD.org
Mindaugas Rasiukeviciusrmind@NetBSD.org
Michael Rauchmrauch@NetBSD.org
Marc Rechtrecht@NetBSD.org
Darren Reeddarrenr@NetBSD.org
Jeremy C. Reedreed@NetBSD.org
Antoine Reillestonio@NetBSD.org
Tyler R. Retzlaffrtr@NetBSD.org
Scott Reynoldsscottr@NetBSD.org
Michael Richardsonmcr@NetBSD.org
Tim Rightnourgarbled@NetBSD.org
Alan Ritterrittera@NetBSD.org
Jeff Rizzoriz@NetBSD.org
Hans Rosenfeldhans@NetBSD.org
Gordon Rossgwr@NetBSD.org
Steve Rumblerumble@NetBSD.org
Ilpo Ruotsalainenlonewolf@NetBSD.org
Heiko W. Rupphwr@NetBSD.org
Blair J. Sadewitzbjs@NetBSD.org
David Saintydsainty@NetBSD.org
SAITOH Masanobumsaitoh@NetBSD.org
Kazuki Sakamotosakamoto@NetBSD.org
Curt Sampsoncjs@NetBSD.org
Wilfredo Sanchezwsanchez@NetBSD.org
Ty Sarnatsarna@NetBSD.org
SATO Kazumisato@NetBSD.org
Jan Schaumannjschauma@NetBSD.org
Matthias Schelertron@NetBSD.org
Silke Schelersilke@NetBSD.org
Karl Schilke (rAT)rat@NetBSD.org
Amitai Schlairschmonz@NetBSD.org
Konrad Schroderperseant@NetBSD.org
Georg Schwarzschwarz@NetBSD.org
Lubomir Sedlaciksalo@NetBSD.org
Christopher SEKIYAsekiya@NetBSD.org
Reed Shadgettdent@NetBSD.org
John Shannonshannonjr@NetBSD.org
Tim Shepardshep@NetBSD.org
Takeshi Shibagakishiba@NetBSD.org
Naoto Shimazakiigy@NetBSD.org
Takao Shinoharashin@NetBSD.org
Takuya SHIOZAKItshiozak@NetBSD.org
Daniel Siegerdsieger@NetBSD.org
Chuck Silverschs@NetBSD.org
Thor Lancelot Simontls@NetBSD.org
Jeff Smithjeffs@NetBSD.org
Noriyuki Sodasoda@NetBSD.org
Wolfgang Solfrankws@NetBSD.org
SOMEYA Yoshihikosomeya@NetBSD.org
Bill Sommerfeldsommerfeld@NetBSD.org
Jörg Sonnenbergerjoerg@NetBSD.org
Ignatios Souvatzisis@NetBSD.org
T K Spindlerdogcow@NetBSD.org
Bill Squiergroo@NetBSD.org
Jonathan Stonejonathan@NetBSD.org
Bill Studenmundwrstuden@NetBSD.org
Kevin Sullivansullivan@NetBSD.org
SUNAGAWA Keikikei@NetBSD.org
Kimmo Suominenkim@NetBSD.org
Robert Swindellsrjs@NetBSD.org
Shin Takemuratakemura@NetBSD.org
TAMURA Kentkent@NetBSD.org
Shin'ichiro TAYAtaya@NetBSD.org
Ian Lance Taylorian@NetBSD.org
Matt Thomasmatt@NetBSD.org
Jason Thorpethorpej@NetBSD.org
Christoph Toshoktoshok@NetBSD.org
Greg Troxelgdt@NetBSD.org
Tsubai Masanaritsubai@NetBSD.org
Izumi Tsutsuitsutsui@NetBSD.org
UCHIYAMA Yasushiuch@NetBSD.org
Masao Uebayashiuebayasi@NetBSD.org
Shuichiro URATAur@NetBSD.org
Valeriy E. Ushakovuwe@NetBSD.org
Todd Vierlingtv@NetBSD.org
Aymeric Vincentaymeric@NetBSD.org
Paul Vixievixie@NetBSD.org
Mike M. Volokhovmishka@NetBSD.org
Krister Walfridssonkristerw@NetBSD.org
Lex Wennmacherwennmach@NetBSD.org
Leo Weppelmanleo@NetBSD.org
Assar Westerlundassar@NetBSD.org
Todd Whiteseltoddpw@NetBSD.org
Frank Willephx@NetBSD.org
Nathan Williamsnathanw@NetBSD.org
Rob Windsorwindsor@NetBSD.org
Dan Winshipdanw@NetBSD.org
Jim Wisejwise@NetBSD.org
Michael Wolfsonmbw@NetBSD.org
Colin Woodender@NetBSD.org
Steve Woodfordscw@NetBSD.org
YAMAMOTO Takashiyamt@NetBSD.org
Yuji Yamanoyyamano@NetBSD.org
David Youngdyoung@NetBSD.org
Reinoud Zandijkreinoud@NetBSD.org
S.P.Zeidlerspz@NetBSD.org
Maria Zevenhovenmaria7@NetBSD.org
Christos Zoulaschristos@NetBSD.org

Other contributors:
Dave Burgessburgess@cynjut.infonet.net
Brian R. Gaekebrg@dgate.org
Brad Granthamgrantham@tenon.com
Lawrence Kestelootkesteloo@cs.unc.edu
Waldi Ravenswaldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net

Legal Mumbo-Jumbo

All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document:

NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.

This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation.
This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.netbsd.org/ for information about NetBSD.
This product contains software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD project.
This product contains software written by Ignatios Souvatzis and Michael L. Hitch for the NetBSD project.
This product contains software written by Michael L. Hitch for the NetBSD project.
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au)
This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Lulea, Sweden and its contributors.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Lulea.
This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross
This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Weppelman.
This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch
This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi Ravens.
This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen
This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard University.
This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the NetBSD project.
This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum.
This product includes software developed by Adam Glass.
This product includes software developed by Advanced Risc Machines Ltd.
This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and Colin Wood for the NetBSD Projet.
This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda.
This product includes software developed by Alistair G. Crooks.
This product includes software developed by Alistair G. Crooks. for the NetBSD project.
This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs
This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman
This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
This product includes software developed by Bodo Moeller. (If available, substitute umlauted o for oe)
This product includes software developed by Boris Popov.
This product includes software developed by Brad Pepers
This product includes software developed by Bradley A. Grantham.
This product includes software developed by Brini.
This product includes software developed by Causality Limited.
This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Seth Widoff.
This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Washington University.
This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor, Washington University, and the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor, Washington University, the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor.
This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum.
This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum.
This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps, Ezra Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael Teske.
This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps.
This product includes software developed by Christian Limpach
This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou.
This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas.
This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers.
This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Colin Wood.
This product includes software developed by Cybernet Corporation and Nan Yang Computer Services Limited
This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato
This product includes software developed by Dale Rahn.
This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk and Michael L. Hitch.
This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Darrin B. Jewell
This product includes software developed by David Miller.
This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.
This product includes software developed by Eduardo Horvath.
This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.
This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond
This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@@mincom.oz.au)
This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au)
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and by Kari Mettinen.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen and by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, and Michael Teske.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.
This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan.
This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas.
This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross
This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross
This product includes software developed by HAYAKAWA Koichi.
This product includes software developed by Harvard University and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Harvard University.
This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.
This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Iain Hibbert
This product includes software developed by Ian F. Darwin and others.
This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.
This product includes software developed by Ichiro FUKUHARA.
This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III.
This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill.
This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright
This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/
This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes.
This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch
This product includes software developed by John Birrell.
This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski.
This product includes software developed by John Polstra.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed by Juan Romero Pardines for the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Jukka Marin.
This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield.
This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu.
This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto.
This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.
This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara.
This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman.
This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.
This product includes software developed by Luke Mewburn.
This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg.
This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa.
This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer.
This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz.
This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt.
This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD project.
This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.
This product includes software developed by Mark Murray
This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe
This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.
This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank.
This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh.
This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki.
This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor.
This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson.
This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis
This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette.
This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller.
This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Michael Graff.
This product includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch.
This product includes software developed by Michael Shalayeff.
This product includes software developed by Michael Smith.
This product includes software developed by Mike Glover and contributors.
This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard.
This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto.
This product includes software developed by Nan Yang Computer Services Limited.
This product includes software developed by Niels Provos.
This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas.
This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist.
This product includes software developed by Onno van der Linden.
This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.
This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom
This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.
This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.
This product includes software developed by Philip L. Budne.
This product includes software developed by RiscBSD.
This product includes software developed by Roar Thronæs.
This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes.
This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman
This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell.
This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann.
This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey.
This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.
This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens.
This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE.
This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Soren S. Jorvang.
This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing.
This product includes software developed by Steve Woodford.
This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada
This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura.
This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert.
This product includes software developed by Tetsuya Isaki.
This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner
This product includes software developed by Thomas Klausner for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Tobias Weingartner.
This product includes software developed by Todd C. Miller.
This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura and Reinoud Zandijk for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura. for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.
This product includes software developed by Toru Nishimura.
This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd.
This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens.
This product includes software developed by Wasabi Systems for Zembu Labs, Inc. http://www.zembu.com/
This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank.
This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki
This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.
This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Science at the University of Utah.
This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Washington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff.
This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)
This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team.
This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia University.
This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors.
This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.
This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.
This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christos Zoulas
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ignatios Souvatzis.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Michael L. Hitch.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom.
This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.
This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU).
This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the University of Utah.
This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/).
This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden.
This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera International, Inc.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.

In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation.

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.

The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

This notice shall appear on any product containing this material

This product includes software developed by Darrin B. Jewell.
This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis.

The End