INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/amiga. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Changes Between The NetBSD 3.0 and 4.0 Releases................2 Networking..................................................3 File systems................................................3 Drivers.....................................................4 Platforms...................................................6 Kernel subsystems...........................................7 Security....................................................8 Userland....................................................8 Components removed from NetBSD..............................9 The Future of NetBSD..........................................10 Sources of NetBSD.............................................11 NetBSD 4.0 Release Contents...................................11 NetBSD/amiga subdirectory structure........................12 Miniroot file system.......................................13 Binary distribution sets...................................13 NetBSD/amiga System Requirements and Supported Devices........14 Supported devices..........................................15 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................16 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................19 Preparing your hard disk with HDToolBox....................19 Transferring the miniroot file system......................20 Installing the NetBSD System..................................21 Booting....................................................21 Once your kernel boots.....................................22 Post installation steps.......................................24 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................27 Once your kernel boots.....................................28 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............29 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 2.1 and older......29 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......29 Issues with GDB 6.5...........................................30 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................30 Administrivia.................................................31 Thanks go to..................................................31 We are........................................................32 Dedication....................................................38 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................38 The End.......................................................44 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 4.0 on the amiga platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on fifty four different system architectures (ports), featuring sev- enteen machine architectures across fifteen distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 4.0 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distri- bution. Please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 3.0 and 4.0 Releases The NetBSD 4.0 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize more than a year of development that went into the NetBSD 4.0 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0/CHANGES and CHANGES-4.0: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0/CHANGES-4.0 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 4.0 release tree. Some highlights include: Networking o agr(4): new pseudo-device driver for link level aggregation. o IPv6 support was extended with an RFC 3542-compliant API and added for gre(4) tunnels and the tun(4) device. o A NDIS-wrapper was added to use Windows binary drivers on the i386 platform, see ndiscvt(8). o The IPv4 source-address selection policy can be set from a number of algorithms. See "IPSRCSEL" in options(4) and in_getifa(9). o Imported wpa_supplicant(8) and wpa_cli(8). Utilities to connect and handle aspects of 802.11 WPA networks. o Imported hostapd(8). An authenticator for IEEE 802.11 networks. o carp(4): imported Common Address Redundancy Protocol to allow multi- ple hosts to share a set of IP addresses for high availability / redundancy, from OpenBSD. o ALTQ support for the PF packet filter. o etherip(4): new EtherIP tunneling device. It's able to tunnel Ether- net traffic over IPv4 and IPv6 using the EtherIP protocol specified in RFC 3378. o ftpd(8) can now run in standalone mode, instead of from inetd(8). o tftp(1) now has support for multicast TFTP operation in open-loop mode, server is in progress. o tcp(4): added support for RFC 3465 Appropriate Byte Counting (ABC) and Explicit Congestion Notification as defined in RFC 3168. File systems o scan_ffs(8), scan_lfs(8): utilities to find FFSv1/v2 and LFS parti- tions to recover lost disklabels on disks and image files. o tmpfs: added a new memory-based file system aimed at replacing mfs. Contrary to mfs, it is not based on a disk file system, so it is more efficient both in overall memory consumption and speed. See mount_tmpfs(8). o Added UDF support for optical media and block devices, see mount_udf(8). Read-only for now. o NFS export list handling was changed to be filesystem independent. o LFS: lots of stability improvements and new cleaner daemon. It is now also possible to use LFS as root filesystem. o vnd(4): the vnode disk driver can be used on filesystems such as smbfs and tmpfs. o Support for System V Boot File System was added, see newfs_sysvbfs(8) and mount_sysvbfs(8). Drivers o Audio: - Support for new models on drivers such as Intel ICH8/6300ESB, NVIDIA nForce 3/4, etc. - Added support for AC'97 modems. - auich(4): added support to handle the AC'97 modem as audio device, enabled with the kernel option ``AUICH_ATTACH_MODEM'' - azalia(4): added support for S/PDIF. o Hardware Monitors: - amdpm(4): added support for the i2c bus on the AMD-8111 used on many Opteron motherboards and for the Analog Devices ADT7464 hardware monitor chip. - adt7467c(4): new driver for Analog Devices ADT7467 and ADM1030 hardware monitor chips. - ipmi(4): new driver for motherboards implementing the Intelligent Platform Management Interface 1.5 or 2.0, from OpenBSD. - it(4): new driver for iTE 8705F/8712F and SiS 950 hardware moni- tors. - The lm(4) driver was rewritten and support for more chips was added, for example for Winbond W83627HF, W83627THF, W83627DHG and Asus AS99127F. - owtemp(4): new driver for the 1-Wire temperature sensors. - tmp121temp(4): new driver for the Texas Instruments TMP121 tem- perature sensor. - ug(4): new driver for Abit uGuru hardware monitor found on newer Abit motherboards. o Miscellaneous: - geodewdog(4): new AMD Geode SC1100 Watchdog Timer driver. - gscpcib(4): new AMD Geode SC1100 PCI-ISA bridge that provides support for the GPIO interface. o Networking: - ath(4): updated HALs with support for WiSOC (AR531x) and 32bit SPARC. - bge(4): added support for the following chips: BCM5753, BCM5753M, BCM5715, BCM5754, BCM5755 and BCM5787. Numerous improvements and bugfixes were made too. - kse(4): new driver for Micrel KSZ8842/8841 PCI network cards. - msk(4): new driver for Marvell Yukon 2 GigE PCI network cards, from OpenBSD. - nfe(4): new driver for NVIDIA nForce Ethernet network cards, from OpenBSD. - ral(4): new 802.11 driver for PCI/Cardbus Ralink RT2500, RT2501, RT2600, RT2661 and RT2500 USB chipsets, from OpenBSD. - rum(4): new 802.11 driver for USB Ralink RT2501 and RT2601 chipsets, from OpenBSD. - sip(4): now works on sparc64. - tlp(4): added support for ASIX AX88140A and AX88141. - vr(4): added support for the VIA Rhine III. - wm(4): added support for i8003, ICH8, ICH9 and others. Support for IPv6 Rx TCP/UDP Checksum Offloading and more. - wpi(4): new driver for Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG PCI 802.11 net- work cards, from OpenBSD. o Security: - glxsb(4): new driver for the AMD Geode LX AES Security Block that provides random numbers and AES acceleration, from OpenBSD. o Power Management: - Support for Intel Speedstep SMI on PIIX4 PCI-ISA for i386. - Support for AMD PowerNow and Cool'n'Quiet Technology on K7 and K8 CPUs (both in 32 and 64 bit mode), including Athlon Mobile, Athlon64, Opteron or X2. See options(4) for more information. - Support for more Enhanced Speedstep CPUs, including VIA C7/Eden and Intel Core Solo/Duo/Duo2. See options(4) for more informa- tion. - The Enhanced Speedstep and PowerNow drivers were modified to be able to be scaled in all CPUs available, saving power on SMP sys- tems. o Storage: - ahcisata(4): new driver for AHCI 1.0 and 1.1 compliant SATA con- trollers. - ataraid(4): added support to handle Adaptec HostRAID and VIA V- Tech software RAID. - ciss(4): new driver for HP/Compaq 5th+ generation Smart ARRAY controllers, from OpenBSD. - fdc(4): added support for SBus based sparc64 machines and fixed formatting on sparc. - gcscide(4): new driver for the AMD Geode CS5535 Companion Device IDE controller. - jmide(4): new driver for JMicron Technology JMB36x PCIe to SATA II/PATA controllers. - mfi(4): new driver for LSI Logic and Dell MegaRAID SAS con- trollers, from OpenBSD. - mpt(4): added support for newer SAS and similar devices. - njata(4): new driver for Workbit NinjaATA-32 CardBus IDE con- troller. - pdcsata(4): added support for the Promise PDC20775, PDC20771, PDC40518, PDC40718 and some bugfixes. - piixide(4): added support for some ICH8/ICH8-M/ICH9 IDE and SATA controllers. - svwsata(4): new driver for Serverworks K2 SATA controllers, from OpenBSD. - viaide(4) added support for the VIA VT8237A SATA controller and AMD CS5536 Companion Device IDE Controller. o USB: - ucycom(4): new driver for Cypress microcontroller based serial devices. - uipaq(4): new driver for the iPAQ devices. - uslsa(4): new driver for Silicon Labs CP210x series serial adapters. - utoppy(4): new driver for the Topfield TF5000PVR range of digital video recorders. Platforms o i386: - Added support for the for Multiboot specification. This means much improved support for loading the kernel by GRUB, including passing in parameters to the kernel. - Added the unichromefb framebuffer driver that supports the VIA Unichrome Graphics adapter. - vesafb(4): added new framebuffer driver that supports VESA BIOS (VBE) 2.0 extensions and up. - Added cd9660 file system support to the BIOS bootloader. o evbarm: new platform support for Arcom Viper PXA255-based single board, Atmark Techno Armadillo-9 and Armadillo-210, Certance CP-3100, Linksys NSLU2 (a.k.a. "Slug") and I-O DATA HDL-G Giga LANDISK NAS devices. o evbmips: added support for Alchemy Au1550 processors, DBAu1550 boards, Alchemy Au15XX PCI host, (OMS-AL400/128) and Atheros AR5312 SoC. o New port ews4800mips: NEC's MIPS based EWS4800 workstations. o cobalt: added support for booting off raidframe RAID1 mirrors. o hpcmips: added the teliosio(4) driver for the Sharp Telios LCD screen and Battery unit. o New port landisk: port to the SH4 processor based NAS appliances, supporting models by I-O DATA (USL-5P, HDL-U, HDL-AV, HDL-W and HDLM- U series, SuperTank LAN Tank, UHDL-160U and UHDL-300U) and Plextor PX-EH16L, PX-EH25L and PX-EH40L. o macppc: this port has gained support to use accelerated wsdisplay drivers by default (if possible), and uses the appropriate driver rather than the Generic Open Firmware Framebuffer. o prep: this port has been modernized, and support for five additional machines has been added, among them the IBM 7024-E20 and 7025-F30 models and Motorola Powerstack E1. Additionally, sysinst support was added, and the bootloader process was improved, allowing easy instal- lation and upgrade to future releases. o sparc: added support for booting off raidframe RAID1 mirrors. o Xen: support for Xen3 domU and dom0 (Unprivileged domain and domain 0), including support for hardware virtualization on CPUs that sup- port it. Kernel subsystems o Improved Firewire (IEEE1394) support imported from FreeBSD. o The midi(4) framework got a complete overhaul for better support of Active Sensing and improved handling of tempo and timebase changes. o Added a Bluetooth protocol stack including: - hardware drivers: ubt(4) for USB controllers, and bt3c(4) for the 3Com Bluetooth PC-Card. - socket based access to the HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM and SCO protocols. - pseudo drivers for integrating services on remote Bluetooth devices such as Keyboards, Mice and SCO Audio into the NetBSD device framework. See bluetooth(4), bthset(1) and btpin(1). o Imported the bio(4) framework from OpenBSD, to query/control block hardware RAID device controllers. Currently supporting the mfi(4) driver. o Kernel uses stateful read-ahead algorithm. o dkctl(8) can be used to switch buffer queuing strategies on the fly on wd(4) disks, see also bufq(9). o fileassoc(9) is used by Veriexec, it adds in-kernel and file-system independent file meta-data association interface. o firmload(9): an API for loading firmware images used by various hard- ware devices. o gpio(4): imported General Purpose I/O framework from OpenBSD. o onewire(4): imported Dallas Semiconductor 1-wire bus framework from OpenBSD. o The proplib(3) protocol was added for sending property lists to/from the kernel using ioctls. o spi(4): new SPI (Serial Peripherial Interface) framework. o timecounter(9) adds a new time-keeping infrastructure along with NTP API 4 nanokernel implementation. Almost all platforms were changed to support this API. o Start of 32bit-Linux-emulation for amd64 (COMPAT_LINUX32). o wscons(4) console driver supports splash screens, scrolling, progress bar for kernel and boot messages. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. Security o The FAST_IPSEC IPsec implementation was extended to use hardware acceleration for IPv6, in addition to the hardware accelerated IPv4 that was available before. See fast_ipsec(4) for more information. o mprotect(2) got restrictions to enforce W^X policies, from PaX. See options(4), sysctl(3), and paxctl(1). o GCC 4's support for stack smashing protection (SSP) was enabled by adding libssp, see security(8). o The kernel authorization framework kauth(9) was added, replacing the traditional BSD credential management and privileged operation access control with an abstract layer, allowing the implementation of vari- ous security models either as part of the NetBSD distribution or as third-party LKMs. NetBSD's kernel authorization is a hybrid clean-room implementation of a similar interface developed by Apple, extending its capabilities and combining concepts of credential inheritance control. Userland o 3rd party software updates: - BIND 9.4.1-P1 - OpenSSL 0.9.8e - CVS 1.11.22 - OpenSSH 4.4 - gettext 0.14.4 - PF from OpenBSD 3.7 - (n)awk 20050424 - Postfix 2.4.5 - am-utils 6.1.3 - file 4.21 - zlib 1.2.3 - GNU binutils 2.16.1 - GNU groff 1.19.2 - IPFilter 4.1.23 - GNU gcc 4.1.2 prerelease - GNU gdb 6.5 (some architectures) - NTP 4.2.4p2 - pppd 2.4.4 o cdplay(1): added digital transfer mode support. o cksum(1) can now verify checksums. o csplit(1): new utility that splits a file into pieces. From FreeBSD/OpenBSD. o identd(1): added support for forwarding ident queries and receiving of proxied ident queries. o getent(1): added support for the ethers database. o gkermit(1): new program for transferring files using the Kermit pro- tocol. o mail(1): added support for Mime and multi-character set handling, command line editing and completion. o utoppya(1): new utility to interface to the utoppy(4) driver. o init(8): added support for running multi-user in a chroot() environ- ment. Allows / file system on e.g., cgd(4), vnd(4) or ccd(4) volumes. o gpt(8): new GUID partition table maintenance utility, from FreeBSD. o iSCSI target (server) code added, see iscsi-target(8); Initiator (client) code is underway. o lockstat(8): new command to display a summary of kernel locking events recorded over the lifetime of a called program. o ofctl(8): new command to display the OpenPROM or OpenFirmware device tree for the macppc, shark and sparc64. o Various utilities to support Bluetooth were added: - btconfig(8) for controller configuration. - btdevctl(8) to manage pseudo devices relating to remote services. - bthcid(8) and btpin(1) for authenticating radio connections. - sdpd(8) for providing service discovery to remote devices. - sdpquery(1) for querying services on remote devices. - rfcomm_sppd(1) to access remote services over RFCOMM via stdio or pty. - bthset(1) for making connections to Bluetooth headsets. Besides this list, there have also been innumerable bug fixes and other miscellaneous enhancements of course. Components removed from NetBSD In this release of NetBSD, some software components known from previous releases were removed from the system. In some cases those were compo- nents that are not useful anymore or their utility does not justify main- tenance overhead. Other components were not working properly and there was lack of interest in fixing them. o Sushi was removed from the base system due to lack of interest and maintenance. If you really want it, it is available in the CVS repos- itory at othersrc/usr.sbin/sushi. However, be warned that it is unmaintained and is most likely out of date. o Vinum was removed due to lack of interest and maintenance. At the time of removal, it had several known serious issues (including not being compilable). RAIDframe provides similar functionality. If you were using Vinum you will need to back up your data, delete the Vinum partitions, create RAIDframe partitions, and restore your data to them. Details about RAIDframe can be found in raid(4), raidctl(8), and the NetBSD Guide: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-rf.html. o Sendmail was removed. Postfix is the MTA and provides the sendmail(1) command line tool. Postfix has been included with NetBSD since NetBSD 1.5 was released in December 2005. Details about Postfix can be found in the NetBSD Guide: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-mail.html. For those who need Sendmail, it is available from pkgsrc in the mail/sendmail and mail/sendmail813 packages. o NETCCITT and NETNS were removed due to lack of interest and mainte- nance. They had known serious issues (including being out of date with respect to other network code) and there were no known users at the time of their removal. Unfortunately, there is no replacement or option for them. o UUCP was removed. The NetBSD improvements were merged into the pkgsrc version. For those who use UUCP tools, they are available from pkgsrc in the net/uucp package. The cu(1) command is available as a frontend to tip(1). o The Fortran 77 compiler ( g77 ) has been removed with the transition from GCC 3 to GCC 4, which does not include it. For those who need it, it is available from pkgsrc in the lang/gcc3-f77 package. o The evbsh5 port has been removed from NetBSD due to lack of interest, compounded by a lack of available SH5 hardware. The Future of NetBSD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: o providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. o providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. o providing a better position from which to undertake promotional activities. o periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/. NetBSD 4.0 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 4.0 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-4.0/ CHANGES Changes between NetBSD 3.0 and branching 4.0. CHANGES-4.0 Changes since NetBSD 4.0 was branched. CHANGES.prev Changes in earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 4.0 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 4.0 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 95 MB gzipped, 484 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. 6 MB gzipped, 25 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 4.0 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 45 MB gzipped, 214 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 4.0 kernel for all architectures; config(1); and dbsym(8). 33 MB gzipped, 165 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 95 MB gzipped, 502 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file. CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. SYSVSUM Historic ATT System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 2 file. The SHA512 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the MD5 digest, and finally the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/amiga subdirectory structure The amiga-specific portion of the NetBSD 4.0 release is found in the amiga subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-4.0/amiga/. It con- tains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. sets/ amiga binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ floppy/ amiga boot and installation floppies; see below. miniroot/ amiga miniroot file system image; see below. misc/ Miscellaneous amiga installation utilities; see installation section, below. Miniroot file system The Amiga now uses a single miniroot file system for both an initial installation and for an upgrade. A gzipped version is available, for easier downloading. (The gzipped version has the .gz extension added to their names.) miniroot.fs This file contains a BSD root file system setup to help you install the rest of NetBSD or to upgrade a previous version of NetBSD. This includes formatting and mounting your / (root) and /usr partitions and getting ready to extract (and possibly first fetching) the distribution sets. There is enough on this file system to allow you to make a SLIP or PPP connection, configure an Ethernet, mount an NFS file system or ftp. You can also load distribution sets from a SCSI tape or from one of your existing AmigaDOS partitions. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD amiga binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 4.0 release for the amiga. The binary distribution sets can be found in the amiga/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 4.0 dis- tribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 4.0 amiga base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally func- tional. It includes shared library support, and excludes every- thing described below. 24 MB gzipped, 68 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 23 MB gzipped, 83 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 3 MB gzipped, 8 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/amiga 4.0 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. 2 MB gzipped, 4 MB uncompressed man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 8 MB gzipped, 33 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. 4 MB gzipped, 12 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 3 MB gzipped, 11 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 4.5.0. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 6 MB gzipped, 18 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 11 MB gzipped, 39 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. 31 MB gzipped, 39 MB uncompressed xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. 0.03 MB gzipped, 0.17 MB uncompressed xserver The X server. 5 MB gzipped, 11 MB uncompressed The amiga binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. This utility is used only in a Traditional method installation. Note: Each directory in the amiga binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/amiga System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD 4.0 runs on any Amiga that has a 68020 or better CPU with some form of MMU, and on 68060 DraCos. NetBSD does not, and will never, run on run on A1000, A500, A600, A1200, A2000, A4000/EC030, CDTV and CD32 systems that are not enhanced by a CPU board. For 68020 and 68030 systems, a FPU is recommended but not required for the system utilities. 68LC040, 68040V and 68LC060 systems don't work correctly at the moment. The minimal configuration requires 6 MB of RAM (not including CHIPMEM!) and about 75 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space, and to run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. (6 MB of RAM will actually allow you to compile, however it won't be speedy. X really isn't usable on a 6 MB system.) Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install: Partition Suggested + X Needed + X / (root) 25 MB 25 MB 20 MB 20 MB /usr 245 MB 270 MB 120 MB 145 MB /var 20 MB 20 MB 5 MB 5 MB swap 2*RAM below 32 MB, then up to you Anything else is up to you! As you may note the recommended size of /usr is 125 MB greater than needed. This is to leave room for a kernel source and compile tree as you will probably want to compile your own kernel. GENERIC is large and bulky to accommodate all people. For example, most people's machines have an FPU, so you do not need the bulky FPU_EMULATE option. Preconfigured or precompiled packages are installed below /usr/pkg by default. You should either make /usr larger (if you intend to install a lot of them), make /usr/pkg an additional partition, use the -p option to pkg_add to install them in a different place, or link /usr/pkg to a dif- ferent place. If you only have less than 8 MB of fast memory, you should make your swap partition larger, as your system will be doing much more swapping. Espe- cially: do not place it onto a old small (and normally slow) disk! Supported devices o A4000/A1200 IDE controller, including ATAPI devices o SCSI host adapters - 33c93 based boards: A2091, A3000 builtin, A3000 builtin modified for Apollo accelerator board (please note that this is not the same as the SCSI host adapter on the Apollo accelerator board itself, which is unsupported), and GVP series II. - 53c80 based boards: 12 Gauge, IVS, Wordsync/Bytesync and Emplant The Emplant SCSI adapter has been reported by a party to hang after doing part of the installation without problems - 53c710 based boards: A4091, Magnum, Warp Engine, Zeus and DraCo builtin - FAS216 based SCSI boards: FastLane Z3, Blizzard I and II, Blizzard IV, Blizzard 2060, CyberSCSI Mk I and II - 53c770 based SCSI boards: Cyberstorm Mk III SCSI, Cyber- storm PPC SCSI o Video controllers - ECS, AGA and A2024 built in on various Amigas - Retina Z2 (no X server available), Retina Z3 and Altais - Cirrus CL GD 54xx based boards: GVP Spectrum, Picasso II, II+ and IV, Piccolo and Piccolo SD64 - Tseng ET4000 based boards: Domino and Domino16M proto, oMniBus, Merlin - A2410 (no X server available) - Cybervision 64 - Cybervision 64/3D o Audio I/O - Amiga builtin - Melody Mpeg-audio layer 2 board - Repulse audio board o Ethernet controllers - A2065 Ethernet - Hydra Ethernet - ASDG Ethernet - A4066 Ethernet - Ariadne Ethernet - Ariadne II Ethernet - Quicknet Ethernet - X-surf Ethernet port o ARCnet controllers - A2060 ARCnet o Most SCSI tape drives, including Archive Viper, Cipher SCSI-2 ST150 o SCSI-2 scanners behaving as SCSI-2 scanner devices, HP Scanjet II, Mustek SCSI scanner. SCSI scanner support is machine inde- pendent, so it should work, but hasn't been tested yet on most Amiga configurations. There are reports that the Mustek and HP ScanJet hang if accessed from the A3000. This might apply to other 33C93-Adapters, too. o Most SCSI CD-ROM drives o Serial/Parallel cards - HyperCom 3Z, HyperCom 4, HyperCom 3+ and 4+ - MultiFaceCard II and III - A2232 (normal and clockdoubled) - IOBlix Zorro-Bus o Amiga floppy drives with Amiga (880/1760kB) and IBM (720/1440kB) encoding. Our floppy driver doesn't notice when mounted floppies are write-protected at the moment. Your floppy will stay unchanged, but you might not notice that you didn't write anything due to the buffer cache. Also note that HD floppy drives only get detected as such if a HD floppy is inserted at boot time. o Amiga parallel port o Amiga serial port o Amiga mouse o DraCo serial port, including serial mouse o DraCo parallel printer port o Real-time clocks - A2000, A3000, A4000 builtin (r/w) - DraCo builtin (r/o) If its not on the above lists, there is no support for it in this release. Especially (but this is an incomplete list), there are no driv- ers for: Blizzard III SCSI option, Ferret SCSI, Oktagon SCSI. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Note that if you are installing or upgrading from a writable media, the media can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted. Installation is supported from several media types, including: o AmigaDOS o CD-ROM / DVD o MS-DOS floppy o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. AmigaDOS partition To install NetBSD from an AmigaDOS partition, you need to get the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install on your system on to an AmigaDOS partition. Note where you place the files as you will need this later. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. CD-ROM / DVD To install NetBSD from a CD-ROM drive, make sure it is a SCSI CD-ROM on a SCSI bus currently supported by NetBSD (refer to the supported hardware list) or an ATAPI CD-ROM connected to the A1200 or A4000 internal IDE connector. If it is a SCSI CD-ROM on a non-supported SCSI bus like Blizzard-3 SCSI or Apollo SCSI you must first copy the distribution sets to an AmigaDOS partition as described above. If your SCSI CD-ROM is connected to a supported SCSI host adapter, or it is an ATAPI cd-rom connected to the A1200/A4000 internal IDE connector, simply put the CD into the drive before installation. Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM or DVD. Likely locations are binary/sets and amiga/binary/sets. Proceed to the instruction on installation. MS-DOS floppy NetBSD doesn't include split sets to keep the distribution size down. They can be created on a separate machine using the split(1) command, running e.g. split -b 235k base.tgz base. to split the base.tgz file from amiga/binary/sets into files named base.aa, base.ab, and so on. Repeat this for all set_name.tgz files, splitting them into set_name.xx files. Count the number of set_name.xx files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies. Format all of the floppies with MS-DOS. Do not make any of them bootable MS-DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format /s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the MS-DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for MS-DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. Place all of the set_name.xx files on the MS-DOS disks. Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the sec- tion on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. FTP The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IPv4 address of ftp.NetBSD.org is 204.152.190.13 and the IPv6 address is 2001:4f8:4:7:230:48ff:fe31:43f2 (as of Decem- ber, 2007). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Note: This method of installation is recommended for those familiar with using BSD network configuration and management commands. If you aren't, this docu- mentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will proba- bly require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Note: This method of installation is recommended for those already familiar with using BSD network con- figuration and management commands. If you aren't, this documentation should help, but is not intended to be all-encompassing. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_directories where tape_device is the name of the tape device that describes the tape drive you're using; possibly /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys- tem. (If you can't figure it out, ask your system admin- istrator.) In the above example, dist_directories are the distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (in order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-4.0 # cd amiga/binary # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC base etc Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation You will need an AmigaDOS hard drive prep tool to prepare your hard drives for use with NetBSD/amiga. HDToolBox is provided with the system software and on floppy installation disks since Release 2.0 of AmigaDOS, so we will provide instructions for its use. Note that NetBSD can't currently be installed on disks with a sector size other than 512 bytes (e.g., ``640 MB'' 90mm M-O media). You can, how- ever, mount ADOSFS partitions on such M-O's. Preparing your hard disk with HDToolBox A full explanation of HDToolBox can be found with your AmigaDOS manuals and is beyond the scope of this document. The first time you partition a drive, you need to set its drive type so that you have working geometry parameters. To do this you enter the ``Change drive type'' menu, and either use ``read parameters from drive'' or set them manually. Note you will be modifying your HD's. If you mess something up here you could lose everything on all the drives that you configure. It is there- fore advised that you: 1. Write down your current configurations. Do this by examining each partition on the drive and the drives parameters (from Change drive type.) 2. Back up the partitions you are keeping. What you need to do is partition your drives; creating at least root, swap and /usr partitions and possibly at least one more for /usr/local if you have the space. This should be done as the HDToolBox manual describes. One thing to note is that if you are not using a Commodore controller you will need to specify the device your SCSI controller uses, e.g. if you have a Warp Engine you would: From cli hdtoolbox warpdrive.device From wb Set the tooltype SCSI_DEVICE_NAME=warpdrive.device The important things you need to do above and beyond normal partitioning includes (from Partition Drive section): 1. Marking all NetBSD partitions as non-bootable, with two exceptions: the root partition (/), if you want to boot NetBSD directly, or the swap partition, if you want to boot the installation miniroot directly. 2. Changing the file system parameters of the partitions to NetBSD ones. This must be done from the partitioning section and ``Advanced options'' must be enabled. To make the needed changes: 1. Click the ``Adv. Options'' button 2. Click the ``Change file system'' button 3. Choose ``Custom File System'' 4. Turn off ``Automount'' if on. 5. Set the dostype to one of these three choices: root partition : 0x4e425207 (NBR\007) swap partition : 0x4e425301 (NBS\001) other partitions: 0x4e425507 (NBU\007) Here `other' refers to other partitions you will format for reading and writing under NetBSD (e.g. /usr) Make sure you press RETURN to enter this value as some ver- sions of HDToolBox will forget your entry if you don't. 6. Turn custom boot code off 7. Set Reserved Blocks start and end to 0. 8. Click Ok. On the root (/) (and, for installation, swap) partition, set instead this: 1. Turn custom boot code on 2. Set Reserved Blocks start and end to 0. 3. Set Number of Custom Boot Blocks to 16. 4. Set Automount This Partition on 5. Click Ok. Mask and maxtransfer are not used with NetBSD. Caveat: The swap (for installation) and the root partition (if you plan to use the bootblocks) must be within the first 4 gigabytes of the disk! The reason for the former is that xstreamtodev uses trackdisk.device compatible I/O-calls, the reason for the latter is that the bootblock gets a 32bit partition offset from the operating system. Once this is done NetBSD/amiga will be able to recognize your disks and which partitions it should use. Transferring the miniroot file system The NetBSD/amiga installation or upgrade now uses a miniroot file system which is installed on the partition used by NetBSD for swapping. This removes the requirement of using a floppy disk for the file system used by the installation or upgrade process. It also allows more utilities to be present on the file system than would be available when using an 880 KB floppy disk. Once the hard disk has been prepared for NetBSD, the miniroot file system (miniroot.fs) is transferred to the swap partition configured during the hard disk prep (or the existing swap partition in the case of an upgrade). The xstreamtodev utility provided in the amiga/installation/misc directory can be used on AmigaDOS to transfer the file system for either a new installation or an upgrade. The file system can also be transferred on an existing NetBSD system for an update by using dd. This should only be done after booting NetBSD into single-user state. It may also be possible to shutdown to single-user, providing that the single-user state processes are not using the swap partition. On AmigaDOS, the command: xstreamtodev --input=miniroot.fs --rdb-name=swap partition where swap partition is the name you gave to the NetBSD partition to be used for swapping. If xstreamtodev is unable to determine the SCSI driver device name or the unit number of the specified partition, you may also need to include the option --device=driver.name and/or --unit=SCSI unit number To transfer the miniroot using NetBSD, you should be booted up in single user state on the current NetBSD system, or use the shutdown now command to shutdown to single-user state. Then copy the miniroot using dd: dd if=miniroot.fs of=/dev/rsd0b where /dev/rsd0b should be the device path of the swap partition your system is configured to use. Once the file is copied, reboot back to AmigaDOS to boot the upgrade kernel. Caveat: Once you have started installation, if you abort it and want to retry you must reinstall the miniroot.fs on the swap partition. Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but, if you have this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the information which is presented to you by the install program, it shouldn't be too much trouble. Before you begin, you must have already prepared your hard disk as detailed in the section on preparing your system for install. The following is a walk-through of the steps necessary to get NetBSD installed on your hard disk. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any prompt, but if you do, you'll have to begin again from scratch. Transfer the miniroot file system onto the hard disk partition used by NetBSD for swapping, as described in the "Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation" section above. Booting NetBSD, with boot blocks installed [This description is for V40 (OS 3.1) ROMs. For older ROMs, there might be small differences. Check your AmigaDOS documentation to learn about the exact procedure.] Using bootblocks may not work on some systems, and may require a mountable file system on others. Reboot your machine, holding down both mouse buttons if you have a 2-but- ton mouse, the outer mouse buttons if you have a 3-button mouse. On the DraCo, press the left mouse button instead, when the boot screen prompts you for it. From the boot menu, select Boot Options. Select the swap partition with the miniroot, and then ok. Select Boot now. The machine will boot the bootblock, which will prompt your for a command line. You have a few seconds time to change the default. Entering an empty line will accept the default. The bootblock uses command lines of the form: file [options] where file is the kernel file name on the partition where the boot block is on, and [options] may contain the following: If you have an AGA machine, and your monitor will handle the dblNTSC mode, you may include the -A option to enable the dblNTSC display mode. If your machine has a fragmented physical memory space, as, e.g., DraCo machines, you should add the -n2 option to enable the use of all memory segments. Once your kernel boots You should see the screen clear and some information about your system as the kernel configures the hardware. Note which hard disk device(s) are configured (sd0, sd1, etc.) Then you will be prompted for a root device. At this time type sd0b, where sd0 is the device which contains the swap partition you created during the hard disk preparation. When prompted for a dump device, answer `none' for the install (normally, you would tell it one of the swap devices). When prompted for the root file system type, confirm `generic', which will auto-detect it. If the system should hang after entering the root device, try again with netbsd -I ff -b This disables synchronous transfer on all SCSI devices on the first bus. The system should continue to boot. For now ignore ``WARNING'' messages about bad dates in clocks, and a warning about /etc/rc not existing. Eventually you will be be asked to enter the pathname of the shell, just press RETURN. After a short while, you will be asked to select the type of your keyboard. After you have entered a valid response here, the sys- tem asks you if you want to install or upgrade your system. Since you are reading the install section, `i' would be the proper response here... The installer starts with a nice welcome messages. Read this message carefully, it also informs you of the risks involved in continuing! If you still want to go on, type `y'. The installer now continues by trying to figure out your disk configuration. When it is done, you will be prompted to select a root device from the list of disks it has found. You should know at this point that the disks are not numbered according to their SCSI-ID! The NetBSD kernel numbers the SCSI drives (and other devices on the SCSI bus) sequentially as it finds them. The drive with the lowest SCSI-ID will be called sd0, the next one sd1, etc. Also, any ATAPI disk drives (e.g. ZIP) will be configured as ``SCSI'' drives, too, and will be configured before any `real' SCSI drives if connected to the Amiga internal port on A4000/A1200 (if any are present). Real IDE drives will be configured as wd0, wd1, etc. The installer will offer you to look at the NetBSD disk label of the disks at this point. You should do this, to find out what partition let- ters the NetBSD kernel assigned to the partitions you created, and as a check whether the disk number you are going to use is right. you are now at the point of no return. If you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified, and perhaps its con- tents scrambled at the whim of the install program. Type Control-C now if you don't want this. At this time, you will need to tell the installer which partition will be associated with the different file systems. Normally, you'll want to add a partition for /usr, at least. Caveat: Do not use the rsdNc or sdNc partitions for anything! They are for access to the whole disk only and do not correspond to any Amiga partition! The install program will now make the file systems you specified. There should be only one error per file system in this section of the installa- tion. It will look like this: newfs: ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument newfs: /dev/rsd0a: can't rewrite disk label If there are any others, restart from the beginning of the installation process. This error is ok as the Amiga does not write disklabels cur- rently. You should expect this error whenever using newfs. The install will now ask you want to configure any network information. It ill ask for the machine's host name, domain name, and other network configuration information. Since the network configuration might have lead to additional (nfs) file system entries, you get another chance to modify your fstab. You are finally at the point where some real data will be put on your freshly made file systems. Select the device type you wish to install from and off you go.... Some notes: o If you want to install from tape, please read the section about how to create such a tape. o Some tapes (e.g. Archive Viper 150) refuse to operate with the default tape density (nrst0). Try nrst0h, nrst0m, or nrst0l instead. o Install at least the base and etc sets. o If you have to specify a path relative to the mount-point and you need the mount-point itself, use `.'. Next you will be asked to specify the timezone. Just select the timezone you are in. The installer will make the correct setup on your root file system (/). After the timezone-link is installed, the installer will proceed by creating the device nodes on your root file system under /dev. Be patient, this will take a while... Next, the installer will copy your keymap settings to the new system. After this, it will copy the kernel from the installation miniroot to the newly installed / upgraded system. If the installed system already has a kernel, it will ask you for confirmation. kern.tgz distribution set, this is an old kernel, and you should answer "y" to install a working (although restricted) INSTALL kernel. If you did install the kern.tgz kernel, you normally should answer "n". Finally, the installer ask you if you want to install the bootblock code on your root disk. This is a matter of personal choice and can also be done from a running NetBSD system. See the installboot(8) manual page about how to do this. Once the installer is done, halt the system with the halt command (wait for halted to be displayed) and reboot. Then again boot NetBSD this time selecting the root partition (/) from the boot menu, and tell it to boot netbsd -s You need to do your final tweaks now. First mount your file systems like so: mount -av Your system is now complete but not completely configured; you should adjust the /etc/sendmail.cf file as necessary to suit your site. You should also examine and adjust the settings in /etc/rc.conf. You can use vi(1) or ed(1) to edit the files. If you installed the man pages you can type man vi or man ed for instructions on how to use these somewhat non- intuitive editors. Once you are done with the rest of configuration unmount your file sys- tems and halt your system, then reboot: # cd / # umount -av # halt Finally you can now boot your system and it will be completely func- tional: netbsd When it boots off of the hard drive, you will have a complete NetBSD sys- tem! Congratulations! (You really deserve them!!!) Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use ed, you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to ex or vi. Do the following: # mount /usr # export TERM=vt220 If you have /var on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single- user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in /etc/rc.conf. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. If you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should cre- ate an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...]. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X Window System, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information. Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies installation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries. o More information on the package system is at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/ usually in the 4.0/amiga/All subdir. You can install them with the following commands under sh(1): # PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/4.0/amiga/All # export PKG_PATH # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v bash # pkg_add -v perl # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v kde # pkg_add -v firefox ... If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with the following: # setenv PKG_PATH ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/4.0/amiga/All ... The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shell, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. o Package sources for compiling packages on your own can be obtained by retrieving the file ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other locations work fine), with the commands: # mkdir /usr/pkgsrc # cd /usr/pkgsrc # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the README and doc/pkgsrc.txt files in the extraction directory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more infor- mation. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o The /etc/postfix/main.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted. If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using the NetBSD package system or by hand and adjust /etc/mailer.conf. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The upgrade to NetBSD 4.0 is a binary upgrade; it can be quite difficult to advance to a later version by recompiling from source due primarily to interdependencies in the various components. To do the upgrade, you must have the NetBSD kernel on AmigaDOS and you must transfer the miniroot file system miniroot.fs onto the swap parti- tion of the NetBSD hard disk. You must also have at least the base binary distribution set available, so that you can upgrade with it, using one of the upgrade methods described above. Finally, you must have suf- ficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since the old binaries are being overwritten in place, you only need space for the new binaries, which weren't previously on the system. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your / (root) and /usr partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to BACK UP ANY IMPORTANT DATA ON YOUR DISK, whether on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition, before beginning the upgrade process. To upgrade your system, follow the following instructions: Transfer the miniroot file system onto the hard disk partition used by NetBSD for swapping, as described in the "Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation" section above. Now boot up NetBSD, with boot blocks installed Note: This description is for V40 (OS 3.1) ROMs. For older ROMs, there might be small differences. Check your AmigaDOS documentation to learn about the exact procedure. Booting using bootblocks doesn't work at all on some systems, and may require a mountable file sys- tem on others. Reboot your machine, holding down both mouse buttons if you have a 2-but- ton mouse, the outer mouse buttons if you have a 3-button mouse. On the DraCo, press the left mouse button instead, when the boot screen prompts you for it. From the boot menu, select Boot Options. Select the swap partition with the miniroot, and then ok. Select Boot now. The machine will boot the bootblock, which will prompt your for a command line. You have a few seconds time to change the default. Entering an empty line will accept the default. The bootblock uses command lines of the form: file [options] where file is the kernel file name on the partition where the boot block is on, and options may contain the same as described in the INSTALL sec- tion. For installing, use netbsd -b If you machine has a split memory space, like, e.g., DraCo machines, use this instead: netbsd -bn2 Once your kernel boots You should see the screen clear and some information about your system as the kernel configures the hardware. Note which hard disk device is con- figured that contains your root (/) and swap partitions. When prompted for the root device, type sd0b (replacing `0' with the disk number that NetBSD used for your root/swap device). When prompted for a dump device, answer `none' for the upgrade. (For a normal boot, you would tell it one of the swap devices). When prompted for the root file system type, con- firm `generic', which will auto-detect it. You will be presented with some information about the upgrade process and a warning message, and will be asked if you wish to proceed with the upgrade process. If you answer negatively, the upgrade process will stop, and your disk will not be modified. If you answer affirmatively, the upgrade process will begin, and your disk will be modified. You may press CONTROL-C to stop the upgrade process at any time. However, if you press it at an inopportune moment, your system may be left in an incon- sistent (and possibly unusable) state. You will now be greeted and reminded of the fact that this is a potential dangerous procedure and that you should not upgrade the etc set. When you decide to proceed, you will be prompted to enter your root disk. After you've done this, it will be checked automatically to make sure that the file system is in a sane state before making any modifications. After this is done, you will be asked if you want to configure your net- work. You are now allowed to edit your fstab. Normally you don't have to. Note that the upgrade-kit uses its own copy of the fstab. Whatever you do here won't affect your actual fstab. After you are satisfied with your fstab, the upgrade-kit will check all file systems mentioned in it. When they're ok, they will be mounted. You will now be asked if your sets are stored on a normally mounted file system. You should answer `y' to this question if you have the sets stored on a file system that was present in the fstab. The actions you should take for the set extraction are pretty logical (we think). After you have extracted the sets, the upgrade kit will proceed with set- ting the timezone and installing the kernel and bootcode. This is all exactly the same as described in the installation section. Your system has now been upgraded to NetBSD 4.0. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 4.0 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're fin- ished with the upgrade process. There are several things that you should do, or might have to do, to insure that the system works properly. You will probably want to get the etc distribution, extract it, and com- pare its contents with those in your /etc directory. You will probably want to replace some of your system configuration files, or incorporate some of the changes in the new versions into yours. You will want to delete old binaries that were part of the version of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. If upgrading from a NetBSD version older than 1.0, you might also want to recompile any locally-built binaries, to take advan- tage of the shared libraries. (Note that any new binaries that you build will be dynamically linked, and therefore take advantage of the shared libraries, by default. For information on how to make statically linked binaries, see the cc(1) and ld(1) manual pages.) Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 4.0 . N.B. when using sysinst for upgrading, it will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default (see below) will be handled. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 2.1 and older releases. See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 3.x as well. It is very important that you populate the directory /etc/pam.d with appropriate configuration files for Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) because you will not be able to login any more otherwise. Using postinstall as described below will take care of this. Please refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-pam.html for documentation about PAM. The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set : postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/pam.d/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The user `_pflogd' and the groups `_pflogd' and `authpf' need to be created. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases. The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set : postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* - /etc/envsys.conf The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The users `_proxy', `_rwhod', and `_sdpd' and the groups `_proxy', `_rwhod' and `_sdpd' need to be created and the user `uucp' needs to be updated. o A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 4.0 release including: the evbsh5 port, the Fortran 77 compiler (g77), NETCCITT, NETNS, Sendmail, Sushi, UUCP, and Vinum. If you were using any of these, then please see the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near the beginning of this docu- ment. o The replacement of Sendmail by Postfix can be handled automati- cally by postinstall but it is not done by default. If you want to transition to Postfix, the command postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix mailerconf will update your /etc/mailer.conf file to use Postfix as the MTA. When using sysinst to upgrade the system, it will ask if you want this to be done. Note that if you have a customized Sendmail setup, you need to set up Postfix in an equivalent way; there is no tool for auto- matic conversion of Sendmail configuration to a Postfix one. Postfix will be started up automatically when the system boots. You may see messages like "$sendmail is not set properly" at boot. You can suppress them by removing /etc/rc.d/sendmail and /etc/rc.d/smmsp. Those files and other parts of sendmail con- figuration like files under /usr/share/sendmail are not removed by default while upgrading for those who want to continue using sendmail from outside the base system. If you want to delete them, postinstall can be used: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix sendmail Issues with GDB 6.5 Some architectures (arm, i386, powerpc and sparc64) have switched to a newer gdb version (6.5) in this release. Unfortunately support for debugging programs using the SA (scheduler activation) based thread library, is incomplete in this gdb version. Furthermore kernel crash- dumps can not be debugged due to a missing identification in the kernel binaries. Both issues have been addressed on the wrstuden-fixsa branch, but did not make it into the NetBSD release. Both will be fixed in the next patch release. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropros(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@NetBSD.org. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Lulea Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services server. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the NYC build cluster. o The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for running the WWU build cluster that produces daily snapshots. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org The portmasters (and their ports): Anders Magnusson ragge vax Andrew Doran ad amd64 Andrew Doran ad i386 Andrey Petrov petrov sparc64 Ben Harris bjh21 acorn26 Cherry G. Mathew cherry ia64 Chris Gilbert chris cats Darrin Jewell dbj next68k Erik Berls cyber cobalt Gavan Fantom gavan iyonix IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii hpcarm Ichiro FUKUHARA ichiro hpcarm Ignatios Souvatzis is amiga Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui ews4800mips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui hp300 Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui news68k Jaime A Fournier ober bebox Jaime A Fournier ober zaurus Jason Thorpe thorpej algor Jason Thorpe thorpej evbarm Jason Thorpe thorpej shark Jonathan Stone jonathan pmax Julian Coleman jdc atari Manuel Bouyer bouyer xen Marcus Comstedt marcus dreamcast Martin Husemann martin sparc64 Matt Fredette fredette sun2 Matt Thomas matt alpha Matt Thomas matt netwinder Matthias Drochner drochner cesfic Michael Lorenz macallan macppc NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks x68k Nathan Williams nathanw sun3 Nick Hudson skrll hp700 Noriyuki Soda soda arc Paul Kranenburg pk sparc Phil Nelson phil pc532 Reinoud Zandijk reinoud acorn32 Ross Harvey ross alpha Soren Jorvang soren sgimips Scott Reynolds scottr mac68k Shin Takemura takemura hpcmips Simon Burge simonb evbmips Simon Burge simonb pmax Simon Burge simonb sbmips Steve Woodford scw evbppc Steve Woodford scw mvme68k Steve Woodford scw mvmeppc Takayoshi Kochi kochi ia64 Tim Rightnour garbled prep Tohru Nishimura nisimura luna68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura sandpoint Wayne Knowles wdk mipsco Wolfgang Solfrank ws ofppc The NetBSD 4.0 Release Engineering team: Grant Beattie grant@NetBSD.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org Pavel Cahyna pavel@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Daniel de Kok daniel@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org NetBSD Developers: Nathan Ahlstrom nra@NetBSD.org Steve Allen wormey@NetBSD.org Jukka Andberg jandberg@NetBSD.org Julian Assange proff@NetBSD.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@NetBSD.org Christoph Badura bad@NetBSD.org Bang Jun-Young junyoung@NetBSD.org Dieter Baron dillo@NetBSD.org Robert V. Baron rvb@NetBSD.org Alan Barrett apb@NetBSD.org Grant Beattie grant@NetBSD.org Jason Beegan jtb@NetBSD.org Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.org Hiroyuki Bessho bsh@NetBSD.org John Birrell jb@NetBSD.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@NetBSD.org Charles Blundell cb@NetBSD.org Rafal Boni rafal@NetBSD.org Stephen Borrill sborrill@NetBSD.org Sean Boudreau seanb@NetBSD.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org John Brezak brezak@NetBSD.org Allen Briggs briggs@NetBSD.org Mark Brinicombe mark@NetBSD.org Aaron Brown abrown@NetBSD.org Andrew Brown atatat@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@NetBSD.org Jon Buller jonb@NetBSD.org Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org Robert Byrnes byrnes@NetBSD.org Pavel Cahyna pavel@NetBSD.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@NetBSD.org Dave Carrel carrel@NetBSD.org Daniel Carosone dan@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Bill Coldwell billc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Ben Collver ben@NetBSD.org Jeremy Cooper jeremy@NetBSD.org Chuck Cranor chuck@NetBSD.org Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Aidan Cully aidan@NetBSD.org Garrett D'Amore gdamore@NetBSD.org Johan Danielsson joda@NetBSD.org John Darrow jdarrow@NetBSD.org Jed Davis jld@NetBSD.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@NetBSD.org Arnaud Degroote degroote@NetBSD.org Rob Deker deker@NetBSD.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@NetBSD.org Tracy Di Marco White gendalia@NetBSD.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@NetBSD.org Andy Doran ad@NetBSD.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@NetBSD.org Emmanuel Dreyfus manu@NetBSD.org Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.org Jun Ebihara jun@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Stoned Elipot seb@NetBSD.org Michael van Elst mlelstv@NetBSD.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@NetBSD.org Bernd Ernesti veego@NetBSD.org Erik Fair fair@NetBSD.org Gavan Fantom gavan@NetBSD.org Hauke Fath hauke@NetBSD.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.org Jason R. Fink jrf@NetBSD.org Matt J. Fleming mjf@NetBSD.org Marty Fouts marty@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org Matt Fredette fredette@NetBSD.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@NetBSD.org Castor Fu castor@NetBSD.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org Thomas Gerner thomas@NetBSD.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@NetBSD.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@NetBSD.org Chris Gilbert chris@NetBSD.org Eric Gillespie epg@NetBSD.org Michael Graff explorer@NetBSD.org Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@NetBSD.org Matthew Green mrg@NetBSD.org Andreas Gustafsson gson@NetBSD.org Ulrich Habel rhaen@NetBSD.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@NetBSD.org Adam Hamsik haad@NetBSD.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@NetBSD.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@NetBSD.org Ben Harris bjh21@NetBSD.org Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@NetBSD.org John Hawkinson jhawk@NetBSD.org HAMAJIMA Katsuomi hamajima@NetBSD.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Rene Hexel rh@NetBSD.org Iain Hibbert plunky@NetBSD.org Kouichirou Hiratsuka hira@NetBSD.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@NetBSD.org Jachym Holecek freza@NetBSD.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@NetBSD.org Ken Hornstein kenh@NetBSD.org Marc Horowitz marc@NetBSD.org Eduardo Horvath eeh@NetBSD.org Nick Hudson skrll@NetBSD.org Shell Hung shell@NetBSD.org Martin Husemann martin@NetBSD.org Dean Huxley dean@NetBSD.org Love Hornquist Astrand lha@NetBSD.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@NetBSD.org Tetsuya Isaki isaki@NetBSD.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@NetBSD.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@NetBSD.org Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.org Nicolas Joly njoly@NetBSD.org Chris Jones cjones@NetBSD.org Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.org Takahiro Kambe taca@NetBSD.org Antti Kantee pooka@NetBSD.org Masanori Kanaoka kanaoka@NetBSD.org Frank Kardel kardel@NetBSD.org Mattias Karlsson keihan@NetBSD.org KAWAMOTO Yosihisa kawamoto@NetBSD.org Mario Kemper magick@NetBSD.org Min Sik Kim minskim@NetBSD.org Thomas Klausner wiz@NetBSD.org Klaus Klein kleink@NetBSD.org John Klos jklos@NetBSD.org Wayne Knowles wdk@NetBSD.org Takayoshi Kochi kochi@NetBSD.org John Kohl jtk@NetBSD.org Daniel de Kok daniel@NetBSD.org Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Lubomir Kundrak lkundrak@NetBSD.org Martti Kuparinen martti@NetBSD.org Kentaro A. Kurahone kurahone@NetBSD.org Kevin Lahey kml@NetBSD.org David Laight dsl@NetBSD.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@NetBSD.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@NetBSD.org Greg Lehey grog@NetBSD.org Ted Lemon mellon@NetBSD.org Christian Limpach cl@NetBSD.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@NetBSD.org Joel Lindholm joel@NetBSD.org Mike Long mikel@NetBSD.org Michael Lorenz macallan@NetBSD.org Warner Losh imp@NetBSD.org Tomasz Luchowski zuntum@NetBSD.org Federico Lupi federico@NetBSD.org Brett Lymn blymn@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@NetBSD.org Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.org MAEKAWA Masahide gehenna@NetBSD.org David Maxwell david@NetBSD.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@NetBSD.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@NetBSD.org Jared D. McNeill jmcneill@NetBSD.org Neil J. McRae neil@NetBSD.org Perry Metzger perry@NetBSD.org Simas Mockevicius symka@NetBSD.org Juan Romero Pardines xtraeme@NetBSD.org Julio M. Merino Vidal jmmv@NetBSD.org Minoura Makoto minoura@NetBSD.org Luke Mewburn lukem@NetBSD.org der Mouse mouse@NetBSD.org Joseph Myers jsm@NetBSD.org Ken Nakata kenn@NetBSD.org Takeshi Nakayama nakayama@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org John Nemeth jnemeth@NetBSD.org Bob Nestor rnestor@NetBSD.org NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@NetBSD.org Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@NetBSD.org Takehiko NOZAKI tnozaki@NetBSD.org Tobias Nygren tnn@NetBSD.org OBATA Akio obache@NetBSD.org Jesse Off joff@NetBSD.org Tatoku Ogaito tacha@NetBSD.org OKANO Takayoshi kano@NetBSD.org Masaru Oki oki@NetBSD.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@NetBSD.org Greg Oster oster@NetBSD.org Jonathan Perkin sketch@NetBSD.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@NetBSD.org Chris Pinnock cjep@NetBSD.org Adrian Portelli adrianp@NetBSD.org Rui Paulo rpaulo@NetBSD.org Peter Postma peter@NetBSD.org Dante Profeta dante@NetBSD.org Chris Provenzano proven@NetBSD.org Niels Provos provos@NetBSD.org Mindaugas Rasiukevicius rmind@NetBSD.org Michael Rauch mrauch@NetBSD.org Marc Recht recht@NetBSD.org Darren Reed darrenr@NetBSD.org Jeremy C. Reed reed@NetBSD.org Antoine Reilles tonio@NetBSD.org Tyler R. Retzlaff rtr@NetBSD.org Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.org Michael Richardson mcr@NetBSD.org Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org Alan Ritter rittera@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org Gordon Ross gwr@NetBSD.org Steve Rumble rumble@NetBSD.org Ilpo Ruotsalainen lonewolf@NetBSD.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@NetBSD.org David Sainty dsainty@NetBSD.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@NetBSD.org Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@NetBSD.org Curt Sampson cjs@NetBSD.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@NetBSD.org Ty Sarna tsarna@NetBSD.org SATO Kazumi sato@NetBSD.org Jan Schaumann jschauma@NetBSD.org Matthias Scheler tron@NetBSD.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@NetBSD.org Amitai Schlair schmonz@NetBSD.org Konrad Schroder perseant@NetBSD.org Georg Schwarz schwarz@NetBSD.org Lubomir Sedlacik salo@NetBSD.org Christopher SEKIYA sekiya@NetBSD.org Reed Shadgett dent@NetBSD.org John Shannon shannonjr@NetBSD.org Tim Shepard shep@NetBSD.org Takeshi Shibagaki shiba@NetBSD.org Naoto Shimazaki igy@NetBSD.org Takao Shinohara shin@NetBSD.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@NetBSD.org Daniel Sieger dsieger@NetBSD.org Chuck Silvers chs@NetBSD.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@NetBSD.org Jeff Smith jeffs@NetBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.org Wolfgang Solfrank ws@NetBSD.org T K Spindler dogcow@NetBSD.org SOMEYA Yoshihiko someya@NetBSD.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@NetBSD.org Jorg Sonnenberger joerg@NetBSD.org Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.org Bill Squier groo@NetBSD.org Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@NetBSD.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@NetBSD.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@NetBSD.org Kimmo Suominen kim@NetBSD.org Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.org TAMURA Kent kent@NetBSD.org Shin'ichiro TAYA taya@NetBSD.org Ian Lance Taylor ian@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Christoph Toshok toshok@NetBSD.org Greg Troxel gdt@NetBSD.org Tsubai Masanari tsubai@NetBSD.org Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@NetBSD.org Masao Uebayashi uebayasi@NetBSD.org Shuichiro URATA ur@NetBSD.org Valeriy E. Ushakov uwe@NetBSD.org Todd Vierling tv@NetBSD.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@NetBSD.org Paul Vixie vixie@NetBSD.org Mike M. Volokhov mishka@NetBSD.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@NetBSD.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@NetBSD.org Leo Weppelman leo@NetBSD.org Assar Westerlund assar@NetBSD.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@NetBSD.org Frank Wille phx@NetBSD.org Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.org Rob Windsor windsor@NetBSD.org Dan Winship danw@NetBSD.org Arnaud Lacombe alc@NetBSD.org Jim Wise jwise@NetBSD.org Michael Wolfson mbw@NetBSD.org Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org Colin Wood ender@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Yuji Yamano yyamano@NetBSD.org Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@NetBSD.org S.P.Zeidler spz@NetBSD.org Maria Zevenhoven maria7@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org Other contributors: Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Dedication NetBSD 4.0 is dedicated to the memory of Jun-Ichiro "itojun" Hagino, who died in October 2007. Itojun was a member of the KAME project, which provided IPv6 and IPsec support; he was also a member of the NetBSD core team (the technical management for the project), and one of the Security Officers. Due to Itojun's efforts, NetBSD was the first open source operating system with a production ready IPv6 networking stack, which was included in the base system before many people knew what IPv6 was. We are grateful to have known and worked with Itojun, and we know that he will be missed. This release is therefore dedicated, with thanks, to his memory. Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.netbsd.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product contains software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD project. This product contains software written by Ignatios Souvatzis and Michael L. Hitch for the NetBSD project. This product contains software written by Michael L. Hitch for the NetBSD project. 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This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Chris- tos Zoulas This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna- tios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. 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This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.open- group.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material This product includes software developed by Tobias Abt. This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert. This product includes software developed by Michael van Elst. This product includes software developed by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed by Markus Illenseer. This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen. This product includes software developed by Jukka Marin. This product includes software developed by Kari Mettinen. This product includes software developed by Brad Pepers. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed by Michael Teske. This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg. This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk. The End NetBSD December 15, 2007 NetBSD