INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/macppc. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document............................................3 Quick install notes for the impatient..........................3 What is NetBSD?................................................5 Changes Between The NetBSD 5.0 and 5.0.1 Releases..............5 Security Advisory Fixes.....................................5 Kernel......................................................6 Networking..................................................6 Drivers.....................................................6 Platform specific...........................................7 Userland....................................................7 Miscellaneous...............................................8 Changes Between The NetBSD 4.0 and 5.0 Releases................8 General kernel..............................................8 Networking..................................................9 File systems...............................................10 Security...................................................11 Drivers....................................................11 Platforms..................................................16 Userland...................................................21 Components removed from NetBSD.............................26 Known Problems.............................................26 Features to be removed in a later release.....................26 The NetBSD Foundation.........................................27 Sources of NetBSD.............................................27 NetBSD 5.0.1 Release Contents.................................27 NetBSD/macppc subdirectory structure.......................28 Binary distribution sets...................................29 NetBSD/macppc System Requirements and Supported Devices.......30 Supported models...........................................31 Unsupported models.........................................32 Supported devices..........................................32 Unsupported devices........................................35 Supported boot devices and media...........................35 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................35 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................37 Prepare yourself...........................................37 Preparing your Open Firmware 3 System for NetBSD..............39 Updating your BootROM......................................39 Getting to Open Firmware 3.................................39 Setting up Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD..................40 Available Boot Media.......................................40 Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD....................41 Preparing the Open Firmware 3 Bootable Media...............43 Creating the NetBSD/macppc CD-R.........................44 Preparing an HFS or HFS+ partition......................44 Preparing a custom hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-R..............44 Creating an MS-DOS disk.................................45 Preparing the netboot server............................45 Preparing a SCSI or IDE drive with the CD-R image.......50 Preparing your Open Firmware 1.x or 2.x System for NetBSD.....50 Getting to Open Firmware on Apple Network Servers..........50 Open Firmware 1 and 2 System Preparation...................51 Getting to Open Firmware (MacOS X or Darwin)...............52 Getting to Open Firmware (Best, MacOS 8 or 9)..............52 Getting to Open Firmware (Harder, MacOS 7, 8, or...........53 Getting to Open Firmware (Without using MacOS).............54 Setting up Open Firmware 1 and 2 to boot...................55 Available Boot Media.......................................56 Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD....................57 Preparing the Open Firmware 1 or 2 Bootable Media..........58 Creating the NetBSD/macppc CD-R.........................59 Creating the NetBSD install floppies....................59 Creating a custom ISO9660 CD-R..........................60 Creating an MS-DOS disk.................................61 Preparing the netboot server............................61 Preparing a SCSI or IDE drive with the CD-R image.......65 Installing the NetBSD System..................................66 Open Firmware boot syntax..................................66 Examples of Open Firmware boot commands....................69 Booting the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R..................69 Booting the NetBSD install floppies.....................70 Booting an IDE or SCSI drive with an HFS partition......70 Booting a custom CD-ROM.................................70 Booting an MS-DOS floppy................................71 Booting over the ethernet...............................71 Booting an IDE or SCSI drive with 'partition zero'......72 Example of a normal boot...................................72 Common Problems and Error Messages.........................73 Black screen............................................73 Grey screen with flashing question mark.................73 Information on your screen seems garbled or out of sync.73 DEFAULT CATCH!..........................................74 CLAIM failed............................................74 can't OPEN..............................................74 unrecognized Client Program formatstate not valid.......74 bad partition number, using 0no bootable HFS partition..75 READ TIMEOUT@...........................................75 TFTP timeout............................................75 enet:,/netbsd.ram.gz: Inappropriate file type or format.75 Bootloader hangs before the copyright notice............75 Hang after configuring devices..........................75 Milestone..................................................76 Running the sysinst installation program...................76 Introduction............................................76 General.................................................76 Quick install...........................................76 Booting NetBSD..........................................77 Network configuration...................................77 Preparing a disk for Open Firmware 3 systems............77 Installation drive selection and parameters.............79 Selecting which sets to install.........................79 Partitioning the disk...................................79 Preparing your hard disk................................80 Getting the distribution sets...........................80 Installation from CD-ROM................................80 Installation using ftp..................................81 Installation using NFS..................................81 Installation from an unmounted file system..............81 Installation from a local directory.....................81 Extracting the distribution sets........................81 Making the device nodes.................................82 Finalizing your installation............................82 Finalizing Open Firmware settings..........................82 Booting NetBSD exclusively..............................82 Additional Open Firmware tips...........................83 Booting NetBSD and MacOS X or Darwin....................83 Booting NetBSD and MacOS 9 or earlier...................83 Other boot techniques...................................84 Post installation steps.......................................84 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................87 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............87 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......88 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases.......89 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................89 Administrivia.................................................90 Thanks go to..................................................91 We are........................................................91 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................97 The End......................................................104 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 5.0.1 on the _m_a_c_p_p_c platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally pre- sented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. QQuuiicckk iinnssttaallll nnootteess ffoorr tthhee iimmppaattiieenntt This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 5.0.1 on a machine of the macppc architecture. ++oo Fetch files needed to install NetBSD. The files depend on which model you are using and how you plan to boot your machine. For sys- tems with built-in floppy drives (Open Firmware 1 or 2), fetch the pair of boot floppy images _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s, which include the bootloader and installation kernel. For systems without floppy drives (most are Open Firmware 3), fetch the bootloader _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z. If you have a CD-R, you can fetch the CD image, _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_-_5_._0_._1_._i_s_o. Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel. This process is covered below, in detail. ++oo The actual binary distribution is in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s_/ direc- tory. When you boot the install kernel from floppies, hard drive, or CD-ROM, the installation program can fetch these files for you (using e.g. ftp) if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need the following sets: _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z, _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z and _e_t_c_._t_g_z. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. ++oo If your macppc has a floppy drive, create the pair of boot floppies using ssuunnttaarr (MacOS 9), rraawwrriittee (Windows), or dddd (any UNIX-like sys- tem with floppy support). If your system has Open Firmware 3, drag _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z to your hard drive icon (the top level of the drive, not the desktop). If you are using the CD image, burn it now. The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. ++oo Determine your machine's model, quirks, and Open Firmware version from the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll At present, NetBSD/macppc cannot exist on the same hard drive as Mac OS unless you partition your disk before running the installer. Open Firmware versions prior to 3 require a dedicated NetBSD drive -- you must use the entire disk, partitioned with the installation tools. Open Firmware version 3 cannot boot into NetBSD on a drive parti- tioned with the installation tools, you must partition your disk before running the installer, then select the ``RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss'' option in the installer (selecting the ``IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk'' or ``UUppggrraaddee NNeettBBSSDD oonn aa hhaarrdd ddiisskk'' options will render your drive unbootable). If you are unsure, you may want to read the section below on _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D ++oo For systems with Open Firmware versions prior to 3, you may need to use Apple's System Disk utility to enter Open Firmware and use your screen and keyboard. To enter Open Firmware, hold down the COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys after the boot chime starts, but before the chime ends. Entering Open Firmware versions prior to 3 is usually the most frustrating part of installation -- you may want to read the section below on _O_l_d_e_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n You should have the Open Firmware ``_0 _>'' prompt on your screen before attempting to boot NetBSD/macppc. ++oo At the Open Firmware prompt, type the command to boot. To boot from the installation floppies, the command is ``bboooott ffdd::00''. For the install kernel and bootloader on your hard drive (Open Firmware 3), the command is ``bboooott hhdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz''. For boot CDs, the command is something like ``bboooott ccdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd..mmaaccppppcc'' (for Open Firmware 3) or ``bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC'' (for earlier Open Firmware versions). You will need to use the correct case for OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF and NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC depending on how your version of Open Firmware interprets the ISO file system. You may need to replace ccdd with ssccssii//ssdd@@33 ,, ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33 ,, aattaa//aattaappii--ddiisskk ,, or some other device alias. You should also use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to confirm that the NetBSD/macppc kernel is called _N_E_T_B_S_D_._M_A_C_P_P_C. You may want to read the section below on _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _s_y_n_t_a_x ++oo For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis- tribution, you will want to explore the ppkkggssrrcc system with its many thousands of third party software applications. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on 57 different system architectures (ports) across 15 distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 5.0.1 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. Please see the NetBSD web site at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 55..00 aanndd 55..00..11 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 5.0.1 release is the first security/critical update of the NetBSD 5.0 release branch. This represents a selected subset of fixes deemed critical in nature for stability or security reasons. Please note that all fixes in security/critical updates (i.e., NetBSD 5.0.1, 5.0.2, etc.) are cumulative, so the latest update contains all such fixes since the corresponding minor release. These fixes will also appear in future minor releases (i.e., NetBSD 5.1, 5.2, etc.), together with other less-critical fixes and feature enhancements. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-5.0.1: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--55..00..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS--55..00..11 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 5.0.1 release tree. An abbreviated list is as follows: _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y _A_d_v_i_s_o_r_y _F_i_x_e_s ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-004 (NetBSD OpenPAM passwd(1) changing weakness): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--000044..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-005 (Plaintext Recovery Attack Against SSH): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--000055..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-006 (Buffer overflows in ntp): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--000066..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-007 (Buffer overflows in hack(6)): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--000077..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-008 (OpenSSL ASN1 parsing denial of service and CMS signature verification weakness): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--000088..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-009 (OpenSSL DTLS Memory Exhaustion and DSA signature verification vulnerabilities): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--000099..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-010 (ISC dhclient subnet-mask flag stack overflow): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--001100..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-011 (ISC DHCP server Denial of Service vulnerability): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--001111..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-012 (SHA2 implementation potential buffer overflow): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--001122..ttxxtt..aasscc ++oo NetBSD-SA2009-013 (BIND named dynamic update Denial of Service vul- nerability): hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22000099--001133..ttxxtt..aasscc Advisories prior to NetBSD-SA2009-004 do not affect NetBSD 5.0: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseeccuurriittyy//ppaattcchheess--55..00..hhttmmll _K_e_r_n_e_l ++oo Fix random ``filesystem full'' messages on large FFS file systems. ++oo Fix a regression in the 4.4BSD scheduler, improving interactive per- formance under load. ++oo Remove a race where physio_done() may use memory already freed. Fixes PR kern/39536. ++oo Fix a crash observed when trying to load a corrupted ELF kernel mod- ule. ++oo Fix PR kern/41566, where writes on the controlling tty were not being awoken from blocks. ++oo Various fixes for POSIX message queues. ++oo Fix a possible deadlock in the VFS subsystem. ++oo Fixes for POSIX advisory locks. ++oo A number of other stability fixes. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g ++oo Follow exactly the recommendation of draft-ietf-tcpm-tcpse- cure-11.txt: Don't check gainst the last ack received, but the expected sequence number. This makes RST handling independent of delayed ACK. ++oo Fix a panic when trying to disable IPFilter before enabling it. Fixes PR kern/41364. _D_r_i_v_e_r_s ++oo ehci(4): Add a workaround for ATI SB600 and SB700 revisions A12 and A13 to avoid a USB subsystem hang when the system has multiple USB devices connected to it or one device is re-connected often. ++oo wm(4): -- On i82563, FreeBSD's em driver says that the ready bit in the MDIC register may be incorrectly set. Insert delay(200) like the em driver. Fixes PR kern/41014. -- Add workaround for 82543GC. We need to force speed and duplex on the MAC equal to what the PHY speed and duplex configuration is. Fixes PR kern/36430. -- Fix many problems and panic on TBI's cards (PR kern/32009). _P_l_a_t_f_o_r_m _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c ++oo x86 (amd64 and i386): Add a workaround for a bug with some Opteron revisions where locked operations sometimes do not serve as memory barriers, allowing memory references to bleed outside of critical sections. ++oo amd64: Handle protection faults properly, returning SIGSEGV instead of SIGBUS. ++oo hp300: Make install.md probe cd(4) devices properly. ++oo pmax: Make ksyms(4) actually work. ++oo sh3: Fix logic error in copyinstr() when deciding whether to return EFAULT or ENAMETOOLONG. ++oo sparc64: -- Fix long double support in 32bit libc. Fixes PR port- sparc64/41406. -- When preparing the initial trap frame for a new forked lwp, explicitly clear condition code. Otherwise we might catch a sig- nal before we ever return to userland. Fixes PR port- sparc64/41302. ++oo vax: binutils: Allocate relocation section using bfd_zalloc() to ensure no garbage relocations when not all the entries are used. Fixes PR port-vax/39182. _U_s_e_r_l_a_n_d ++oo Update pkg_install to 20090724. _N_o_t_e_: pkg_install now depends on the pkgdb cache for automatic con- flict detection. It is recommended to rebuild the cache with # ppkkgg__aaddmmiinn rreebbuuiilldd audit-packages.conf(5) has been superseded by pkg_install.conf(5). The default configuration is the same. Support for pkg_view(1) has been retired. The functionality of audit-packages(1) and download-vulnerability-list(1) has moved into pkg_admin(1). However, wrapper scripts that handle the common use cases are provided. ++oo Update libfetch to 2.23. ++oo racoonctl(8): Adjust ADMINPORTDIR to match that of racoon (/var/run). Fixes PR bin/41376. ++oo schedctl(8): Skip LSIDL and LSZOMB threads when retrieving info. ++oo postinstall(8) now knows about /etc/dhcpcd.conf. _M_i_s_c_e_l_l_a_n_e_o_u_s ++oo The X.Org s3 driver now works. ++oo Install the Xvidtune app-defaults file. ++oo Fixes to Linux compat: -- In sendmsg(2), do copy the msghdr structure before trying to use it. -- In linux_sys_sched_getaffinity(), do not leak memory on error. ++oo Various METALOG fixes, including sorting entries. Addresses PR toolchain/24457 and PR bin/41155. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 44..00 aanndd 55..00 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 5.0 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that went into the NetBSD 5.0 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--55..00//CCHHAANNGGEESS and CHANGES-5.0: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--55..00//CCHHAANNGGEESS--55..00 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 5.0 release tree. Some highlights include: _G_e_n_e_r_a_l _k_e_r_n_e_l ++oo Introduced new synchronization primitives and made almost all core kernel subsystems use fine-grained locking, resulting in much greater performance on MP systems. See mutex(9), rwlock(9), and condvar(9). ++oo The threading system was rewritten and is now based on a 1:1 model. ++oo Made the process scheduler modular, allowing for different scheduling algorithms to be selected. ++oo The default scheduler implementation was rewritten, giving large per- formance improvements on SMP systems, and bringing support for real- time and time-sharing classes. ++oo Added support for SCHED_M2, a second scheduling algorithm, as an alternative to the original SCHED_4BSD algorithm. ++oo Added support for POSIX real-time scheduling extensions. ++oo Added support for POSIX asynchronous I/O. ++oo Added support for POSIX message queues. ++oo Added support for processor sets, CPU sets, and thread affinity. See pset(3), cpuset(3), and affinity(3). ++oo Added MI code to support in-kernel preemption and made i386 and amd64 use it. See kpreempt(9). ++oo Added a new implementation of software interrupts in a machine-inde- pendent way to provide software interrupts with thread context. All ports were made to use it. See softint(9). ++oo Added support for per-system call statistics. ++oo Added support for per-CPU work-queues. See workqueue(9). ++oo Added support for kernel core dumps to software RAID 1 sets. ++oo Added mremap(2), to remap virtual memory addresses. ++oo Added support for dynamic changing of SysV message queues and sema- phore limits. ++oo Improved pagedaemon behavior on memory shortage. ++oo Added TFTPROOT option for TFTPing root ramdisk at root mount time. ++oo Added putter(9) (Pass-to-Userspace Transporter), a generic request- response handler for kernel-attached userspace daemons. ++oo Added a new power management framework, pmf(9). ++oo By default, the kernel no longer enters ddb(4) if it panics. To get the old behavior, set ddb.onpanic to 1 in /etc/sysctl.conf. ++oo ddb(4): Added a ``whatis'' command, inspired by Solaris. ++oo All ports made to use generic todr(9). ++oo All ports made to use timecounter(9). ++oo Added Mersenne Twister PRNG implementation. ++oo Added posix_madvise(2). ++oo Numerous improvements to compat_linux(8) and compat_linux32. ++oo Device attach and detach notifications are now exposed via /dev/drvctl. ++oo Added sockopt(9), a new kernel API for passing socket options. ++oo If no usable init(8) program can be found, set the RB_ASKNAME flag and prompt users for the init path. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g ++oo Added ipv6 fast forward support, which increases forwarding speed by hashing/caching flows. ++oo Added per-socket keepalive timer settings and the ability to change connection timeouts. ++oo Added support for automatic sizing of TCP socket buffers. ++oo Added a new socket option SO_NOHEADER to tell the network stack to strip the protocol header from packets received on a raw socket. ++oo Added accept filters. See accept_filter(9), accf_data(9), and accf_http(9). ++oo fast_ipsec(4): Added support for IPsec NAT-T. ++oo pf(4): Made ``nat'' and ``rdr'' translation rules obey state policy flags. Extended pf.conf(5) syntax to express the translation-state policies. ++oo Network statistics were changed to be per-CPU. ++oo ALTQ: Added support for source address hashing in the WFQ scheduler. ++oo Pulled in IANA-generated services and protocols files. _F_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m_s ++oo Added wapbl(4), a preview of metadata journaling for FFS. Contributed by Wasabi Systems. ++oo Added read-only support for Apple HFS+ file systems. See mount_hfs(8). ++oo Added read-only support for Silicon Graphics EFS file systems. See mount_efs(8). ++oo Added write support for UDF file systems. See mount_udf(8). ++oo Added mount_psshfs(8), to support puffs(3) sshfs. ++oo Added mount_9p(8), to support 9P file services with puffs(3). ++oo Added rump_nfs(8), a userspace NFS client. ++oo Added mount_sysctlfs(8), to support browsing, querying, and modifying the sysctl(3) hierarchy. ++oo Added refuse(3) for FUSE compatibility functionality, layered on top of puffs(3). ++oo Added the user kernel file system library, ukfs(3), for standalone file system access. ++oo Added p2k(3), a puffs(3) to kernel vfs adaption library. ++oo puffs(4): Added support for NFS exporting puffs file servers. ++oo Added 32 bit UID/GID support for ext2fs. ++oo Added a newfs_ext2fs(8) utility to create Ext2 file systems. ++oo /proc is now mounted by default. Extended the Linux emulation of /proc to include /proc/stat, /proc/loadavg, and /proc//statm. Linux compatibility mode is now the default. Use -o nolinux if Linux compatibility is not desired. ++oo Write speed to FAT file systems was significantly increased and the 255 head limit was removed. ++oo Imported FreeBSD's unionfs. ++oo fsck_ext2fs(8), fsck_ffs(8), fsck_lfs(8): Disable userid to username lookups by default and add -U flag to perform them. ++oo scan_ffs(8): Added -b option to search a partition for valid alter- nate superblocks. ++oo fsck_ffs(8): Added -x/-X options, which allow running fsck_ffs -n on a snapshot of a live filesystem. _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y ++oo Added support for per-user /tmp. See security(8). ++oo Added support for ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) in the kernel and dynamic linker. See security(8). ++oo Added an opencrypto(9) provider for VIA ACE (AES encryption instruc- tions). ++oo Added nsp(4), a driver for NetOctave NSP2000, contributed by NBMK Encryption Technologies, ported from vendor FreeBSD SDK and inte- grated with opencrypto by Coyote Point Systems. ++oo opencrypto(9): Improved performance by adding asynchronous operation and batched submit/retrieve of requests/results. Contributed by Coy- ote Point Systems. ++oo cgd(4): Changed the default IV to encblkno1, which is faster without a real loss of security. ++oo openssl(1): Enabled support for Camellia. _D_r_i_v_e_r_s ++oo Audio: -- Added pad(4), a pseudo-audio device driver for feeding back raw PCM data to userland. -- Added sgsmix(4), a driver for the SGS 7433 mixer found in some G3 Macs. -- umidi(4): Added support for Roland UA25, UA4FX, and SonicCell devices. -- dbri(4): Added support for audio input. -- auvia(4) now works on big endian machines. -- azalia(4): AD1984 support was greatly improved. Added support for Realtek ALC662-GR and ALC269 codecs, which are found in EeePCs. Added support for ALC268. -- auich(4): Fixed a clock accounting problem that prevented detect- ing sample rates correctly. ++oo Hardware Monitoring: -- Imported envsys2, which brings, among other things, the ability to send events to powerd(8). See envsys(4) and sysmon_envsys(9). -- Added support for hardware monitoring on Sun Ultra Enterprise 450. -- Added aiboost(4), a driver for the ASUS AI Booster ACPI Hardware monitor. -- Added smsc(4), a driver for the hardware monitoring portion of the SMSC LPC47B397. -- Added aps(4), a driver for the IBM Thinkpad Active Protection System. -- Added coretemp(4), a driver for Intel Core (and newer) on-die thermal sensors. -- Added finsio(4), a driver for various Fintek Super I/O chips. -- Added amdtemp(4), a driver for AMD CPU on-die thermal sensors. -- Added dbcool(4), a driver for Analog Devices dbCool chips includ- ing ADT7460, ADT7463, ADT7467, and ADM1030. -- Added alipm(4), a driver for the Acer Labs M7101 Power Management Controller. -- Added admtemp(4), a driver for the Analog Devices ADM1021 temper- ature sensor. -- viaenv(4): Added support for VIA VT8231. -- nsclpcsio(4): Added support for the VLM logical device. -- lm(4): Added an i2c attachment for the LM78 family of temp sensor and fan controllers. ++oo Networking: -- Added jme(4), a driver for the JMicron Technologies JME250 Giga- bit Ethernet and JME260 Fast Ethernet controllers. -- Added u3g(4), a driver for many multi-port 3G datacards. -- Added iwn(4), a driver for the Intel Wireless LAN 4965AGN adapter. -- Added zyd(4), a driver for ZyDAS ZD1211/ZD1211B USB IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network devices. -- Added uhmodem(4), a driver for 3G wireless modems including Huawei E220 and E620, E-mobile D01HW and D02HW, and NTT DoCoMo a2502. -- Added lii(4), a driver for the Atheros L2 Fast Ethernet con- troller. -- Added btuart(4), a driver for Bluetooth HCI UART (H4). -- Firmware images are now shipped for ipw(4), iwi(4), wpi(4), and iwn(4). For ipw(4) and iwi(4), the Intel EULA has to be accepted via sysctl(8). -- fxp(4): Fixed some TX timeout and RX pool corruption problems. Added a workaround for a hardware ip4csum-tx bug. -- bge(4): Added support for BCM5786 and BCM5906(M). Fixed fiber card support. -- nfe(4): Added support for NVIDIA MCP67/73 Ethernet controllers. Fixed wakeup issues on some newer chips. Fixed a problem with receiving jumbo frames. -- btbc(4): Added support for AnyCom BlueCard devices. -- rum(4): Added support for MELCO WLI-U2-SG54HP, PLANEX GW- US54Mini2, COREGA CG-WLUSB2GL and K.K. CG-WLUSB2GPX, and ABOCOM WUG2700. -- makphy(4): Added support for Marvell 88E1116 Gigabit PHY. -- gem(4): Added support for Sun PCI SX fiber cards and Sun SBus SX fiber cards. -- wm(4): Added support for the Intel PRO/1000 PT Quad Port Server Adapter. Fixed a bug on receiving a jumbo frame which lead to a panic in sbcompress(). Added support for more ICH9 devices. Fixed an EEPROM-trashing bug on ICH8 and ICH9 chipsets. -- udav(4): Added support for Shantou ADM8515. -- brgphy(4): Added support for BCM5708C. -- re(4): Made hardware vlan(4) insertion/extraction work properly. Added support for the Realtek 8102E/8102EL PCIe 10/100 Ethernet adapters, as well as the 8111C chips that are found on many Intel-based motherboards. -- sk(4), msk(4): Fixed a lock panic on receiving jumbo packets. -- msk(4): Fixed a Yukon EC Ultra cold power up issue. -- bnx(4): Added support for SerDes controllers. -- vge(4): Added ifconfig down and ALTQ support. ++oo Storage: -- Added arcmsr(4), a driver for Areca Technology Corporation SATA RAID controllers. -- Added siisata(4), a driver for Silicon Image SteelVine SATA-II controllers (SiI3124, SiI3132, and SiI3531). -- isp(4): Major update, including 4Gb (24XX) card support and new firmware sets. -- piixide(4): Added support for ICH10. -- ahcisata(4): Added support for ATAPI devices. -- svwsata(4): Added support for ServerWorks HT-1000 SATA con- troller. -- njata(4): Added support for Workbit CF32A CF adapter. -- viaide(4): Added support for VIA CX700, CX700M2, NVIDIA MCP67, and MCP73/77 controllers. -- mfi(4): Added support for LSI SAS1078 and Dell PERC 6 con- trollers. -- mpt(4): Fixed performance problems for old revisions of the Sym- bios 53c1030. -- cac(4): Added initial bio(4) support; only volume status is han- dled at this time. -- siop(4): Added support for the non-PCI NCR 53c720/770 in big- endian mode. -- twa(4): Added support for 3ware 9650 and 9690, based on contribu- tions from Wasabi Systems. -- ciss(4): Added bio(4) support. -- ataraid(4): Added NVIDIA MediaShield, JMicron RAID, and Intel MatrixRAID support. Added support for status reports through bio(4). -- ixpide(4): Added support for ATI SB700/SB800 controllers. -- aac(4): Added support for raw I/O mode and >2TB. -- umass(4): Added support for Sony GPS GPS-CS1. Fixed a panic on device removal. -- aic(4): Worked around an rbus resource allocation problem so that aic PCMCIA cards work again. -- Implemented DIOCACHESYNC for RAIDframe, vnd(4), and cgd(4). -- rccide: Added support for the ServerWorks HT-1000 IDE controller. -- wd33c93: Enabled Fast SCSI transfers for WD33C93B parts with appropriate input clocks. ++oo USB: -- Added uvideo(4), a driver for USB Video Class capture devices, from Patrick Mahoney's Google Summer of Code 2008 project. -- Added uslsa(4), a driver for CP210x USB-RS232 devices. -- Added uchcom(4), a driver for WinChipHead CH341/340 and HL-340 USB-Serial adapters. -- Added uberry(4), a driver to allow RIM BlackBerries to charge from the USB port. -- Added appropriate bus_dmamap_sync(9) calls to uhci(4), ohci(4), and ehci(4) to prevent the CPU from reordering loads and stores against DMA descriptors. This fixes ``host controller process error/host controller halted'' errors. -- ehci(4): Added isochronous transfer support, contributed by Jeremy Morse as part of his Google Summer of Code 2008 project. -- ukbd(4): Added support for function keys F16 through F19. -- uplcom(4): Added support for Willcom WS002IN PHS and SMART Tech- nologies-badged devices. Recognize Corega CG-USBRS232R as a serial device. -- ugensa(4): Added support for Novatel Wireless Merlin CMDA and Ovation U727. -- ubsa(4): Added support for CDMA modems sold by Eurotel/O2. -- uftdi(4): Added support for Sealevel SeaPORT+4 USB to Serial adapter. -- slhci(4): Replaced with Matthew Orgass's driver. ++oo Graphics and Video: -- Switched to X.Org on amd64, i386, macppc, sgimips, shark, and sparc64. -- Added video(4), a video4linux2 compatible capture interface, part of Patrick Mahoney's Google Summer of Code 2008 project. -- Added uvideo(4), a driver for USB Video Class capture devices, from Patrick Mahoney's Google Summer of Code 2008 project. -- Added pseye(4), a driver for the Sony PLAYSTATION(R) Eye USB web- cam. -- Added genfb(4), a generic framebuffer console driver with PCI and SBus frontends. -- Added AGPv3 support to VIA AGP driver. -- Added support for Fujitsu AG-10e graphics cards. -- Added r128fb, an accelerated console driver for ATI Rage 128 graphics controllers. -- Added isv(4), a driver for the IDEC Supervision/16 image capture board. -- wscons(4): Added scrollback support to vcons. -- cgfourteen(4): Added support for wscons. -- agp(4): Added support for ALI M1689, MB i965Q, Intel Q33/35/G33, Intel 945GME, and Intel 946GZ. -- bktr(4) now works on amd64. ++oo Miscellaneous: -- Added pud(4), a driver that makes it possible to implement block and character devices in userspace. -- Added spdmem(4), a Serial Presence Detect driver that decodes technical specs stored in the eeprom on common types of memory modules. -- Added bcsp(4) to support the BlueCore Serial Protocol. -- Added thinkpad(4), a driver to support IBM/Lenovo Thinkpad hotkeys, brightness controls, and temperature and fan monitoring. -- Added gcscpcib(4), a driver for the AMD CS5535 and CS5536 Compan- ion Device with support for the timecounter, watchdog timer, and GPIO. -- Added ichsmb(4), a driver for Intel ICH SMBus controllers. -- Added asus(4), a driver for ASUS ACPI hotkeys as found in the EeePC. -- Added acpidalb(4), a driver for PNP0C32 ACPI hotkeys, aka the Direct Application Launch Buttons. -- Added hpqlb(4), a driver for hotkeys on some HP notebooks. -- adb(4): New and simplified MI ADB drivers. -- ichlpcib(4): Added support for the TCO (watchdog) on ICH6 or newer chipsets. Now runs on EM64T systems as well. -- itesio(4): Added support for the watchdog timer. -- ulpt(4): Implemented non-blocking read. -- puc(4): Added support for the I-O DATA RSA-PCI 2 port serial board, Digi International 4 and 8 port boards, and B&B Electron- ics MIPort serial boards. -- piixpm(4): Added support for ATI SB600, SB700, and SB800 SMBus controllers. -- wscons(4): Added support for the Colemak keyboard layout. -- com(4): Added support for PCMCIA Sierra Wireless Aircard 850. -- nfsmb(4): Added support for numerous NVIDIA chipsets. _P_l_a_t_f_o_r_m_s ++oo x86 (i386, amd64): -- Removed GENERIC.MP and made MULTIPROCESSOR mandatory. -- Enabled BUFQ_PRIOCSCAN in GENERIC for better responsiveness under heavy disk I/O. -- Added fatboot, a sub-512 byte bootloader that can be written into the first sector of a FAT16 file system. -- Added support for enhanced speedstep on Intel Atom CPUs. -- Added a High Precision Event Timer driver. -- Merged amd64 and i386 pmap. Large pages are always used if avail- able. -- Added support for the Intel 82G965 chipset. -- Added boot.cfg(5) to configure the bootloader. -- The boot menu now allows disabling ACPI and/or SMP. -- Added support for ACPI S3 (suspend-to-RAM) on MP systems. -- Added mbr(8) variants that directly access serial ports. -- It is now possible on some systems to get to a ddb(4) session on a VGA console if the system crashed while X11 was running. -- Added detection of errata for AMD Family 10h steppings A and 2. -- Added checks for erratum 261 on AMD Family 10h stepping 3 proces- sors. -- boot(8): Added support for the multiboot protocol. This allows booting Xen without GRUB. -- The kernel now recognizes CD-ROMs as booted devices. -- Added an Intel On Demand Clock Modulation driver. ++oo i386: -- Removed support for 80386 level CPUs. -- Added support for Microsoft Xbox. -- Added cmos(4), a driver for CMOS RAM. -- Added support for VIA Esther. -- i386 bootblocks are now able to boot amd64 kernels and support for a.out kernels has been removed. -- Removed pccons. -- Added support for sparse kernel core dumps. -- Removed the MATH_EMULATE option. -- Added the i386-specific COMPAT_30_PTHREAD option, which restores binary compatibility with netbsd-3 libpthread. ++oo amd64: -- Added support for PCI_BUS_FIXUP and PCI_ADDR_FIXUP kernel options. ++oo acorn32: -- Added support for Kinetic cards. -- Fixed up boot32 to work on A7000+. ++oo algor: -- Fixed a delay(9) issue and now the P5064 kernel works in gxemul. ++oo alpha: -- Make dynamic executables work under compat_osf1(8) again. ++oo amiga: -- Added a wdc(4) frontend for the buddha and catweazle Z2 hardware. ++oo arc: -- Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. -- Added sysinst(8) support. ++oo arm: -- Added armv6 kernel support. -- Added arm32 support for kernel crashdumps. -- Added VFP support. -- Added AT91 support. -- Added FA526 support. -- Added the missing kernel bits that kept eeprom(8) from actually changing firmware settings. ++oo atari: -- Fixed the sysinst miniroot image and retired the old miniroot. -- Fixed a hang on loading md_root from floppy during installation. -- Many pmap bugs were fixed and it was synced with amiga's pmap. -- Fixed a lost interrupt problem on Falcon wdc(4). -- Renamed the BOOT kernel to SMALL030 and removed BOOTX. -- Added support for installation from GEMDOS partitions. -- Fixed an ncr5380 SCSI freezing problem that occurred during boot. ++oo bebox: -- Converted to generic powerpc PCI and ISA frameworks. -- Added support for genfb(4). ++oo cobalt: -- Added sysinst(8) support. -- Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. -- Added support for booting from Ext2fs partitions. -- Added netboot support for 21041 on Qube 2700. -- Startup and shutdown messages, as well as a banner and kernel name are now printed on the LCD panel. -- Added kernel and bootloader support for optional Z85C30 serial on Qube 2700. -- Fixed a botched spl(9) bug which could cause a network freeze on traffic between two network interfaces. ++oo evbarm: -- Added support for the Cortina Systems SL3516 evaluation board. -- Added support for NPE Ethernet found on IXP425 boards. -- Added a PXA2x0 RTC driver. ++oo evbmips: -- Added support for Infineon ADM5120. ++oo evbppc: -- Added support for Xilinx Virtex II-Pro/4-FX. -- Converted PM/PPC to generic powerpc clock, PCI, and interrupt frameworks. -- Fixed sysinst to refer to the proper WALNUT and OPENBLOCKS266 kernels. ++oo hp700: -- Added support for booting from CD-ROM images. -- Fixed kernel profiling. -- Kernels are now compiled with -O2. -- Added gdb(1) support. -- Added bootinfo support. -- Added support for NCR 53C720. ++oo hpcmips: -- Fixed a silent hangup problem on TX3922 machines. ++oo ibmnws: -- Converted to generic powerpc clock, PCI, and interrupt frame- works. ++oo landisk: -- Added sysinst(8) support. -- Fixed MD bus_dmamap_load(9) so that NFS write works with re(4). ++oo mac68k: -- Added support for more NuBus video cards, including VillageTronic MacPicasso 340. -- Added support for Creative Systems Inc Hurdler CPI NuBus parallel printer card. -- Switched sn(4) to use the MI SONIC driver. ++oo macppc: -- Switched to generic powerpc interrupt, clock, PCI, bus_dma(9), bus_space(9), SMP, and IPI frameworks. -- genfb(4) is now the default framebuffer. -- Switched to the new ADB subsystem. -- Added support for bus speed control found in some Intrepid-based laptops like the 800MHz iBook G4. -- Converted to shared ofw_autoconf. -- Converted to shared powerpc major numbers. -- Added an experimental Apple UniNorth AGP driver. ++oo mvmeppc: -- Converted to generic powerpc clock/PCI/interrupt frameworks. ++oo m68k: -- Fixed a panic in FPE code caused by 040/060 specific FDADD instructions on 020/030 machines. -- gcc(1): Fix jump table addressing in the M68k codegen. -- Fixed floating point handling regressions. ++oo ofppc: -- Completely rewrote the ofppc port from scratch. -- Added support for the bplan/Genesi Pegasos II. -- Added support for the IBM 7044-270. -- Added support for the IBM 7046-B50. -- Added install support and booting from RAID. -- Fixed ofwboot to work on an IBM CHRP-based RS/6000. -- Added support for SMP. ++oo pmppc: -- Removed pmppc as a port and moved it under evbppc. ++oo powerpc: -- Added a generic interrupt handler framework. -- Added generic shared timecounter-based clock routines. -- Added shared PReP memory maps. -- Added generic powerpc OpenFirmware code. -- Added a generic powerpc IPI framework. -- Added new generic powerpc SMP support framework. -- Added tuned assembler from IBM for memcpy(3), memmove(3), and memcmp(3). -- Added booted_kernel and booted_device sysctl. -- Added the missing kernel bits that kept eeprom(8) from actually changing firmware settings. ++oo prep: -- Switched to generic powerpc PCI, ISA, interrupt, clock, IPI, and SMP frameworks. -- Added support for the MTX604 RAVEN based machine. Other RAVEN based machines are also likely to work now. -- Added support for floppy controller/drive. ++oo sandpoint: -- Switched to generic powerpc interrupt, clock, PCI, and ISA frame- works. -- Added a DHCP/NFS bootloader. -- Converted to shared powerpc major numbers. ++oo sgimips: -- Added support for the SGI O2 PS/2 controller macekbc(4), onboard display adapter crmfb(4), and audio driver mavb(4). -- Added support for Set Engineering's GIO Fast Ethernet board: tl(4). -- Added support for the SGI Light/Entry/Starter LG1/LG2 frame- buffers found in Indigo systems: light(4). -- Added support for the sq(4) interface on the Challenge S's IOPLUS mezzanine. -- Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. -- Many bug fixes and improvements to the MAC-110 Ethernet driver found in the O2. ++oo sh3: -- Implemented fast path TLB miss handling. -- Fixed compilation of native sh3 gcc on 64-bit build machines. -- Added support for single-stepping in ddb(4). ++oo shark: -- Added dhclient(8) to the install disk image. -- The installation disk now uses wscons. -- Removed pccons, which has been obsoleted by wscons(4). -- X works again on revision 4 machines. ++oo sparc: -- Added support for booting from UFS2 partitions. -- Added support for Sun PGX32 / TechSource Raptor GFX 8P to genfb(4). ++oo sparc64: -- SMP now works. -- Fixed boot device matching on U5/U10 machines to properly distin- guish cd0 from wd0. ++oo vax: -- Turned on generation of PIC code. -- Added an accelerated driver for SPX graphics cards found in some VAXstations. -- Fixed Unibus support on VAX11/780 and 8600 models. ++oo xen: -- Added support for amd64, both as dom0 and domU. -- Added support for the i386 PAE extension to Xen3 domU. -- Fixed PCI_BUS_FIXUP/PCI_ADDR_FIXUP support. ++oo zaurus: -- Added the zaurus port, with support for Sharp C3x00 PDAs. -- Allow Zaurus screen to rotate 90 degrees to a usable state with the keyboard. -- Added support for detecting the AC adapter and charging the bat- tery. -- Added sysinst(8) support. _U_s_e_r_l_a_n_d ++oo 3rd party software updates: -- ACPICA 20080321 -- am-utils 6.2a3 -- BIND 9.5.0-P2 -- file 4.26 -- GNU gcc 4.1.3-20080831 -- GNU gdb 6.5 on all ports -- IPFilter 4.1.29 -- (n)awk 20070501 -- NTP 4.2.4p6 -- nvi 1.81 -- openpam 20071221 -- OpenSSH 5.0p1 -- OpenSSL SNAP-20080509 -- PF from OpenBSD 4.2 -- Postfix 2.5.4 -- texinfo 4.8 ++oo Libraries: -- pthread(3): ++oo Major overhaul, resulting in many performance and stability improvements. ++oo Added POSIX real-time extensions. ++oo Diagnostic assertions are now disabled by default. Applica- tion errors will be reported only by error return from pthread APIs. The assertions can be re-enabled by setting the PTHREAD_DIAGASSERT environment variable as desired. ++oo Added a PTHREAD__COMPAT build flag which creates a libpthread that can be dropped into a NetBSD 2/3/4 chroot and used on a kernel without scheduler activations support. -- Replaced the default malloc(3) with jemalloc, bringing a signifi- cant performance boost for many threaded workloads that make heavy use of malloc. -- curses(3): ++oo Merged wide curses work done by Ruibiao Qui as a Google Sum- mer of Code project. ++oo Added termattrs(3) and term_attrs(3). ++oo Added getwin(3) and putwin(3). -- util(3): ++oo Added estrndup(3). ++oo Added raise_default_signal(3). -- Added C99 complex support (float/double) to math(3). -- proplib(3): ++oo Implemented prop_dictionary_make_immutable(3). ++oo Added prop_array_util(3) functions. -- libc: ++oo Added dehumanize_number(3). ++oo Added posix_memalign(3). ++oo Replaced O(nm) versions of strspn(3), strcspn(3), and strpbrk(3) with O(n+m) implementations. ++oo Added getlogin_r(2). ++oo Added the C99 functions imaxabs(3) and imaxdiv(3). ++oo Enabled atomic_ops(3) in userspace. ++oo queue(3): Added TAILQ_CONCAT() and STAILQ_CONCAT(). -- Added libgcov. ++oo Imported bozohttpd, a small HTTP server. See httpd(8). ++oo Imported dhcpcd 4.0.10. ++oo Imported openldap 2.4.11. ++oo Added rump(3), the Runnable Userspace Meta Program framework. Allows running kernel code in userspace applications. ++oo Added cpuctl(8), a utility that allows placing CPUs online/offline. ++oo Added schedctl(8), a program to control scheduling of processes and threads. ++oo Added psrset(8), a utility to control processor sets. ++oo Added atf(7), the Automated Testing Framework, Julio M. Merino Vidal's 2007 Google Summer of Code project. ++oo Added newgrp(1), a utility to change effective group ID. ++oo Added tcpdrop(8), a utility to drop tcp(4) connections. ++oo Added acpitools from FreeBSD: acpidump(8) and amldb(8). ++oo Added dkscan_bsdlabel(8) to scan disks for BSD disklabels. ++oo Added btkey(1), a utility to manage Bluetooth link keys in OS and device storage. ++oo Added svhlabel(8), a tool to update disklabel(5) from SGI Volume Header, like mbrlabel(8) for MBR labels. ++oo Added pcc(1) as an alternative compiler. ++oo Added btpand(8), a Bluetooth Personal Area Networking profile daemon. ++oo Added c99(1) as a wrapper to run cc(1) in C99 mode. ++oo Added support for Solaris $ORIGIN etc. expansions in paths. ++oo Added BUILDSEED support to build.sh to yield reproducible C++ builds. ++oo Added support for ``cc -m32'' on amd64 and sparc64 to generate 32 bit binaries. 32bit libraries are now provided on these two ports. ++oo ld(1) can now link 32bit objects on amd64. ++oo vi(1) has been updated to nvi 1.81, which supports internationaliza- tion. It also grew a new NetBSD-specific expandtab option. ++oo pkill(1): Added the -l (long format) option. ++oo find(1): Added the -delete and -E (extended regex) options. ++oo xargs(1): Replaced with FreeBSD's while keeping our GNU compatible exit values. ++oo sdiff(1): Replaced by OpenBSD's sdiff(1). ++oo pax(1): Added a -V flag for verbose summary without listing. ++oo top(1): Allow a single process to be selected by pid. Added a thread mode that displays LWPs. ++oo scsictl(8): Added a setspeed command. ++oo split(1): Added a new option ``-n chunk_count'' that splits the input into chunk_count smaller files. ++oo df(1): Fixed the -P option and added the -g (gigabytes) option. ++oo wtf(6) now searches pkgsrc's help database when called inside a pack- age directory. ++oo atactl(8): Improved SATA support. ++oo wlanctl(8): Added a -p flag that only prints public nodes. ++oo btconfig(8): Added a new ``rssi'' option to toggle inquiry results with RSSI. ++oo ifconfig(8): Added ``list scan'' to ifconfig, which lists access points in the neighborhood. ++oo newsyslog.conf(5) gained a ``J'' flag to bzip2 logfiles. ++oo fdisk(8) now reports the first active partition. ++oo bioctl(8) was rewritten to handle new features like creating and removing hot-spares, pass-through disks and RAID volumes, start/stop consistency checks in volumes. ++oo savecore(8) now uses the raw device to read crashdumps. ++oo make(1): Implemented ``-dl'' (aka LOUD) to override ``@'' at the start of script lines. ++oo monop(6): The save and restore format changed, breaking compatibility with already broken previous save files. ++oo iconv(1) now allows SUSv3 syntax. ++oo lint(1): Added _Complex support. ++oo ftp(1): Added epsv6 and epsv to disable extended passive mode. ++oo getent(1): Added support for ``netgroup'' databases. ++oo ypserv(8): Disabled libwrap address to hostname lookups to avoid the chance of ypserv blocking for an extended period of time due to a long DNS timeout. ++oo postfix(1): Enabled LDAP support for tables. ++oo amd(8): Enabled LDAP support for maps. ++oo newfs(8): Added support for the ``t'' (terabytes) suffix. ++oo grep(1): A warning is now printed if ``-r'' is used without specify- ing an argument. ++oo db(1): Added support for encoding or decoding VIS_HTTPSTYLE, and for tuning the page size of the database. ++oo daily.conf(5): Added run_fsck_flags to allow passing extra options to the daily fsck -n. ++oo sysinst(8) now supports the Colemak and Dvorak keyboard layouts. ++oo od(1) Added support for the ``-A addressformat'' flag. ++oo etcupdate(8): Removed the ``-b binarydir'' and ``-s srcdir/etc'' options which were deprecated in NetBSD-4.0. Deprecate the ``-s tgz1:tgz2'' option; please use ``-s tgz1 -s tgz2'' instead. ++oo postinstall(8): Deprecated the ``-s tgz1:tgz2'' option; please use ``-s tgz1 -s tgz2'' instead. ++oo sed(1): Added the -r flag, which is an alias for -E, to be compatible with GNU sed. ++oo patch(1): Merged improved version from DragonFly. patch -b now behaves as specified by POSIX. ++oo rc.conf(5): ifconfig_xxN variables may now have multi-line values, just like /etc/ifconfig.xxN files, and semicolons may be used instead of line breaks. ++oo ls(1): -n now implies -l. ++oo ps(1): Added the -A option, to display information about all pro- cesses. Use ``O'' for LSONPROC like Solaris instead of bundling LSIDL, LSRUN, and LSONPROC to ``R''. ++oo ksh(1): Fixed POSIX mode interpretation of backslashes inside back- quotes inside double quotes. ++oo makefs(8): Made the allow-multidot option for cd9660 useful. ++oo restore(8) now works on Linux dump volumes, by ignoring extended attribute records on these volumes. ++oo Added an rc.d(8) script for rndctl(8). ++oo MAKEDEV(8) now creates /dev rather than init(8). ++oo MAKEDEV(8) now uses mtree(8) in preference to pax(1) and mknod(8), making node creation more efficient, and mount_tmpfs(8) in preference to mount_mfs(8) when creating a memory file system. ++oo MAKEDEV.local(8) can now use functions defined in MAKEDEV(8). Besides this list, there have also been innumerable bug fixes and miscel- laneous enhancements. _C_o_m_p_o_n_e_n_t_s _r_e_m_o_v_e_d _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D In NetBSD 5.0, the following software components were removed from the system. Some were not useful anymore, or their utility did not justify the maintenance overhead. Others were not working properly and there was a lack of interest in fixing them. ++oo The pc532 port. ++oo Support for systrace. ++oo HP-UX binary compatibility. ++oo The esl driver. ++oo Support for NQNFS. ++oo The TPCONS option in netiso. _K_n_o_w_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s Using block device nodes directly for I/O may cause a kernel crash when the file system containing _/_d_e_v is FFS and is mounted with -o log. Work- around: use raw disk devices, or remount the file system without -o log. Occassionally, gdb may cause a process that is being debugged to hang when ``single stepped''. Workaround: kill and restart the affected process. gdb cannot debug running threaded programs correctly. Workaround: gener- ate a core file from the program using gcore(1) and pass the core to gdb, instead of debugging the running program. Statically linked binaries using pthreads are currently broken. The sparc port does not have functional SMP support in this release. FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo Support for soft dependencies, also knows as soft updates (see ``softdep'' in mount(8)) will be removed in the next major release. NetBSD 5.0.1 includes a preview of WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging), which will replace soft dependencies in the next major release. See wapbl(4) and hhttttpp::////mmaaiill--iinnddeexx..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//nneettbbssdd--aannnnoouunnccee//22000088//1122//1144//mmssgg000000005511..hhttmmll for details. ++oo Support for Xen 2.0.x. The Xen-3 and hypervisor interface is diverg- ing from Xen-2 as development is ongoing, increasing the maintenance cost for NetBSD. It should be considered as deprecated. Users are expected to not rely on it any more beyond this major release. Further, at least version 3.1 of Xen will be required to run NetBSD as Dom0 or DomU. TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 55..00..11 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 5.0.1 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_5_._0_._1_/ CHANGES Changes between the 4.0 and 5.0 releases. CHANGES-5.0 Changes between the initial 5.0 branch and final release of 5.0. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 5.0.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. _8_2 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _4_2_2 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. _7 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_9 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 5.0.1 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. _5_8 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_8_4 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 5.0.1 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. _3_6 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_8_0 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. _1_3_3 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _6_9_9 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo 11 _f_i_l_e. CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm _f_i_l_e. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. SYSVSUM Historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --oo 22 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the MD5 digest, and finally the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The macppc-specific portion of the NetBSD 5.0.1 release is found in the _m_a_c_p_p_c subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_5_._0_._1_/_m_a_c_p_p_c_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._M_P_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. This kernel supports SMP on systems with more than one CPU. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. It also has a RAM-disk installer. This is the kernel you should use when you want to install via netboot, from a CD-R, or an HFS parti- tion on Open Firmware 3 systems. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code only for Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, and 2.4 systems (i.e. those that have floppy drives). It has a RAM-disk installer. _s_e_t_s_/ macppc binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s macppc boot and installation floppy images. The first is the bootloader and kernel. The second image has the installation tools. Only usable on models that ship with a floppy drive (pre- Open Firmware 3); see below. _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f macppc bootloader; see below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD macppc binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 5.0.1 release for macppc. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 5.0.1 distribution tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 5.0.1 macppc bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. _2_9 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8_3 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. _4_4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_5_3 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d eettcc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. _1 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. _4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 5.0.1 GENERIC kernel named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. _4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..MMPP This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 5.0.1 GENERIC.MP kernel, which will use multiple processors (if present), named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. _4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _8 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. _1_2 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _5_0 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. _4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_3 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. _4 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1_1 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. _8 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _2_3 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. _1_6 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _5_5 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. _3_2 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _7_4 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. _1 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _1 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d xxsseerrvveerr The X server. This includes the modular Xorg server. _1_2 _M_B _g_z_i_p_p_e_d_, _3_4 _M_B _u_n_c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s_e_d The macppc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the macppc binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//mmaaccppppcc SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess Currently, NetBSD/macppc requires the use of Open Firmware to boot. Open Firmware is a command environment using the FORTH language. The NetBSD kernel uses Open Firmware to gather information about your system and to control some of your devices. It is part of the boot ROMs in most PowerPC-based Macintosh systems. Until late 1996, Apple never intended to use Open Firmware for anything other than internal debugging and hard- ware support. It was not intended to be used to boot an operating sys- tem. This is why earlier machines have so much trouble with Open Firmware. This also means that PowerMacs and clones that lack Open Firmware cannot boot NetBSD on the macppc platform. Most machines intro- duced by Apple and the clone-makers after August 17, 1995 have Open Firmware and are supported. Apple made several revisions of this Open Firmware environment, and each has various quirks and problems that we must work around. The single hardest step of installing NetBSD/macppc is to set up Open Firmware prop- erly. Open Firmware versions 1.0.5 and 2.0.x act similarly and the same set of instructions applies to them. Open Firmware version 2.4 is slightly different with regards to booting. Open Firmware version 3 is altogether different, but easier to set up for NetBSD. At present, NetBSD/macppc does not support the PPC 601 microprocessor, which means that the PowerMacintosh 7200 and 7500 models are not sup- ported. The PowerMacintosh 7500 may be upgraded to a PPC 604, G3 or G4 microprocessor via a daughtercard replacement, in which case NetBSD will run on this system. The minimal configuration requires 16 MB of RAM and 100 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires considerably more, plus space for the swap partition (usually the RAM size, unless you've got a lot of RAM). To use X, 32MB of RAM is required. NetBSD with 16 MB of RAM is very slow. Until you have around 32 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU. _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s Find your model from the list below and take note of its Open Firmware version: _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._0_._5 ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (7300, 7500 (with CPU upgrade), 7600, 8500, 8600, 9500, and 9600) ++oo Apple Workgroup Server 8550 ++oo Power Computing (PowerCenter, PowerCenter Pro, PowerCurve, PowerTower, PowerTower Pro, and PowerWave) ++oo UMAX (J700, S900) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._1_._2_2 ++oo Apple Network Server (500 and 700) _N_o_t_e_: Users have reported that the NetBSD kernel does not work well with the on-board MACE-based ethernet (the one that requires an Apple AAUI dongle). If your system does not have the Apple PCI Ethernet Card, you may need to purchase and install another ether- net card in your Apple Network Server. _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _2_._0_._x ++oo Apple PowerBook (2400, 3400, G3, and G3 Series) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (4400, 54xx, 5500, 6300/160, 6360, 6400, and 6500) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI RageII+: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in-One) ++oo APS Tech (M*Power 604e/200) ++oo Motorola StarMax (3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500) ++oo Power Computing (PowerBase) ++oo UMAX (Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _2_._4 ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI Rage Pro: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in-One) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 ++oo Apple original iBook, iBook SE, iBook (Dual USB), iBook (Late 2001), iBook (16VRAM), iBook (Opaque 16 VRAM), iBook (32 VRAM), iBook (14.1 LCD 32 VRAM), and iBook G4 ++oo Apple iMac; Bondi Blue (Rev A and Rev B, 233 MHz), 5 Fla- vors (Rev C and Rev D, 266 MHz and 333 MHz), iMac (Slot Loading), iMac (Summer 2000), iMac (Early 2001), iMac (Sum- mer 2001), and iMac (USB 2.0) ++oo Apple original eMac and eMac (ATI Graphics) ++oo Apple PowerBook (G3 Series (bronze keyboard) and G3 (FireWire)) ++oo Apple PowerBook (G4 (Titanium), G4 (Gigabit Ethernet), G4 (DVI), G4 (12-inch), G4 (17-inch), G4 (12-inch DVI), Power- Book G4 (15-inch FW 800), PowerBook G4 (17-inch 1.33GHz/1.5GHz)) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G4 (PCI), G4 (AGP), G4 (Gigabit Eth- ernet), G4 (Digital Audio), G4 (Quicksilver), G4 (Quicksil- ver 2002), G4 (Mirrored Drive Doors), G4 (FW 800), and G4 Cube) ++oo Apple Mac Mini G4 (1.25GHz/1.42GHz/1.5GHz) ++oo Apple original Xserve and Xserve (Slot Load) _N_o_t_e_: Some newer G4 models may not run at their full CPU speed, due to the fact Open Firmware starts the CPU at a reduced frequency. ++oo Apple iMac G5, PowerMacintosh G5, Xserve G5 _N_o_t_e_: G5 models are supported as a 32-bit port in bridge mode only. _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s ++oo Systems with Open Firmware, but using a PPC 601 microprocessor (PowerMacintosh 7200 and 7500 (without CPU upgrade)) ++oo Systems with a PowerPC microprocessor, but lacking Open Firmware -- Apple PowerBook (1400, 2300, and 5300) -- Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (52xx, 53xx, 62xx, and 63xx (except 6300/160 and 6360 which are supported)) -- Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (61xx, 71xx, and 81xx) -- PowerComputing (Power 100 and Power 120) ++oo Systems with broken Open Firmware (Twentieth Anniversary Macin- tosh) ++oo Systems with a Motorola 68k microprocessor (these systems are supported by NetBSD/mac68k) ++oo Systems upgraded from any of the above (unless the motherboard is replaced as part of the upgrade) _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo CPU upgrades -- Only one CPU in a multiprocessor system is supported with the GENERIC kernel. All CPUs are supported with the GENERIC.MP kernel. -- Most CPU upgrades are supported. Some older models will not automatically enable the L2 and/or L3 caches on a G3 or G4 processor. See the FAQ entry hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ccppuu--uuppggrraaddee ++oo Ethernet -- On-board 79C950-based MACE Ethernet interface (_m_c) -- On-board bmac Ethernet interface (_b_m) -- On-board gmac Ethernet interface (_g_e_m) -- Apple PCI Ethernet Card (option for Apple Network Server) (_t_l_p) -- Asante Mac 10/100 PCI Rev A, part number 09-00169-01 (_t_l_p) -- Farallon Fast EtherTX 10/100, part number PN996L-TX (_t_l_p) -- SMC Etherpower II (9432TX) (_e_p_i_c) -- SMC 83c170 (_e_p_i_c) -- 3Com 3c905 (_e_x) -- Intel EtherExpress PRO/10+ PCI LAN Adapter (_f_x_p) -- Realtek 8029 Ethernet (_n_e) -- VIA Technologies VT86C926 (_n_e) -- D-Link DFE-530TX+ (_r_t_k) -- Realtek 8139 (_r_t_k) -- Netgear FA-311 (_s_i_p) -- Lite-On PNIC (_t_l_p) -- D-Link DFE-530TX (_v_r) -- Many other PCI and Cardbus Ethernet interfaces, such as Tulip-compatible (_t_l_p), 3Com (_e_p), SMC (_e_p_i_c), Intel (_f_x_p), NE2000-compatible (_n_e), and Realtek (_r_t_k) -- Many USB Ethernet interfaces (_a_u_e, _c_u_e and _k_u_e) ++oo Wireless -- On-board AirPort or AirMac 802.11b (_w_i) -- AT&T/Lucent WaveLan IEEE PCMCIA card (_w_i) ++oo SCSI -- On-board NCR 53c94 SCSI controller (_e_s_p) -- On-board MESH SCSI controller (_m_e_s_h) -- Adaptec PCI controllers 291x, 2920, 2930C, 294x, 295x, 39xx, 19160, 29160 and AIC-78xx (_a_h_c) _N_o_t_e_: The 294x models are not bootable in Open Firmware, even though they can boot MacOS 9 and earlier. -- AdvanSys 1200[A,B], 9xx[U,UA] SCSI controller (_a_d_v) -- AMD 53c974 (_p_c_s_c_p) -- Apple 53c875 Ultra Wide SCSI (shipped in some Beige G3 mod- els) (_n_c_r or _s_i_o_p) _N_o_t_e_: This card may need a firmware update to boot NetBSD. Use the Mac OS X SCSI Card Updater from hhttttpp::////ddooccss..iinnffoo..aappppllee..ccoomm//aarrttiiccllee..hhttmmll??aarrttnnuumm==2255117766 -- NCR/Symbios 53C8xx (_s_i_o_p or _e_s_i_o_p) -- Many other PCI SCSI controllers should work, but no one has tried them -- Most SCSI disk/tape/CD-ROM devices should work ++oo IDE -- On-board IDE controllers -- Promise Ultra66 (_p_c_i_i_d_e) (this, and other PC-based cards are not bootable on macppc) -- Acard ATP-850/860 based IDE controllers (_p_c_i_i_d_e) (including the Acard AEC-6210/6260 and the Sonnet Tempo ATA/66 cards) -- Some other PCI IDE controllers should work, although no one has had much success -- Most IDE disk/CD-ROM/ATAPI devices should work ++oo Input devices -- Most ADB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads -- Most USB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads -- Most PS/2 keyboards, mice, and trackballs (middle button on 3-button mice may not work) ++oo Video -- On-board video on most models (_o_f_b) _N_o_t_e_: Several models have been reported to not work with NetBSD if the on-board video is in use, such as the Performa 54xx, 6360, 6400, PowerComputing Power- Center and PowerTower, and UMAX C600 and Apus 3000. Also, the video card that shipped with the PowerMac- intosh 9500/150, 9500/180, and 9500/200 systems is reported to have the same problem. -- PCI frame buffers which have Open Firmware support (ATI, IMS, Matrox, and NVIDIA have several models which work) -- Full wscons capabilities, such as virtual terminals and color text are available. (Note however that switching between virtual terminals while running an X session is not supported at present.) ++oo Audio -- On-board audio on most models (_a_w_a_c_s or _s_n_a_p_p_e_r) _N_o_t_e_: The (_a_w_a_c_s) driver is considered ``experimental '', meaning that it may cause your system to crash and/or is lacking some features you may expect. Due to interrupt conflicts with some G4 models, this driver is disabled by default and you will need to build a kernel with it enabled. -- USB audio devices (_u_a_u_d_i_o) -- PCI audio cards, although only the Ensoniq AudioPCI (_e_a_p) has been thoroughly tested ++oo Serial ports NetBSD/macppc refers to the on-board serial ports as (_t_t_y_0_0) and (_t_t_y_0_1). Firmware uses the names listed below. -- On-board serial ports (the modem and printer ports) (_t_t_y_a and _t_t_y_b) _t_t_y_a is the mini-DIN 8 serial port with the `Modem' icon, and _t_t_y_b is has the `Printer' icon. Some models with internal modems have the serial port with the `Modem' icon covered over, and the modem is _t_t_y_a. _N_o_t_e_: The on-board serial ports can be used for console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no hand- shaking), although many users have reported problems trying to run ppp or other high speed serial appli- cations -- The Xserve serial port. _N_o_t_e_: This serial port can be used for console (57600 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Use (_s_c_c_a) for the Open Firmware `input-device' and `output-device' variables. Alternatively, if you remove your video card, Open Firmware will default to using the serial port for the console. -- The Gee Three Stealth Serial Port, possibly the Griffin Technology gPort _N_o_t_e_: These serial ports can be used for console (57600 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Use (_s_c_c_a) for the Open Firmware `input-device' and `output-device' variables. -- Some USB, PCI, and Cardbus serial ports should work, but no one has tried them ++oo USB devices -- Most MI USB devices should work (such as disks, printers, input devices, SCSI adapters, and ethernet interfaces) hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//uussbb..hhttmmll ++oo PCMCIA and Cardbus cards -- Most MI PCMCIA and Cardbus cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//ccaarrddbbuuss..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//ppccmmcciiaa..hhttmmll ++oo PCI cards -- Most MI PCI cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//ppccii..hhttmmll _N_o_t_e_: While the NetBSD kernel may support the various Cardbus, PCI, PCMCIA, and USB devices you may have, Open Firmware does _n_o_t unless it has a specific Open Firmware ROM. This means you cannot boot from these devices. Some Adaptec SCSI controllers have bootable Open Firmware ROMs. _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo Floppy disk _N_o_t_e_: Though NetBSD/macppc can boot from a floppy, there is no kernel support yet ++oo Advanced power management (cannot put system to `sleep') ++oo On-board video capture ++oo AirPort Extreme ++oo On-board SATA controller on G5 systems (these machines must be netbooted) _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _b_o_o_t _d_e_v_i_c_e_s _a_n_d _m_e_d_i_a Each version of Open Firmware supports different devices and media that you may boot from. We define the terms ``bootable media'' as the media (hard drive, floppy, CD-R, ethernet) that will be used to bootstrap your macppc system into NetBSD, and ``distribution sets'' or ``distribution media'' as the media (hard drive, CD-R, ethernet) that contains the files that will be installed to generate a working NetBSD system onto your des- tination media. Go to the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage and look up your system. Take note of the comments about your model and keep these in mind during the rest of this installation procedure. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa You should wait to decide where to put the NetBSD distribution sets until you have figured out how you are going to boot your system. Refer back to this section after you have done so. _N_o_t_e_: Some Mac OS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. Note that if you are installing or upgrading from writable media, it can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted. Installation is supported from several media types, including: ++oo CD-ROM / DVD ++oo MS-DOS floppy ++oo FTP ++oo Remote NFS partition ++oo Tape ++oo Existing NetBSD or MacOS X UFS partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. _C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM or DVD. Likely locations are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. Proceed to the instructions on installation. _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_l_o_p_p_y NetBSD does not include split distribution sets for installation by floppy. However, they can be created on a separate machine using the split(1) command, running e.g. sspplliitt --bb 223355kk bbaassee..ttggzz bbaassee.. to split the _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z file from _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s into files named _b_a_s_e_._a_a, _b_a_s_e_._a_b, and so on. Repeat this for all _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._t_g_z files, split- ting them into _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._x_x files. Count the number of _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._x_x files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies. Format all of the floppies with MS-DOS. Do _n_o_t make any of them bootable MS-DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format /s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the MS-DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for MS-DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. Place all of the _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._x_x files on the MS-DOS disks. Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the sec- tion on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _F_T_P The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IPv4 address of ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg is 204.152.190.13 and the IPv6 address is 2001:4f8:3:7:230:48ff:fe31:43f2 (as of April, 2009). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _N_F_S Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will proba- bly require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _T_a_p_e To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e _d_i_s_t___d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_i_e_s where _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e is the name of the tape device that describes the tape drive you're using; possibly _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys- tem. (If you can't figure it out, ask your system admin- istrator.) In the above example, _d_i_s_t___d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_i_e_s are the distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC,, bbaassee,, and eettcc distributions on tape (in order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you would do the following: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--55..00..11 # ccdd mmaaccppppcc//bbiinnaarryy # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC bbaassee eettcc _N_o_t_e_: You still need to fill in _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn _P_r_e_p_a_r_e _y_o_u_r_s_e_l_f Take a deep breath. Good. Now, make sure you are reading the PostScript or HTML version of this document, as the _._t_x_t and _._m_o_r_e versions lack important formatting information that will prevent you from following the twisted path docu- mented below. OK, good. Now, print out this document. While it's printing, get some coffee, relax a bit, and mentally prepare yourself for something that promises to be confusing, frustrating, and annoying. If you assume the worst, you'll be pleasantly surprised when everything works easier than you expected. Also, forget everything you've been told about installing NetBSD/macppc. That's right, flush your knowledge cache -- some of it is almost certainly dirty. Some of this document assumes familiarity with MacOS, e.g. how to down- load BinHex files and extract things with StuffIt Expander. If you've never heard of those terms before, it is possible to install NetBSD/macppc without booting or knowing how to use MacOS, but depending on your model it may be almost as painful as learning a little MacOS. See the FAQ for more help: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##mmaaccooss--nneewwbbiiee It's done printing? Fine, time to get started. The recommended installation procedure is as follows: 1. Go to the NetBSD/macppc model support page and look up your model information and issues (I can't stress this enough times). hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll 2. Spend about 15 minutes and read through this document from this point onward. There will be many pages of instructions that apply to Open Firmware versions that you do not have. Throw them out. Do not read them -- at best you will be confused, at worst you may dam- age your system, requiring repairs. 3. Now create your bootable media and media for the distribution sets. 4. Prepare your machine, depending on the instructions for your model (for example: partition your drive, download and run System Disk, or hook up a serial console). 5. Boot into Open Firmware and verify that it has the version of Open Firmware you think it does. Also make sure that the other variables are set correctly. 6. Figure out the correct boot command and boot your machine from the bootable media you just created. If you're having trouble, be sure to read the section on _C_o_m_m_o_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s _a_n_d _E_r_r_o_r _M_e_s_s_a_g_e_s 7. Celebrate! The worst is over, but you've still got some work to do. Take a break, maybe more coffee, maybe a quick walk around the block, whatever turns your fancy. 8. Now use the installer to install the distribution sets onto your system and do some initial configuration. 9. Figure out how to boot from the installed partition. Boot into NetBSD for the first time. 10. You may then boot into Open Firmware and set it to always boot your favorite operating system. 11. Configure to your preferences, install your favorite packages, and have fun with your new NetBSD/macppc machine! _N_o_t_e_: You really actually truly do need to follow the procedure listed in this document in the order that we describe. These systems are rather tricky to boot for the novice and expert alike. Once you cross off the sections that don't apply to you, it will make more sense. _N_o_t_e_: If the instructions in a subsection below do not apply to _a_l_l ver- sions of Open Firmware. There will be a line listing which ver- sions of Open Firmware they apply to, such as: (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) If you do not have an Open Firmware 3 system, skip down to _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._x _o_r _2_._x _S_y_s_t_e_m _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr OOppeenn FFiirrmmwwaarree 33 SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD _U_p_d_a_t_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _B_o_o_t_R_O_M Open Firmware 3 systems have a rewritable ``firmware'', also called the BootROM. When you use an Apple firmware updater, it updates the BootROM. This will _n_o_t change the version of Open Firmware in your machine -- it will still be Open Firmware 3. The BootROM is what is first executed when you power on or reset your system. The BootROM then loads Open Firmware, which boots your operating system. Go to the `Apple Support Downloads' web site at hhttttpp::////ssuuppppoorrtt..aappppllee..ccoomm//ddoowwnnllooaaddss// and search for `firmware' and install the most recent version for your model. For most G3 and G4 models, you will need to run the FirmWare updater from MacOS 9. _N_o_t_e_: If you accidentally change the llooaadd--bbaassee or rreeaall--bbaassee Open Firmware variables and reset your machine you will, in effect, re- write the BootROM with garbage. This will permanently damage your machine. We recommend not doing this. _N_o_t_e_: The most recent BootROMs available (4.1.7 and later) are a little picky about RAM. Initially, some PowerMacintosh G3 users found that their third-party RAM had been disabled, but the RAM vendors brought their RAM up to spec and it hasn't been much of an issue since then. There is one report that FirmWare Update 4.1.9 on iMac (Summer 2000) will prevent the CD-ROM and the hard drive from operating together. You may get _w_d_c_0_:_0_:_1_: _l_o_s_t _i_n_t_e_r_r_u_p_t problems. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 Hold down a special four-key combination when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Apple PowerBook3,1 2.1f1 BootROM built on 01/29/00 at 22:38:07 Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved Welcome to Open Firmware. To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return. To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return. ok 0 > Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee Alternatively, if you are currently running MacOS X or Darwin, you can use the nnvvrraamm command to set this variable before rebooting. # nnvvrraamm aauuttoo--bboooott\\??==ffaallssee You will need to escape the question-mark or enclose the whole nnvvrraamm argument in double-quotes to prevent your shell from trying to interpret it. _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--aacccceessss hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--vvaarriiaabblleess Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 > ddeevv //ooppeennpprroomm 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess name openprom device_type BootROM model OpenFirmware 3 relative-addressing supports-bootinfo ok If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 > ddeevv eenneett 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] _N_o_t_e_: Some Open Firmware 3 machines have their MAC address stored incor- rectly (little- vs. big-endian problem). If you look up your MAC address in MacOS, it will be different than what Open Firmware 3 uses to contact your netboot server. Your machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ethernet device on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the _p_r_i_n_t_e_n_v command: 0 > pprriinntteennvv -------------- Partition: common -------- Signature: 0x70 --------------- little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base -1 -1 [...] input-device keyboard keyboard output-device screen screen _A_v_a_i_l_a_b_l_e _B_o_o_t _M_e_d_i_a Open Firmware is capable of booting from a variety of media (such as hard drives, CD-ROMs, and ethernet). Open Firmware is able to boot files from a variety of file systems (such as ISO9660, HFS, HFS+, and MS-DOS FAT). Unfortunately, Open Firmware is _n_o_t able to directly boot from the NetBSD file system (FFS) or Apple's BSD-based file system (UFS), so we must put the bootloader in a location that Open Firmware is capable of understand- ing. Therefore, to boot the NetBSD kernel, Open Firmware must first load a `bootloader' (_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) which knows how to load the NetBSD kernel. _N_o_t_e_: _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f is obsoleted. All users should be using _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f instead of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f now. The following bootable media are available for loading the bootloader: ++oo _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m This method loads _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f from an HFS or HFS+ partition which then loads the kernel from an acceptable location. The kernel (compressed or non-compressed) may be on an HFS or HFS+ partition. Due to Open Firmware pickiness, it must be on the same partition as _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In this method, Open Firmware loads the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an MS-DOS file system. It may then load a NetBSD kernel from the same MS-DOS file system. This has only been thor- oughly tested on floppy disks, but may work on Zip disks or FDISK-formatted hard drives. This does not work for MS-DOS partitions on a hard drive with an Apple Partition Map. ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _b_o_o_t_) You can run your entire system diskless or netboot only the files necessary to boot (i.e. the bootloader and the installa- tion kernel). You must have root access for the UNIX-like net- boot server, which must be on the same subnet as your NetBSD/macppc machine. _N_o_t_e_: You must use your on-board ethernet device for netboot- ing. While there may be some PCI or Cardbus ethernet interfaces with Open Firmware ROMs, no one has reported success netbooting using these devices ++oo _H_y_b_r_i_d _H_F_S_/_I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Load the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from the CD-ROM's HFS file sys- tem. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the HFS or ISO9660 file system. Make sure that the CD has an Apple Partition Map. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R Once the bootloader is loaded, it can open the kernel from one of the following sources: ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_N_F_S_) ++oo _N_e_t_B_S_D _F_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_a_c_O_S _X _U_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m The boot CD image provided has both a `partition zero' bootloader and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on a hybrid partition so it can be booted on all Open Firmware versions. It also has an ISO9660 file system with an installa- tion kernel and the distribution sets. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D You must have at least one disk that was partitioned before running the NetBSD installer. This is the drive that will have the bootloader, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. Your NetBSD partitions may either be on this same disk (using the method described in the rest of this section), or on a separate disk accessible only to NetBSD. This section describes how to make a single disk usable by both MacOS and NetBSD -- this is necessary for machines which have only one hard drive (such as the eMac, iBook, iMac, PowerBook, and PowerMacintosh Cube sys- tems). If you do not want MacOS you must still follow this procedure, but create only a small HFS+ partition (large enough for the bootloader). There are two partitioning tools available for NetBSD/macppc, disklabel(8) and pdisk(8). The former is used in the NetBSD ssyyssiinnsstt installer, and will render your disk unusable by MacOS. It will also prevent Open Firmware 3 machines from booting from that disk. When run- ning the installer, you will need to use the installer's ``Re-install sets'' option to skip the ddiisskkllaabbeell step. Do not use ddiisskkllaabbeell or ``Re-install sets'' unless you will use one drive for NetBSD only and have another drive which will have the bootloader. The process is more fully detailed in the Partitioning HOW-TO: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll You can create a partition map with pdisk(8), but the disk will not be usable with MacOS 9 and earlier. If this is a concern, you will need to use Apple's Drive Setup or Disk Utility. If you are using Apple's Drive Setup tool, make sure you have version 1.8.1 or later. This tool only runs under MacOS 9 and earlier. Drive Setup will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. Apple's Disk Utility only runs under MacOS X 10.0.0 and later. Make sure you click the ``Install Mac OS 9 Disk Drivers'' checkbox. Also, keep in mind that Disk Utility does _n_o_t create the partitions that NetBSD/macppc requires. After creating the initial partition map with Disk Utility, you will need to use the NetBSD ppddiisskk to change the partition types. Also, Disk Utility will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. ppddiisskk is the most flexible (and most difficult to use) partitioning tool available. It runs on almost all OSes that macppc machines support. Download it: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//nneettbbssdd--ppddiisskk// ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//ppddiisskk..sseeaa..hhqqxx There is built-in help describing how it works. When it asks you to enter the ``Type of partition'', use Apple_UNIX_SVR2 for NetBSD parti- tions, Apple_HFS for HFS and HFS+ partitions, and Apple_UFS for UFS par- titions. After you've written the partition map with ppddiisskk, you will need to cre- ate the file systems. Use newfs(8) and mount(8) for NetBSD file systems, and hhffssttoooollss to create and mount HFS file systems. ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//hhffssuuttiillss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll Make the following partitions: _H_F_S or _H_F_S_+ Must be large enough to hold the boot- loader, over 100 KB. May be as large as you desire for MacOS usage. _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t Must be at least 20 MB. Alternatively, you may decide to use one partition for your entire NetBSD installation, in which case it should be at least 200 MB. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t partition as the first partition (_a) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p Any size. The recommendation is your RAM size, although this is not strictly nec- essary for machines with a lot of RAM. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p partition as the second partition (_b) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r and _A_/_U_X _F_r_e_e_1 Use these for any additional partitions you may want to use under NetBSD, such as _/_u_s_r (at least 200 MB), _/_h_o_m_e, _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l, or _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g. NetBSD inter- prets these partitions as normal NetBSD-style partitions. These parti- tions are not readable from MacOS. _H_F_S Any size. You may want to leave an addi- tional partition available to transfer files between MacOS and NetBSD. If would like to create such a partition, then see the Partitioning HOW-TO. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##mmssddooss _U_F_S Any size. _U_F_S partitions are not read- able from MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0. If you use an _U_F_S partition as your root, then it may not be recognized by the NetBSD kernel as the first parti- tion (_a) on the disk. You will need to compile a new kernel with the root parti- tion explicitly defined to be the _U_F_S partition. Now would be a good time to use ppddiisskk to determine the partition numbers for your bootloader and kernel. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a The purpose of this section is to prepare the media from which your sys- tem will boot the installer. We'll describe how to put the files in the right places on your disk(s) or netboot server and prepare it for use on your system. If you will be running your system diskless (i.e. entirely over NFS, not using any local hard drives), then you do not need to run the installer, you only need to extract the distribution sets on the diskless server. To get the distribution sets onto appropriate media, see the above sec- tion entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a. You may want to get the distribution sets when you create the bootable media. _N_o_t_e_: Some MacOS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. What follows are the steps to create different types of bootable media for the NetBSD install kernel. You should only need to create one of these to get your system to boot the installer ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _C_D_-_R Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download the CD-R image _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_-_5_._0_._1_._i_s_o from the _p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_s_o directory. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//##iissoo -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install cdrecord. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like systems should get it from the official website: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc mmaaccppppccccdd--55..00..11..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Other' button in the main window. 2. Open the contextual menu on the `Other' button and select `Disk Image' 3. Click the `Select' button and select the disk image you downloaded. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a_n _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of your Macintosh file system. That is, drag the two icons onto your hard drive icon (not the desktop). Make sure they're both on the same partition. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _c_u_s_t_o_m _h_y_b_r_i_d _H_F_S_/_I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R This section describes how to create your own bootable NetBSD/macppc CD-R. We recommend that you use the official NetBSD/macppc-5.0.1 CD-R image, as described in the section above. Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of the CD. Make sure that the bootloader is present on the HFS partition, and the kernel is on both the ISO9660 and HFS par- titions. Due to restrictions in the way that Open Firmware deals with ISO filenames, you may wish to name your kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z. You may also place the NetBSD 5.0.1 distribution sets on the ISO9660 par- tition (not only on the HFS partition). -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install mkisofs. This is now part of the cdrecord pack- age. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like systems should get it from the official website: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # mmkkiissooffss --oo oouuttppuutt..iissoo --hhffss --ppaarrtt --ll --JJ --rr --LL --NN //ccddssoouurrcceess # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc oouuttppuutt..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). See the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO for more detail: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//bboooottccdd..hhttmmll -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Data' button in the main window 2. Pick `Mac OS and PC (Hybrid) CD' from the popup menu between the four buttons and the file and folder area. 3. Drag _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z into the window. You may also want to drag the NetBSD 5.0.1 distribution sets to this window as well. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _a_n _M_S_-_D_O_S _d_i_s_k Open Firmware 3 cannot boot from a floppy disk, but you can still create a bootable Zip disk with this method. 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disk. A bad disk can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. Mount the disk on your computer. -- Insert it into a Windows or DOS machine. -- Use `File Exchange or `PC Exchange'' with MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0 -- Use mount_msdos(8) on any UNIX-like machine. 3. Copy _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f to the disk. 4. Rename _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z to _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z, since OpenFirmware can't deal with MS-DOS filenames longer than eight characters. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_r_v_e_r 1. Introduction To netboot a macppc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your macppc (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the net- boot services on a variety of platforms. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott// You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, ker- nel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client dis- covers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to deter- mine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts exe- cuting the installation tools or init(8). All macppc systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the boot- strap phase to download the bootstrap program, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this exam- ple, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're pro- viding all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your _/_e_t_c_/_d_h_c_p_d_._c_o_n_f (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # filename "ofwboot.xcf"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # macppc machines will look for their bootloader, # ofwboot.xcf, on the next-server as well. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the _d_h_c_p_d_._l_e_a_s_e_s file exists. # ttoouucchh //vvaarr//ddbb//ddhhccppdd..lleeaasseess You will need to start the ddhhccppdd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//ddhhccppdd rreessttaarrtt 3. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your macppc machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Get ofwboot.xcf(8) from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n directory of the distribution. # ccpp ooffwwbboooott..xxccff //ttffttppbboooott Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt 5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel. If you are netbooting the installer, use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z (this has the installation tools in a RAM disk). Also, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory. _N_o_t_e_: Some combinations of Open Firmware version and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f version have trouble loading compressed ker- nels. If you have trouble loading a kernel, try uncom- pressing it with gunzip(1) # ccpp **ttggzz //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # gguunnzziipp nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz # mmvv nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//nneettbbssdd If you are running your macppc diskless, simply use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z. 6. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll for details. -- Extracting distribution sets # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. -- Set up swap # mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk # eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' || ccaatt >>>> //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. -- Create device nodes # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv # ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. -- Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with the fol- lowing lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 -- Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. -- Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _S_C_S_I _o_r _I_D_E _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _t_h_e _C_D_-_R _i_m_a_g_e If the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image is compressed, then you will need to uncompress it first. Find a spare bootable drive (i.e. SCSI or IDE), and use some tool to write the disk image _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_-_5_._0_._1_._i_s_o to your spare drive, and boot from that drive. For example, you could use a Zip drive, a Jaz drive, a Compact Flash drive, or even a spare hard drive. The disk image has an HFS partition with _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f which loads the installa- tion kernel from the ISO file system on the disk image. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_i_n_c_l_u_d_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S _X_) # dddd iiff==mmaaccppppccccdd--55..00..11..iissoo ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00cc where _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_c is the `whole disk' partition for the drive you will be using. Be certain you have typed this correctly, as it will erase the disk. -- _F_r_o_m _a _W_i_n_d_o_w_s _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get rraawwrriittee3322..eexxee from hhttttpp::////wwwwww..dduusskkwwaarree..ccoomm//rraawwrriittee3322// Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _9 _(_o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r_) _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get ssuunnttaarr from hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccmmpp//ssuunnttaarr--222233..hhqqxx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `File' menu and pick `Open Device ...' 3. Click on the ``scan SCSI'' button to get a list of which drives are attached. 4. Pick the correct drive. Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. 5. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 6. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 7. Select _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_-_5_._0_._1_._i_s_o and click ``Open'' 8. Open the `File' menu and pick `Close Device' Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr OOppeenn FFiirrmmwwaarree 11..xx oorr 22..xx SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _o_n _A_p_p_l_e _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _S_e_r_v_e_r_s (Open Firmware 1.1.22) The version of Open Firmware in the Apple Network Servers can only use a serial console. You must first hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking) to `Port 2' (the `ttya' device in Open Firmware). Hold down a special four-key combination on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial console) when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see some introductory text and the Open Firmware command prompt on your serial terminal: 0 > Your Apple Network Server's screen will remain black. Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee Skip down to the section on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D since the next several pages are instructions for MacOS models. _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n Open Firmware has two variables, `input-device' and `output-device', which specify how it accepts commands and displays output. All Open Firmware 1.0.5 and most Open Firmware 2.0.x systems will default to using the `Modem' serial port for the console instead of the ADB keyboard and the monitor attached to the on-board video. Unless you use a MacOS-based utility to set these variables correctly, you _w_i_l_l need to hook up a serial console temporarily to configure Open Firmware to use your keyboard and screen. Some models (such as the Per- forma 54xx, 6360, 6400, and 6500) have the `Modem' serial port covered with a piece of plastic since the internal modem usurps that serial port. You will either need to use Boot Variables to set the `input-device' and `output-device' variables to `ttyb' (which is the Printer serial port) or remove the internal modem. Open Firmware seems to ignore the settings on most DB15 to VGA adapters. Depending on your model, it will default to either 640 x 480 at 60 Hz or to the resolution previously selected in MacOS. Make sure that your mon- itor can handle these resolutions. Now would be a good time to look at the NetBSD/macppc Model Support web- page to determine the issues with your model. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll In particular, some models _m_u_s_t use a serial console, or they will be unable to boot NetBSD at all. All models can be set to use a serial con- sole, if you desire to bypass the keyboard and screen. If, after re-reading the next several sections, you still need help fig- uring out your `input-device' and `output-device' settings, see the FAQ: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--iinnppuutt--oouuttppuutt--ddeevviicceess If you need to use a serial console, you can use a normal `printer' cable (mini-DIN 8 to mini-DIN 8) and a MacOS tool, such as ZTerm to connect a MacOS system to your NetBSD/macppc system. hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccoommmm//tteerrmm//zztteerrmm--110011..hhqqxx hhttttpp::////hhoommeeppaaggee..mmaacc..ccoomm//ddaallvveerrssoonn//zztteerrmm// See the NetBSD Serial Port Primer for additional help and references: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//HHaarrddwwaarree//MMiisscc//sseerriiaall..hhttmmll All Open Firmware 1 and 2 macppc systems have Open Firmware bugs. Luck- ily, Open Firmware has a small Non-Volatile RAM variable (NVRAM) which is reserved for FORTH commands which will be run before booting an operating system. Apple has released a freeware MacOS 9 tool called System Disk, which patches most of these bugs. We _s_t_r_o_n_g_l_y recommend that you use this tool to patch your Open Firmware, as several systems cannot boot without these patches. Instructions for using System Disk are covered in the next section. Unfortunately, some models are broken by or are unsupported by System Disk. If you have one of the following models, then skip down to the section on _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_H_a_r_d_e_r_, _M_a_c_O_S _7 _t_h_r_u _9_) Apple Performa 4400, 5500, 6500, 54xx, 6400, and 6360, Motorola Starmax 3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500, APS Tech M*Power 604e/200, PowerComputing PowerBase, Umax Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600 Umax S900 _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n_) When you install MacOS X or Darwin, it will install the necessary NVRAM bug fixes. Use the nnvvrraamm command to set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt, then reboot. # nnvvrraamm aauuttoo--bboooott\\??==ffaallssee You will need to escape the question-mark or enclose the whole nnvvrraamm argument in double-quotes to prevent your shell from trying to interpret it. You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model has defaulted to using a serial console. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no par- ity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_B_e_s_t_, _M_a_c_O_S _8 _o_r _9_) Download System Disk: ffttpp::////ffttpp..aappppllee..ccoomm//ddeevveellooppeerr//mmaaccoossxxsseerrvveerr//uuttiilliittiieess//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk22..33..11..ssmmii..bbiinn For a brief tutorial on how to use System Disk, see: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall// Launch the MacOS System Disk tool. Click on ``Power User (Open Firmware)'' then click on the ``Advanced Options'' button. Now, click on the checkbox that says ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' and select ``OK''. Click the ``Save'' button and reboot your system. _N_o_t_e_: NVRAM patches and Open Firmware settings will be erased if you `zap your PRAM' by holding down COMMAND-OPTION-P-R keys during the boot chimes, or if you accidentally boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model does not support using the on- board video in Open Firmware. You will need to connect a serial console to the `Modem' port of your system (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). _N_o_t_e_: The ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' setting is persistent. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee _N_o_t_e_: Unfortunately, there are a few models that are better off without the System Disk patches. If you find that your machine doesn't boot, then try: 0 > sseetteennvv uussee--nnvvrraammrrcc?? ffaallssee 0 > rreesseett--aallll _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_H_a_r_d_e_r_, _M_a_c_O_S _7_, _8_, _o_r _9_) If System Disk doesn't work because your version of MacOS is too old or because System Disk says that it doesn't support your model, then you may try using the MacOS BootVars tool. ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//bboooottvvaarrss//bboooottvvaarrss..ssiitt..hhqqxx _N_o_t_e_: BootVars does _n_o_t apply the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk does. Expect some devices to not work (such as boot- ing from hard drives and CD-ROMs). Look up the proper `output-device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll If the NetBSD/macppc Model support webpage does not list an `output-device' for your model, then your system will default to using the on-board video. You needn't fill in the `output-device' and `input-device' variables. Launch the MacOS BootVars tool. Uncheck the ``auto-boot?'' checkbox, then check on the ``All Variables'' checkbox and type kkbbdd into the `input-device' box, and the proper device name into the `output-device' box. Click on the ``write'' button, and then reboot your system. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll If you have a Performa 5500 or 6500, you may need to apply NVRAMRC patches to use your built-in video. See the information in the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshak- ing). _N_o_t_e_: The ``auto-boot?'' setting is persistent. Your system will always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_W_i_t_h_o_u_t _u_s_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S_) (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) If you don't have MacOS, then you need to hold down a special four-key combination when your system boots. Do this on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial console or PS/2 port) when your system boots. _N_o_t_e_: Your system will _n_o_t have the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk applies. Expect some devices to not work (such as booting from hard drives and CD-ROMs). After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen or serial console: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your system has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshak- ing). Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee To use your on-board video and keyboard, look up the proper `output-device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc webpage hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll Run the following commands to use your screen instead of a serial console (replace `screen' with the correct `output-device' for your model): 0 > sseetteennvv oouuttppuutt--ddeevviiccee ssccrreeeenn 0 > sseetteennvv iinnppuutt--ddeevviiccee kkbbdd 0 > rreesseett--aallll Now you should see the Open Firmware prompt on your screen. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacin- tosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--aacccceessss hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--vvaarriiaabblleess Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 > ddeevv //ooppeennpprroomm 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess name openprom model Open Firmware, 1.0.5 relative-addressing ok If your system has Open Firmware prior to version 3, then you must set some Open Firmware variables before NetBSD can boot. Do _n_o_t run these commands on Open Firmware 3 machines, as you may overwrite your firmware requiring a trip to Apple for repairs. 0 > sseetteennvv llooaadd--bbaassee 660000000000 0 > sseetteennvv rreeaall--bbaassee FF0000000000 0 > rreesseett--aallll The last command reboots your machine so that the settings are stored. If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 > ddeevv eenneett 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] ok _N_o_t_e_: Some early Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines had their MAC address stored incorrectly on the motherboard (little- vs. big-endian problems). The patches the System Disk installs will correct this. Without the patch, the machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ethernet device on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the _p_r_i_n_t_e_n_v command: 0 > pprriinntteennvv little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base F00000 -1 [...] load-base 600000 4000 [...] input-device kbd ttya output-device /chaos/control ttya _N_o_t_e_: All Open Firmware 1.0.5 settings and nvram patches will be erased if you boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. You will need to re-enter them before booting NetBSD again. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware 2.0.x and Open Firmware 2.4 systems will set the real-base environment variable to its default value (which pre- vents NetBSD from booting) if you boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. _A_v_a_i_l_a_b_l_e _B_o_o_t _M_e_d_i_a Open Firmware is capable of booting from a variety of media (such as hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and ethernet). Open Firmware is able to boot files from a variety of file systems (such as ISO9660, and MS-DOS FAT). Unfortunately, Open Firmware is _n_o_t able to directly boot from the NetBSD file system (FFS) or Apple's file systems (HFS, HFS+, or UFS), so we must put the bootloader in a location that Open Firmware is capable of understanding. Therefore, to boot the NetBSD kernel, Open Firmware must first load a `bootloader' which knows how to load the NetBSD kernel. Open Firmware 1 and 2 take either a two or three stage approach, depending on the boot media. In the two step approach, Open Firmware loads _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f from the boot media, which then loads the kernel. In the three step approach (used in the `partition zero' method), Open Firmware loads a primary bootloader _b_o_o_t_x_x from a disk which then loads the secondary bootloader _o_f_w_b_o_o_t (which is functionally identical to _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) which then loads the kernel. _N_o_t_e_: _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f is obsoleted. All users should be using _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f instead of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f now. The following bootable media are available for loading the bootloader: ++oo `_P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n _z_e_r_o' This method loads the primary bootloader _b_o_o_t_x_x located in the Apple Partition Map, which then loads the secondary bootloader _o_f_w_b_o_o_t which then loads the kernel. This is what ssyyssiinnsstt will place on your hard drive during the installation procedure. Additionally, the NetBSD/macppc CD-R images and boot floppies use this method, loading a kernel from the floppy's FFS parti- tion or the CD-R's ISO9660 partition. ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In this method, Open Firmware loads the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an MS-DOS file system. It may then load a NetBSD kernel from the same MS-DOS file system. This has only been thor- oughly tested on floppy disks, but may work on Zip disks or FDISK-formatted hard drives. This does not work for MS-DOS partitions on a hard drive with an Apple Partition Map. ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _b_o_o_t_) You can run your entire system diskless or netboot only the files necessary to boot (i.e. the bootloader and the installa- tion kernel). You must have root access for the UNIX-like net- boot server, which must be on the same subnet as your NetBSD/macppc machine. _N_o_t_e_: You must use your on-board ethernet device for netboot- ing. While there may be some PCI or Cardbus ethernet interfaces with Open Firmware ROMs, no one has reported success netbooting using these devices ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Load the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an ISO9660 CD-ROM. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the ISO9660 CD-ROM. Open Firmware 1.0.5 and 2.0.x machines will _n_o_t boot from the ISO9660 file system if you create a hybrid HFS/ISO format CD-R. Make sure that the CD _o_n_l_y has ISO9660 data and does not have an Apple Partition Map. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R Once the bootloader is loaded, it can open the kernel from one of the following sources: ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_N_F_S_) ++oo _N_e_t_B_S_D _F_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Such as the boot floppy, or an installed NetBSD partition. ++oo _M_a_c_O_S _X _U_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In theory, Open Firmware 2.4 systems should be able to load the boot- loader from an HFS or HFS+ partition or a hybrid CD-R, but users have reported that it doesn't work. The boot floppy images provided have a `partition zero' bootloader and a NetBSD file system with an installation kernel. The boot CD image pro- vided has both a `partition zero' bootloader and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on a hybrid partition so it can be booted on all Open Firmware versions. It also has an ISO9660 file system with an installation kernel and the distribution sets. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D You must use the NetBSD installer to partition your disk if you want it to be bootable. With this release of NetBSD, there is no way to dual- boot MacOS and NetBSD on one hard drive. You can use the instructions in this section to partition a disk that may also be used with MacOS, although a disk prepared in this way _w_i_l_l _n_o_t _b_o_o_t NetBSD. That means, your root partition (_/) must be on a drive pre- pared with the NetBSD installer, but the partitions not necessary to boot (for example _/_u_s_r, _/_h_o_m_e, or _/_e_x_p_o_r_t) may be on the same disk as MacOS. Unless you are planning to use partitions on the same disk as MacOS, skip forward to _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _o_r _2 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a There are two partitioning tools available for NetBSD/macppc, disklabel(8) and pdisk(8). The former is used in the NetBSD ssyyssiinnsstt installer, and will render your disk unusable by MacOS. The process is more fully detailed in the Partitioning HOW-TO: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll You can create a partition map with pdisk(8), but the disk will not be usable with MacOS 9 and earlier. If this is a concern, you will need to use Apple's Drive Setup or Disk Utility. If you are using Apple's Drive Setup tool, make sure you have version 1.8.1 or later. This tool only runs under MacOS 9 and earlier. Drive Setup will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. Apple's Disk Utility only runs under MacOS X 10.0.0 and later. Make sure you click the ``Install Mac OS 9 Disk Drivers'' checkbox. Also, keep in mind that Disk Utility does _n_o_t create the partitions that NetBSD/macppc requires. After creating the initial partition map with Disk Utility, you will need to use the NetBSD ppddiisskk to change the partition types. Also, Disk Utility will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. ppddiisskk is the most flexible (and most difficult to use) partitioning tool available. It runs on almost all OSes that macppc machines support. Download it: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//nneettbbssdd--ppddiisskk// ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//ppddiisskk..sseeaa..hhqqxx There is built-in help describing how it works. When it asks you to enter the ``Type of partition'', use Apple_UNIX_SVR2 for NetBSD parti- tions, Apple_HFS for HFS and HFS+ partitions, and Apple_UFS for UFS par- titions. After you've written the partition map with ppddiisskk, you will need to cre- ate the file systems. Use newfs(8) and mount(8) for NetBSD file systems, and hhffssttoooollss to create and mount HFS file systems. ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//hhffssuuttiillss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll Make the following partitions: _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p Any size. The recommendation is your RAM size, although this is not strictly nec- essary for machines with a lot of RAM. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p partition as the second partition (_b) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r and _A_/_U_X _F_r_e_e_1 Use these for any additional partitions you may want to use under NetBSD, such as _/_u_s_r (at least 200 MB), _/_h_o_m_e, _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l, or _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g. NetBSD inter- prets these partitions as normal NetBSD-style partitions. These parti- tions are not readable from MacOS. _H_F_S Any size. You may want to leave an addi- tional partition available to transfer files between MacOS and NetBSD. If would like to create such a partition, then see the Partitioning HOW-TO. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##mmssddooss _U_F_S Any size. _U_F_S partitions are not read- able from MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0. If you use an _U_F_S partition as your root, then it may not be recognized by the NetBSD kernel as the first parti- tion (_a) on the disk. You will need to compile a new kernel with the root parti- tion explicitly defined to be the _U_F_S partition. Now would be a good time to use ppddiisskk to determine the partition numbers for your bootloader and kernel. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _o_r _2 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a The purpose of this section is to prepare the media from which your sys- tem will boot the installer. We'll describe how to put the files in the right places on your disk(s) or netboot server and prepare it for use on your system. If you will be running your system diskless (i.e. entirely over NFS, not using any local hard drives), then you do not need to run the installer, you only need to extract the distribution sets on the diskless server. To get the distribution sets onto appropriate media, see the above sec- tion entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a. You may want to get the distribution sets when you create the bootable media. _N_o_t_e_: Some MacOS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to download in `binary' mode. What follows are the steps to create different types of bootable media for the NetBSD install kernel. You should only need to create one of these to get your system to boot the installer ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _C_D_-_R Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download the CD-R image _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_-_5_._0_._1_._i_s_o from the _p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_s_o directory. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//##iissoo -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install cdrecord. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like systems should get it from the official website: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc mmaaccppppccccdd--55..00..11..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Other' button in the main window. 2. Open the contextual menu on the `Other' button and select `Disk Image' 3. Click the `Select' button and select the disk image you downloaded. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disks. A bad floppy can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. If the boot floppy images are compressed, then you will need to uncompress them first. 3. Use a tool to write the boot floppy images _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s to two floppy disks. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e # dddd iiff==bboooott11..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrffdd00aa bbss==3366kk # dddd iiff==bboooott22..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrffdd00aa bbss==3366kk -- _F_r_o_m _a _W_i_n_d_o_w_s _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get either the rraawwrriittee..eexxee program from the NetBSD/i386 dis- tribution or rraawwrriittee3322..eexxee from hhttttpp::////wwwwww..dduusskkwwaarree..ccoomm//rraawwrriittee3322// -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _9 _(_o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r_) _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get ssuunnttaarr from hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccmmpp//ssuunnttaarr--222233..hhqqxx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 3. Insert the first floppy disk 4. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 5. Select _b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and click ``Open'' 6. Open the `File' menu and pick `Eject' 7. Repeat the process for the second floppy Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _a _c_u_s_t_o_m _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R This section describes how to create your own bootable NetBSD/macppc CD-R. We recommend that you use the official NetBSD/macppc-5.0.1 CD-R image, as described in the section above. Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of the CD. Due to restrictions in the way that Open Firmware deals with ISO filenames, you may wish to name your kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z. You may also place the NetBSD 5.0.1 distribution sets on the disk. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install mkisofs. This is now part of the cdrecord pack- age. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like systems should get it from the official website: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # mmkkiissooffss --oo oouuttppuutt..iissoo --ll --JJ --rr --LL --NN //ccddssoouurrcceess # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc oouuttppuutt..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). See the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO for more detail: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//bboooottccdd..hhttmmll -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Other' button in the main window 2. Open the contextual menu on the `Other' button and select `ISO 9660' 3. Click the `Select' button. 4. Click the `Settings' tab, open the `Naming' popup menu, and pick `Allow Macintosh Names' 5. Click on the `Files' tab 6. Drag _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z into the window. You may also want to drag the NetBSD 5.0.1 distribution sets to this window as well. 7. Click the `Done' button 8. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _a_n _M_S_-_D_O_S _d_i_s_k Unfortunately, the installation kernel is now too large to fit onto a floppy disk, but you can still create a bootable Zip disk with this method. 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disk. A bad disk can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. Mount the disk on your computer. -- Insert it into a Windows or DOS machine. -- Use `File Exchange or `PC Exchange'' with MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0 -- Use mount_msdos(8) on any UNIX-like machine. 3. Copy _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f to the disk. 4. Rename _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z to _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z, since OpenFirmware can't deal with MS-DOS filenames longer than eight characters. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_r_v_e_r 1. Introduction To netboot a macppc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your macppc (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the net- boot services on a variety of platforms. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott// You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, ker- nel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client dis- covers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to deter- mine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts exe- cuting the installation tools or init(8). All macppc systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the boot- strap phase to download the bootstrap program, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this exam- ple, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're pro- viding all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your _/_e_t_c_/_d_h_c_p_d_._c_o_n_f (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # filename "ofwboot.xcf"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # macppc machines will look for their bootloader, # ofwboot.xcf, on the next-server as well. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the _d_h_c_p_d_._l_e_a_s_e_s file exists. # ttoouucchh //vvaarr//ddbb//ddhhccppdd..lleeaasseess You will need to start the ddhhccppdd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//ddhhccppdd rreessttaarrtt 3. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your macppc machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Get ofwboot.xcf(8) from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n directory of the distribution. # ccpp ooffwwbboooott..xxccff //ttffttppbboooott Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt 5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel. If you are netbooting the installer, use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z (this has the installation tools in a RAM disk). Also, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory. _N_o_t_e_: Some combinations of Open Firmware version and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f version have trouble loading compressed ker- nels. If you have trouble loading a kernel, try uncom- pressing it with gunzip(1) # ccpp **ttggzz //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # gguunnzziipp nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz # mmvv nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//nneettbbssdd If you are running your macppc diskless, simply use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z. 6. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll for details. -- Extracting distribution sets # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. -- Set up swap # mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk # eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' || ccaatt >>>> //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. -- Create device nodes # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv # ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. -- Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with the fol- lowing lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 -- Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. -- Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _S_C_S_I _o_r _I_D_E _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _t_h_e _C_D_-_R _i_m_a_g_e If the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image is compressed, then you will need to uncompress it first. Find a spare bootable drive (i.e. SCSI or IDE), and use some tool to write the disk image _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_-_5_._0_._1_._i_s_o to your spare drive, and boot from that drive. For example, you could use a Zip drive, a Jaz drive, a Compact Flash drive, or even a spare hard drive. The disk image has a `partition zero' bootloader which ultimately loads the installation kernel from the ISO file system on the disk image. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_i_n_c_l_u_d_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S _X_) # dddd iiff==mmaaccppppccccdd--55..00..11..iissoo ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00cc where _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_c is the `whole disk' partition for the drive you will be using. Be certain you have typed this correctly, as it will erase the disk. -- _F_r_o_m _a _W_i_n_d_o_w_s _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get rraawwrriittee3322..eexxee from hhttttpp::////wwwwww..dduusskkwwaarree..ccoomm//rraawwrriittee3322// Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _9 _(_o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r_) _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get ssuunnttaarr from hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccmmpp//ssuunnttaarr--222233..hhqqxx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `File' menu and pick `Open Device ...' 3. Click on the ``scan SCSI'' button to get a list of which drives are attached. 4. Pick the correct drive. Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. 5. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 6. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 7. Select _m_a_c_p_p_c_c_d_-_5_._0_._1_._i_s_o and click ``Open'' 8. Open the `File' menu and pick `Close Device' IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _s_y_n_t_a_x The syntax of the Open Firmware bboooott command is: boot boot-device [boot-file] [-as] where the boot-device describes where to find the bootloader, boot-file describes where to find the NetBSD kernel, and the options specify how you want to boot. You use the boot-device to tell Open Firmware where to find ofwboot(8) by listing the device, the partition (if it's a disk), and the filename of the bootloader (if using _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f). If the boot-file is on the same device and partition (if it's a disk) as the boot-device then you can just specify the kernel filename. Other- wise, you need to specify the full Open Firmware path to the kernel. The --aa flag will ask you for the location of the next item to load (i.e. the bootloader will ask where the kernel is (if unspecified), or the ker- nel will ask where the root file system is). The --ss flag will boot into `single-user' mode. The exact command you will be using depends on which version of Open Firmware your machine has and which device you will be booting from. Sometimes you may have to guess as we don't know all of the combinations of models, device names, and file names. In general the format is: device:[partition][,\filename]. Keep in mind for the future that you may be able to have your boot-device and boot-file on entirely different devices (such as the bootloader netbooted from enet and the kernel loaded from a hard drive on the ultra0 ATA/IDE bus). We'll try to walk you through the process of figuring out what Open Firmware calls your device, partition, and file names. To start with, Open Firmware keeps a ``device tree'' with all of the devices it finds in your system. You can get a listing of the nodes in this device tree with the ddeevv and llss commands. ddeevv is similar to the unix ccdd command and is used to change between the nodes in the Open Firmware device tree (simi- lar to a file system). llss of course is similar to the unix llss command and is used to list the contents of the current device node. To get a listing of all the devices available in your system, use the following commands: 0 > ddeevv // 0 > llss Open Firmware has device aliases which are simple names for the full hardware path to a device (similar to aalliiaass in csh(1) ). You can find out what device aliases Apple created on your machine with the ddeevvaalliiaass com- mand. For example, here are the devaliases on a PowerMacintosh 7300: 0 > ddeevvaalliiaass vci0 /chaos@F0000000 pci1 /bandit@F2000000 pci2 /bandit@F4000000 fd /bandit/gc/swim3 kbd /bandit/gc/via-cuda/adb/keyboard ttya /bandit/gc/escc/ch-a ttyb /bandit/gc/escc/ch-b enet /bandit/gc/mace scsi /bandit/gc/53c94 scsi-int /bandit/gc/mesh ok On most systems, you'll find the devices you're looking for. Typical aliases are: hd internal hard drive cd CD-ROM drive zip internal Zip drive enet ethernet fd floppy drive scsi SCSI bus scsi-int internal SCSI bus (on systems with multiple SCSI busses) ata ATA/IDE bus ideN ATA/IDE bus number N ultraN Ultra/66 or Ultra/100 IDE bus number N Note that some of these items are the device itself, and some are a bus. When you only have the devalias to a bus, you need to specify which device on that bus you want to use. You can use the Open Firmware ddeevv and llss commands. For example, here are the devices on the internal SCSI bus of a PowerMacintosh 7300: 0 > ddeevv ssccssii--iinntt 0 > llss FF83C850: /sd@0,0 FF83D480: /st@0,0 ok In this case, Open Firmware seems to be saying there are two devices, both at address zero (one is a SCSI disk `sd@0,0' and the other is a SCSI tape `st@0,0 ).' Unfortunately, older systems will only list the naming convention and not the actual devices currently connected, but that's OK -- we've got more tricks up our sleeve. If you've got ATA/IDE drives, you have all the device information you need (since Apple only ever ships drives as ``master'' which is typically something like ata-disk@0, ATA-Disk@0, atapi-disk, or disk@0 ). You can find out the devices on your SCSI bus with the sshhooww--cchhiillddrreenn com- mand: 0 > ddeevv ssccssii--iinntt 0 > sshhooww--cchhiillddrreenn Target 0 Unit 0 Disk IBM DCAS-32160 S65A Target 3 Unit 0 Removable Read Only device SONY CD-ROM CDU-8005 1.0j ok Open Firmware calls SCSI IDs ``Target''. The ``Unit'' number is the Log- ical Unit Number (LUN). This is almost always zero. Thus, this PowerMa- cintosh system has an IBM hard drive (DCAS-32160) at SCSI ID 0, and a Sony CD-ROM drive (CDU-8005) at SCSI ID 3. Now, we've got enough information to construct the device name for Open Firmware. Just stick everything together to describe to Open Firmware what you want. For example, Open Firmware calls the CD-ROM drive in this system scsi-int/sd@3. To determine if a device is bootable, type: 0 > ddeevv ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33 0 > wwoorrddss load write read seek close open write-blocks read-blocks max-transfer block-size dma-sync dma-map-out dma-map-in dma-free dma-alloc ok If the wwoorrdd ``open'' is present in the list, then the device is almost certainly bootable. Next, you need to figure out what partition Open Firmware thinks your bootloader is located on if you're going to boot from a disk. If you're using a ``partition zero'' bootloader, the answer is obvious: 0. Thus, your boot-device for the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image on an Open Firmware 1.0.5 system would be scsi-int/sd@3:0 since the image has a `partition zero' bootloader. Other situations get a little trickier, as we know of no way to get a partition map from within Open Firmware, and it uses a different number- ing scheme than either NetBSD or MacOS 9 (or earlier). You can use ppddiisskk to get a listing of the partitions on a disk. See the Partitioning HOW- TO for help: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##ppddiisskk Typically, MS-DOS and ISO9660 formatted disks have their file systems at partition 1. Typically, Drive Setup formatted disks have their file sys- tems starting at partition number 9. Often, if you omit the partition number, Open Firmware looks in the first partition it understands holding a valid file system. Open Firmware uses a comma (,) to separate the partition number from the filename. It uses a backslash (the _\ character) to separate directories. The bootloader uses forward slashes (the _/ character) to separate direc- tories when specifying the boot-file. Thus, to specify the top of the file system on a CD-ROM in the example PowerMacintosh 7300 system, you'd use: scsi-int/sd@3:,\ Now, to confirm that you and Open Firmware are looking at the same files, you can get a directory listing of the file system on your device with the ddiirr command. This command is only useful with file systems that Open Firmware understands and is able to boot from. On Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, and 2.0.x systems, you can use ddiirr on ISO9660 (not hybrid) and MS-DOS file systems. On Open Firmware 2.4, you can use it on HFS, HFS+, hybrid, ISO9960, and MS-DOS file systems. On Open Firmware 3, you can use it on HFS, HFS+, hybrid (not pure ISO9660), and MS-DOS file systems. The one exception to this rule is that Open Firmware cannot list files on a disk with a `partition zero' bootloader (including the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image and installation floppies). 0 > ddiirr ffdd::,,\\ FINDER .DAT 022 2 2B8 DESKTOP . 022 0 0 RESOURCE.FRK 012 3 0 NETBSD~1.GZ 020 5 1FDFCA TRASH . 010 B00 0 OFWBOOT .XCF 020 A75 D8F4 ok You can see that this MS-DOS formatted disk has a bunch of stuff, as well as the two important files: _N_E_T_B_S_D_~_1_._G_Z and _O_F_W_B_O_O_T_._X_C_F. Note that MacOS shortened _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z to _N_E_T_B_S_D_~_1_._G_Z since MS-DOS file systems can only natively hold 8 characters for the filename. _N_o_t_e_: Keep in mind that Open Firmware is often case-sensitive when it comes to filenames. _N_o_t_e_: You may need to append a _;_1 to the filename when using a ISO 9660 file system. This ``version number'' is part of the ISO 9660 specification and will show up in the directory listing if it is present on the disk. For example: 0 > bboooott ccdd::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF;;11 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC;;11 If the ddiirr command showed you the files you're looking for, then you've figure out how to tell Open Firmware to look for your bootloader! In this case, your `boot-device' is `fd:,\OFWBOOT.XCF' and your `boot-file' is `fd:,/NETBSD~1.GZ'. For additional help, see ofwboot(8) and the FAQ on topics like how to use the Open Firmware command environment and how to boot from a device attached to a PCI card which has Open Firmware support: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--uussee hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##bboooott--ppccii _E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s _o_f _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s Here are some examples of the commands you might use to boot your system: ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _C_D_-_R (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from CD-ROM (Apple usually sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 3): 0 > bboooott ccdd::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@33::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott aattaa//aattaappii--ddiisskk::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott iiddee11//ddiisskk@@00::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _C_D_-_R (Open Firmware 3) 0 > bboooott ccdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd..mmaaccppppcc ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) The first floppy disk has a `partition zero' bootloader. When it has loaded the kernel, it will ask you to insert the second floppy disk. _N_o_t_e_: This is not a normal MacOS boot floppy -- you must enter Open Firmware and type a boot command. All you need to do is: 0 > bboooott ffdd::00 It is common to see ``READ TIMEOUT@'' from the floppy. This means that Open Firmware is having difficulty reading the media. See the section below on _C_o_m_m_o_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s _a_n_d _E_r_r_o_r _M_e_s_s_a_g_e_s for more informa- tion about this and what you can do to get a successful boot. You can eject a floppy by typing: 0 > eejjeecctt ffdd ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a_n _I_D_E _o_r _S_C_S_I _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _a_n _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n (Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) MacOS drives have several system-level partitions reserved for MacOS drivers. You may find that your first HFS or HFS+ partition might be as high as partition 9. You may need to keep trying higher partition numbers until you find the one that has your bootloader. You can use ppddiisskk to print out your partition map: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##ppddiisskk You should use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to get a directory list- ing of the files on your hard drive. If bootloader is on a different partition from the NetBSD kernel, you will need to specify where to find the kernel. Remember, that SCSI Zip disks are usually ID 5 or 6. Internal hard drives are usually SCSI ID 0. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot the installer kernel located on an HFS or HFS+ partition: 0 > bboooott hhdd::99,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@00::99,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz 0 > bboooott iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::1100,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz 0 > bboooott uullttrraa11::99,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a _c_u_s_t_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M (All Open Firmware versions) Open Firmware doesn't understand long filenames (created with the RockRidge and Joliet extensions), so you may need to figure out what your file is called. You should use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to get a listing of the files on your CD. For instance, TTooaasstt for MacOS creates CDs with long filenames, but uses MS-DOS style short names as well. Instead of referencing _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C you would need to open _N_E_T_B_S_D_-_G_._E_N_E The mmkkiissooffss pro- gram has a similar problem, _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z becomes _N_E_T_B_S_D_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._G_Z. Another thing to note is that you _m_u_s_t use the same case when speci- fying the filename to load that Open Firmware uses. Also, keep in mind what format your CD-R has to be for your version of Open Firmware (pure ISO versus hybrid ISO/HFS). We'll assume that you've wisely renamed your kernel to _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z to avoid many of these name issues. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from CD-ROM (Apple usually sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 3): 0 > bboooott ccdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd..ggzz 0 > bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@33::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ 0 > bboooott aattaa//aattaappii--ddiisskk::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ 0 > bboooott iiddee11//ddiisskk@@00::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a_n _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_l_o_p_p_y (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) _N_o_t_e_: This is not a normal MacOS boot floppy -- you must enter Open Firmware and type a boot command. Use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to get a listing of the files on the floppy. Typically you'll find filenames like OFWBOOT.XCF and NETBSD~1.GZ. 0 > bboooott ffdd::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD~~11..GGZZ You can eject a floppy by typing: 0 > eejjeecctt ffdd ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _o_v_e_r _t_h_e _e_t_h_e_r_n_e_t (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) You can try the simple form (i.e. that you are booting from ether- net): 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff Or you may be more specific, specifying the bootloader filename and the kernel name: 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff eenneett::,,//nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz _N_o_t_e_: Some Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines have their MAC address stored incorrectly. Make sure that your netboot server is using the same MAC address that your macppc client is using. See the section on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D to figure out your MAC address. _N_o_t_e_: Some machines cannot load compressed kernels over ethernet. Uncompress them first. ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _o_v_e_r _t_h_e _e_t_h_e_r_n_e_t (Open Firmware 3) You can try the simple form (i.e. that you are booting from ether- net): 0 > bboooott eenneett::00 Or you may be more specific, specifying the bootloader filename and the kernel name: 0 > bboooott eenneett::00,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff eenneett::00,,//nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a_n _I_D_E _o_r _S_C_S_I _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _a `_p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n _z_e_r_o' _b_o_o_t_l_o_a_d_e_r (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) You do not specify a file to load, since the `partition zero' booloader knows what to do. You would boot such a system if you have dumped the CD-R image to your drive, or if you have an already- installed NetBSD/macppc system Remember, that SCSI Zip disks are usually ID 5 or 6. Internal hard drives are usually SCSI ID 0. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from such a drive: 0 > bboooott zziipp::00 0 > bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@00::00 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@00::00 0 > bboooott aattaa//aattaa--ddiisskk@@00::00 0 > bboooott aattaa//AATTAA--DDiisskk@@00::00 0 > bboooott iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::00 _E_x_a_m_p_l_e _o_f _a _n_o_r_m_a_l _b_o_o_t Of course, a lot of the information in this example depends on your model and what your boot method is, but we'll include this anyways just so you get an idea of what to expect (user-typed commands are in bboolldd). Apple PowerBook3,1 2.1f1 BootROM built on 01/29/00 at 22:38:07 Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved Welcome to Open Firmware. To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return. To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return. ok 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz loading XCOFF tsize=C280 dsize=14AC bsize=2620 entry=600000 SECTIONS: .text 00600000 00600000 0000C280 000000E0 .data 0060D000 0060D000 000014AC 0000C360 .bss 0060E4B0 0060E4B0 00002620 00000000 loading .text, done.. loading .data, done.. clearing .bss, done.. >> NetBSD/macppc OpenFirmware Boot, Revision 1.3 >> (tsubai@mint.iri.co.jp, Sun Nov 26 01:41:27 JST 2000) 1701508+177748 [100+68176+55886]=0x1e9468 start=0x100000 Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5.1 (INSTALL) #0: Thu Mar 15 00:52:56 PST 2001 mw@al:/usr/src/sys/arch/macppc/compile/INSTALL total memory = 192 MB avail memory = 172 MB using 2483 buffers containing 9932 KB of memory [...] erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T Terminal type? [vt100] Erase is backspace. (I)nstall, (S)hell or (H)alt ? _C_o_m_m_o_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s _a_n_d _E_r_r_o_r _M_e_s_s_a_g_e_s This is a brief list of some of the Open Firmware problems you may run into. See the NetBSD/macppc FAQ for a thorough list. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##bboooott--ttrroouubbllee _N_o_t_e_: You may find it necessary to remove all non-Apple devices from your machine. Some users have found this necessary. ++oo Black screen If your system is a PowerBook, NetBSD may have turned down the brightness of the backlight. Use the buttons to turn your brightness back up. Otherwise, you need a serial console. See the section entitled _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n ++oo Grey screen with flashing question mark This means that your system is trying to boot MacOS. You might get to this state if you didn't properly enter Open Firmware, or if your Open Firmware boot command has bad syntax. If you typed a bad boot command, Open Firmware tries to boot from the value stored in the boot-device variable, whose default value is the MacOS ROM. The grey screen with the icon is generated by the MacOS ROM. A flashing question-mark or broken folder means that your machine is looking for a bootable MacOS file system, but can't find one. A globe icon means that your machine is looking for a netboot server. A happy face or spinning disc means it's starting to boot MacOS. The boot floppy does not have a bootable MacOS file system, it has a bootable NetBSD file system. Reboot, re-enter Open Firmware and check your syntax carefully. _N_o_t_e_: Don't forget to check your Open Firmware environment vari- ables, as they may have been changed by your brief excursion into MacOS. ++oo Information on your screen seems garbled or out of sync If you have a PowerMacintosh 7300 through 8600, then you need to read the section on System Disk and the patches it applies. See the sec- tion entitled _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n If you have a Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, Open Firmware does not work with the internal display, you will need to set up a serial con- sole. ++oo ``DEFAULT CATCH!'' This is a general message from Open Firmware to the effect that it had trouble loading a file. If your machine is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 2.0.x, or 2.4, this error does sometimes appear randomly. You might try the boot command a second time (this is known to work on some models). It's also an indication that either your floppy disk is bad, or the floppy drive is bad. Try doing a low-level format on the floppy, re-copy the files, and try again. There are several models that cannot be booted while using the on- board video and keyboard. Try using a serial console. ++oo ``CLAIM failed'' This is a general message from Open Firmware to the effect that it failed to allocate some memory or memory is messed up. First, make sure you have the Open Firmware variable load-base set correctly. If your system is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, or 2.4, see the section above on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D Do not change load-base on an Open Firmware 3 system. Reset your system and try using a different boot command (this is the only way some people have gotten their Open Firmware 2.4 systems to work): 0 > 00 bboooottrr bboooott--ddeevviiccee bboooott--ffiillee If you tried one boot command and it failed, then you tried a second and got the CLAIM failed message, then this is an indication that you should reboot between attempts. Use the Open Firmware rreesseett--aallll com- mand. Contradictorily, if your machine is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 2.0.x or 2.4, this error does sometimes appear randomly. You might try the boot command a second time (this is known to work on some models). There are several models that cannot be booted while using the on- board video and keyboard. Try using a serial console. ++oo ``can't OPEN'' Open Firmware either can't open the device you specified (because it is not present or the device path is mistyped) or the file you speci- fied. Check your typing and check to make sure that the media has the files you think it has. Use the NetBSD ppddiisskk command to list the partition map and the Open Firmware ddiirr command to verify that the file(s) you tried accessing are really there. ++oo ``unrecognized Client Program formatstate not valid'' This is a general Open Firmware error message indicating that the filename you tried to open either doesn't exist or is in the wrong format. For Open Firmware 1 and 2 machines, it must be an XCOFF file (such as _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) and for Open Firmware 3 machines, it must be either XCOFF or ELF (such as a kernel). Make sure that you have use binary mode to FTP the files, and that they are properly uncom- pressed. ++oo ``bad partition number, using 0no bootable HFS partition'' If you're trying to boot an Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, or 2.0.x system, this probably means that your media (i.e. hard drive or CD- ROM) has an HFS file system on it (such as a hybrid CD-R or a hard drive with MacOS partitions). ++oo ``READ TIMEOUT@'' Open Firmware is having trouble reading your floppy disk. Things to try: -- Try booting from the floppy again -- Try a different floppy disk -- Try writing the floppy on the same machine you're trying to boot -- Clean the floppy drive -- Use another boot method As disk drives get older, especially with portables, they can get a little bit out of alignment so that they do not consistently read disks written on other floppy drives. Strongly consider writing the floppies on the same machine that will be reading them. ++oo ``TFTP timeout'' Either the server's TFTP server isn't running, or you're using a model with Open Firmware 1.0.5 and not specifying the location of the bootloader. Unfortunately, on the early models, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f gets confused and doesn't work right unless you load it explicitly from the boot-device, even if the bootp or DHCP server provides the cor- rect information. You need to boot with a command like: 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff ++oo ``enet:,/netbsd.ram.gz: Inappropriate file type or format'' Some systems booting over ethernet can't load compressed kernels. Use gunzip(1) to uncompress the kernel before attempting to netboot. ++oo Bootloader hangs before the copyright notice and the kernel configu- ration You forgot to set real-base in Open Firmware or it got erased by your booting into MacOS. Make sure you have the Open Firmware variable real-base set cor- rectly. If your system is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, or 2.4, see the section above on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D Do not set real-base on an Open Firmware 3 system. ++oo Hang after configuring devices, but before doing anything else Actually, this can have many causes. The most likely is a keyboard problem. First, try plugging the USB keyboard directly into the com- puter (i.e. not through a hub) and unplugging the mouse. If you're trying a model that's not on the supported list (such as a new laptop model), they keyboard may not be supported yet. _M_i_l_e_s_t_o_n_e If you've reached this point, then you must've gotten the NetBSD installer to boot. Congratulations! That was the hard part. From now through the rest of this document, there should be no more Open Firmware specific problems, so read everything because it applies to all models. _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu driven installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the installation. Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t pro- gram from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 3. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD-ROM install as an example. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD). -- Some form of bootable media, described above. -- A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), a hard disk and a minimum of 16 MB of memory installed. -- The hard disk should have at least 200 + _n megabytes of space free, where _n is the number of megabytes of main mem- ory in your system. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 215 MB more. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Boot the system as described above. You should be at the ssyyssiinnsstt main menu. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-5.0.1 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu then RRuunn //bbiinn//sshh for Open Firmware 3 systems. You'll need to create the NetBSD filesystem(s) and an _f_s_t_a_b. Now exit the shell, return to the main menu, and choose RRee--iinnssttaallll. Choose iinnssttaallll for Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, and 2.4 systems. -- You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of your disk, and the selection of distributed components to install. When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document for details. -- After your disk has been prepared, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the medium. The default values for the path and device should be ok. -- After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main menu and select rreebboooott.. -- Once the system reaches the Open Firmware prompt, you will need to type the correct command to boot from your hard drive. NetBSD will now boot. If you haven't already done so in ssyyssiinnsstt, you should log in as root and set a password for that account. You are also advised to edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f to match your needs. -- Your installation is now complete. 4. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D You may want to read the boot messages, to notice your disk's name and capacity. Its name will be something like sd0 or wd0 and the geometry will be printed on a line that begins with its name. As mentioned above, you may need your disk's geometry when creating NetBSD's partitions. You will also need to know the name, to tell ssyyssiinnsstt which disk to use. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 5. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and select the CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk option. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 6. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _d_i_s_k _w_h_i_c_h _w_i_l_l _b_e _u_s_e_d _f_o_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _s_y_s_t_e_m_s Skip this step if you are installing NetBSD on an Open Firmware 1 or 2 system. Go to the UUttiilliittyy MMeennuu, and select the RRuunn //bbiinn//sshh option which will give you a shell prompt. From this shell prompt, you will do some of the steps that the normal install procedure runs automatically. Unfortunately, at the moment, our install tools aren't smart enough to deal with drives with Apple Partition Maps and will overwrite important information describing your partitions. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' Type the following command (replacing _w_d_0 with the name of your des- tination hard drive): # ddiisskkllaabbeell wwdd00 This will print out the partition info that was generated by ppddiisskk, Drive Setup, or Disk Utility. Note that, as discussed above in the _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D section, your _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t typ- ically is the first partition (_a) and your _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p typically is the second partition (_b). You may also find that your _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r partition is the seventh partition (_g). For example: # ddiisskkllaabbeell wwdd00 [...] # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg/sgs] a: 426613 837432 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 1622*- 2449*) b: 204800 632632 swap # (Cyl. 1226*- 1622*) c: 2134305 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 4136*) d: 426616 1216 HFS # (Cyl. 2*- 829*) e: 204800 427832 HFS # (Cyl. 829*- 1226*) f: 21 2134284 unknown # (Cyl. 4136*- 4136*) g: 870239 1264045 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 2449*- 4136*) disklabel: boot block size 0 disklabel: super block size 0 Now, you need to create file systems on the partitions that NetBSD will be using. _D_o _n_o_t _m_o_d_i_f_y _a_n_y _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_s _l_a_b_e_l_e_d _H_F_S, _U_F_S, _o_r _u_n_k_n_o_w_n. The par- titions you will be using have their _f_s_t_y_p_e listed as _4_._2_B_S_D. Run the nneewwffss command on the _4_._2_B_S_D partitions: # nneewwffss //ddeevv//wwdd00aa newfs: /dev/wd0a: not a character-special device Warning: 120 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated /dev/wd0a: 426612 sectors in 827 cylinders of 4 tracks, 129 sectors 208.3MB in 52 cyl groups (16 c/g, 4.03MB/g, 1024 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at: 32, 8432, 16832, 25232, 33056, 41456, 49856, 58256, 66080, 74480, 82880, 91280, 99104, 107504, 115904, 124304, 132128, 140528, 148928, 157328, 165152, 173552, 181952, 190352, 198176, 206576, 214976, 223376, 231200, 239600, 248000, 256400, 264224, 272624, 281024, 289424, 297248, 305648, 314048, 322448, 330272, 338672, 347072, 355472, 363296, 371696, 380096, 388496, 396320, 404720, 413120, 421520, newfs: ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument newfs: /dev/wd0a: can't rewrite disk label You can ignore the _~ `not a character-special device', _~ `sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated', _~ `ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument', and _~ `can't rewrite disk label' warnings. Now you need to mount your destination root partition: # mmoouunntt //ddeevv//wwdd00aa //mmnntt Make an _f_s_t_a_b file for your new system (right now, you only really need to include _/, _/_u_s_r, and _s_w_a_p), for example: # mmkkddiirr //mmnntt//eettcc # ccaatt >> //mmnntt//eettcc//ffssttaabb /dev/wd0a / ffs rw 1 1 /dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/wd0g /usr ffs rw 1 2 If you mess up while typing, you can press CONTROL-U to erase every- thing on the current line, or CONTROL-C to cancel the file creation, so you can start over. CONTROL-D finishes and writes the file to disk. Great, now create the mountpoints for the file systems you listed in the _f_s_t_a_b: # mmkkddiirr //mmnntt//uussrr Clean up and return to ssyyssiinnsstt: # ccdd // # uummoouunntt //mmnntt # eexxiitt 7. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s To start the installation onto a dedicated NetBSD drive (Open Firmware 1 or 2), select IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk from the main menu. To start the installation onto a drive with an Apple Parti- tion Map (Open Firmware 3), select RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. ssyyssiinnsstt will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like wd0, wd1, sd0 or sd1. If ssyyssiinnsstt reports I can not find any hard disk for use by NetBSD or the drive you wish to install onto is missing, then you should look at the FAQ entry hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##nnooddiisskk 8. _S_e_l_e_c_t_i_n_g _w_h_i_c_h _s_e_t_s _t_o _i_n_s_t_a_l_l The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, minimal, and custom instal- lations. If you choose sets on your own, bbaassee, eettcc, and a kernel must be selected. 9. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k You can skip a few steps, down to `_G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s', if you are installing onto a drive with an Apple Partition Map (Open Firmware 3), i.e. you selected RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss from the main menu. 10. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. In actuality, NetBSD/macppc uses an Apple Partition Map. The installer creates something like a real Apple Partition Map, but it is not compatible with Mac OS or Open Firmware, which is one of the reasons why you cannot use this installer to partition a disk that can be used with Mac OS or Open Firmware 3 systems. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose UUssee eexxiissttiinngg ppaarrttiittiioonn ssiizzeess. Otherwise, select SSeett ssiizzeess ooff NNeettBBSSDD ppaarrttiittiioonnss. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 44..22BBSSDD. A swap parti- tion has a special type called sswwaapp. Some partitions in the diskla- bel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (_/) b Swap partition. c The NetBSD portion of the disk. d-p Available for other use. Traditionally, g is the par- tition mounted on _/_u_s_r, but this is historical prac- tice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and con- tains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 11. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, select yyeess. The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys- tems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installa- tion program after pressing the return key. _N_o_t_e_: The bootstrapping code installed in this step will _n_o_t boot a machine with Open Firmware 3. You will still need to have _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on an HFS or HFS+ partition. 12. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0), and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets. 14. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _f_t_p To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. ssyyssiinnsstt will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 15. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 16. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec- ify the device that the file system resides on (for example sd1e) the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. Remember, NetBSD/macppc doesn't grok HFS or HFS+ partitions 17. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys- tem that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 18. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being extracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles. Alternatively, you can choose to see a progress bar. This is the preferred option as it shows progress without significantly slowing down the installa- tion process. If you are installing using the RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss option, then you will need to create the device nodes in _/_d_e_v, otherwise, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. The next menu will allow you to select the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC. Finally you will be asked to select a password encryption algorithm and can then set a password for the "root" account, to prevent the machine from coming up without access restrictions. 19. _M_a_k_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_e_v_i_c_e _n_o_d_e_s If you are installing using the RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss option, then you will need to create the device nodes in _/_d_e_v now. Otherwise, skip this step. Go to the main installation menu, and select UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then select the RRuunn //bbiinn//sshh option, which will give you a shell prompt. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' Type the following command (replacing _w_d_0_a with the partition name of your destination root partition): Now you need to mount your des- tination root partition: # mmoouunntt //ddeevv//wwdd00aa //mmnntt # ccdd //mmnntt//ddeevv # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll # ccdd // # uummoouunntt //mmnntt # eexxiitt 20. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 5.0.1. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _s_e_t_t_i_n_g_s Now, you can reboot to get to the Open Firmware prompt. You still need to figure out how to get Open Firmware to boot the operating system(s) of your choice. First, try to get NetBSD/macppc running. Using the methods described in the section _E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s _o_f _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s figure out the boot command for your installation of NetBSD. Try booting. Once you've got the syntax worked out, decide which operating systems you'll be using regularly. ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _e_x_c_l_u_s_i_v_e_l_y If you'll only be using NetBSD on your macppc system, then simply set the Open Firmware `boot-device' and `boot-file' variables to the val- ues you just determined. Also, you might want to enable the system to always boot NetBSD when powered on or reset. Once you set up auto-booting you can get to the Open Firmware prompt again by using the shutdown(8) command to halt the system. If you are not using a `partition zero' style boot scheme (e.g. Open Firmware 3 models), then you would type something like the following: 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ttrruuee 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ddeevviiccee iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::88,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ffiillee iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::1133,,//nneettbbssdd 0 > rreesseett--aallll The last command resets the system so that these settings are stored. If you are using a `partition zero' style boot scheme, you would type something like the following: 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ttrruuee 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ddeevviiccee ssccssii//ssdd@@00::00 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ffiillee nneettbbssdd 0 > rreesseett--aallll Replace ssccssii//ssdd@@00::00 with the actual device you will be booting from. ++oo _A_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _t_i_p_s If you find that your system tries booting before your hard drive has spun up, try one of the two following `boot-command' settings: 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ccoommmmaanndd ccaattcchh 55000000 mmss bboooott 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ccoommmmaanndd bbeeggiinn [['']] bboooott ccaattcchh 11000000 mmss ccrr aaggaaiinn Also, you may be able to pause a system at the Open Firmware prompt if you have `auto-boot?' set to `true' by holding down any key while the system is resetting. Set the following `boot-command' (this may not work on system with Open Firmware 1.0.5) (this method should interrupt booting, even when holding down any key while using a serial console): 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ccoommmmaanndd kkeeyy?? iinnvveerrtt iiff bboooott tthheenn ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n Alas, this takes a little more work. Usually, when you select a sys- tem to boot in the ``Startup Disk'' panel of the ``System Preferences'' application, it stores the Open Firmware path to that device in the `boot-device' variable. So, instead of writing the NetBSD device path to Open Firmware, you'll store the paths to your operating systems in NVRAM. Open Firmware cannot deal with nested ddeevvaalliiaass entries. You must, therefore, enter the _e_n_t_i_r_e path to your device. See the NetBSD/macppc nnvveeddiitt HOW-TO for more help: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//nnvveeddiitt..hhttmmll 0 > pprriinntteennvv bboooott--ddeevviiccee boot-device /pci@f2000000/mac-io@17/ata-4@1f000/@0:10,\\:tbxi ok 0 > nnvvaalliiaass oossxx //ppccii@@ff22000000000000//mmaacc--iioo@@1177//aattaa--44@@11ff000000//@@00::1100,,\\\\::ttbbxxii 0 > nnvvaalliiaass bbssdd //ppccii@@ff22000000000000//mmaacc--iioo@@1177//aattaa--44@@11ff000000//@@00::99,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff 0 > nnvvssttoorree 0 > sseetteennvv uussee--nnvvrraammrrcc?? ttrruuee 0 > rreesseett--aallll Now, when the system is reset, it will stop at the Open Firmware prompt and you can type one of the following to boot an operating system: 0 > bboooott oossxx 0 > bboooott bbssdd ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _9 _o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r For Open Firmware 3 systems, the procedure is identical to the sec- tion above on _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n For older systems, you're in for more hassle. Booting an Open Firmware 1.0.5, 2.0.x, or 2.4 system into MacOS 9 or earlier will erase some or all of your Open Firmware settings. Try it and see which Open Firmware variables survive. If only `real-base' is lost, you can compile a kernel that does not require changing the `real-base'. Just build a kernel that is less than 4 MB uncompressed. This is easy if you remove all of the USB devices from the config file. Once you've got a smaller kernel, just follow the procedure in the section above on _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n If everything is lost when you boot into MacOS 9 or earlier, you will need to make a custom BootVars configuration that you run before try- ing to boot NetBSD/macppc since System Disk does not preserve enough information when it saves a configuration. 1. If your system supports System Disk, run it and click ``Save'' to install the NVRAMRC patches. 2. Run BootVars, click the ``All Variables'' button. 3. Fill in `real-base', `boot-device', `boot-file', `input-device', and `output-device'. 4. From the ``File'' menu, pick ``Save''. When you run this file, it will load BootVars with all your settings. To boot NetBSD click the ``Write&reboot'' button. 5. Now your system will always boot NetBSD. To boot MacOS, use the shutdown(8) command to halt the system at the Open Firmware prompt and use the Open Firmware ``bye'' or ``mac-boot'' command to boot MacOS. ++oo _O_t_h_e_r _b_o_o_t _t_e_c_h_n_i_q_u_e_s See the FAQ for some vague information on how to use the Linux yyaabboooott system to boot NetBSD. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##yyaabboooott PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt110000 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, where your on-board interfaces may be one of mc0, bm0, tlp0 or gem0. For example: ifconfig_mc0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_mc0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. Other files in _/_e_t_c that may require modification or setting up include _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f, _/_e_t_c_/_n_s_s_w_i_t_c_h_._c_o_n_f, and _/_e_t_c_/_w_s_c_o_n_s_._c_o_n_f. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 4. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: hhttttpp::////nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the soft- ware may depend. ++oo More information on the package system is available at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_5_._0_._1_/_A_l_l subdir. You can install them with the following commands under sh(1): ## PPKKGG__PPAATTHH==ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//mmaaccppppcc//55..00..11//AAllll ## eexxppoorrtt PPKKGG__PPAATTHH ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ttccsshh ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv bbaasshh ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ppeerrll ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv aappaacchhee ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv kkddee ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ffiirreeffooxx ... If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with the following: ## sseetteennvv PPKKGG__PPAATTHH ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//mmaaccppppcc//55..00..11//AAllll _N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror the _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory. If you would like to use such mirrors, you could also try the _/_p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_p_a_c_k_a_g_e_s_/_c_u_r_r_e_n_t_-_p_a_c_k_a_g_e_s_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c_/_5_._0_._1_/_A_l_l directory, which may have the same contents. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. _N_o_t_e_: In some cases the pkg_add(1) command will complain about a version mismatch of packages with a message like the following: Warning: package `foo' was built for a different version of the OS: NetBSD/i386 M.N (pkg) vs. NetBSD/i386 5.0.1 (this host), This warning is harmless if the formal major release num- bers are the same between the pkg and your host. Please refer to the NetBSD release glossary and graphs at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//rreelleeaasseess//rreelleeaassee--mmaapp..hhttmmll for more information about NetBSD's release numbering scheme. ++oo The framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retriev- ing the file ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more informa- tion. 6. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. ++oo The _/_e_t_c_/_p_o_s_t_f_i_x_/_m_a_i_n_._c_f file will almost definitely need to be adjusted. If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using pkgsrc or by hand and adjust _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 5.0.1 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi- tional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root (_/) and _/_u_s_r partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. Since installation of the bootloader will prevent Mac OS from using the disk and will prevent Open Firmware 3 machines from booting, there is an option to bypass this step. Make sure you know whether or not to install the bootloader. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD. Also, file systems are checked before unpacking the sets. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installa- tion part of the document for help. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 5.0.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command: # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 5.0.1. pkg_install now depends on the pkgdb cache for automatic conflict detec- tion. It is recommended to rebuild the cache with # ppkkgg__aaddmmiinn rreebbuuiilldd audit-packages.conf(5) has been superseded by pkg_install.conf(5). The default configuration is the same. Support for pkg_view(1) has been retired. The functionality of audit-packages(1) and download-vulnerability-list(1) has moved into pkg_admin(1). However, wrapper scripts that handle the common use cases are provided. The pthread libraries from previous versions of NetBSD require that the sysctl(3) node kern.no_sa_support be set to 0. This affects the follow- ing environments: ++oo Running a 5.0 kernel with an older userland. ++oo Running an older userland inside a chroot'ed environment on a 5.0 system. ++oo Running older statically linked pthread applications. The 5.0 kernel defaults to 0 for kern.no_sa_support, which covers the first case. However, please note that a full installation of 5.0 (either from scratch or through an upgrade) will set kern.no_sa_support to 1 dur- ing the boot process. This means that for the last two cases, you will have to manually set kern.no_sa_support to 0, using either the sysctl(8) command or through sysctl.conf(5). Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default (see below) will be handled. _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _3_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 4.x as well. The following issues can generally be resolved by running _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l with the eettcc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l: ++oo Various files in _/_e_t_c need upgrading. These include: -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_t_r_e_e_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_a_i_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_w_e_e_k_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_o_n_t_h_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_u_b_r -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_h_u_t_d_o_w_n -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_s_y_s_._c_o_n_f The following issues need to be resolved manually: ++oo The users `_proxy', `_rwhod', and `_sdpd' and the groups `_proxy', `_rwhod' and `_sdpd' need to be created and the user `uucp' needs to be updated. ++oo A number of things were removed in the NetBSD 4.0 release, including: the evbsh5 port, the Fortran 77 compiler (g77), NETCCITT, NETNS, Sendmail, Sushi, UUCP, and Vinum. If you were using any of these, please see the "Components removed from NetBSD" at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//rreelleeaasseess//ffoorrmmaall--44//NNeettBBSSDD--44..00..hhttmmll##rreemmoovvaallss ++oo The replacement of Sendmail by Postfix can be handled automati- cally by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l but it is not done by default. If you want to transition to Postfix, the command postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix mailerconf will update your _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f file to use Postfix as the MTA. When using ssyyssiinnsstt to upgrade the system, it will ask if you want this to be done. Note that if you have a customized Sendmail setup, you need to set up Postfix in an equivalent way; there is no tool for auto- matic conversion of Sendmail configuration to a Postfix one. Postfix will be started automatically when the system boots. You may see messages like "$sendmail is not set properly" at boot. You can suppress them by removing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l and _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_s_m_m_s_p. Those files and other parts of sendmail con- figuration like files under _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l are not removed by default while upgrading for those who want to continue using sendmail from outside the base system. If you want to delete them, _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l can be used: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix sendmail _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _4_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s The following issues can generally be resolved by running _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l with the eettcc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l: ++oo Various files in _/_e_t_c need upgrading. These include: -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_t_r_e_e_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_a_i_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_w_e_e_k_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_o_n_t_h_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_u_b_r -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_h_u_t_d_o_w_n -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_s_y_s_._c_o_n_f The following issues need to be resolved manually: ++oo The users `_httpd' and `_timedc' and the groups `_httpd' and `_timedc' need to be created. ++oo Unprivileged use of the mount(8) command now requires the _n_o_s_u_i_d and _n_o_d_e_v options to be explicitly specified. Previ- ously, these options were automatically enforced even if they were not explicitly specified. ++oo A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 5.0.1 release. See the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near the beginning of this document for a list. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropos(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for a web interface. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Luleoa Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services server. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the NYC build cluster. ++oo The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for running the WWU build cluster. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) WWee aarree...... (in alphabetical order) _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _c_o_r_e _g_r_o_u_p_: Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Quentin Garnier _c_u_b_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _T_h_e _p_o_r_t_m_a_s_t_e_r_s _(_a_n_d _t_h_e_i_r _p_o_r_t_s_)_: Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ccoobbaalltt Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g xxeenn Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbmmiippss Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ppmmaaxx Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssbbmmiippss Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aattaarrii Marcus Comstedt _m_a_r_c_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ddrreeaammccaasstt Andrew Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aammdd6644 Andrew Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ii338866 Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g cceessffiicc Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiyyoonniixx Jaime A Fournier _o_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g zzaauurruuss Matt Fredette _f_r_e_d_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssuunn22 Ichiro FUKUHARA _i_c_h_i_r_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhppccaarrmm Chris Gilbert _c_h_r_i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ccaattss Ben Harris _b_j_h_2_1_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aaccoorrnn2266 Ross Harvey _r_o_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aallpphhaa Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhpp770000 Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssppaarrcc6644 IWAMOTO Toshihiro _t_o_s_h_i_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhppccaarrmm Darrin Jewell _d_b_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneexxtt6688kk S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssggiimmiippss Wayne Knowles _w_d_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmiippssccoo Takayoshi Kochi _k_o_c_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiaa6644 Paul Kranenburg _p_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssppaarrcc Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmaaccppppcc Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g vvaaxx Cherry G. Mathew _c_h_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiaa6644 NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g xx6688kk Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g lluunnaa6688kk Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssaannddppooiinntt Andrey Petrov _p_e_t_r_o_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssppaarrcc6644 Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmaacc6688kk Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ooffppppcc Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g pprreepp Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g rrss66000000 Noriyuki Soda _s_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aarrcc Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aammiiggaa Jonathan Stone _j_o_n_a_t_h_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ppmmaaxx Shin Takemura _t_a_k_e_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhppccmmiippss Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aallpphhaa Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneettwwiinnddeerr Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aallggoorr Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbaarrmm Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g sshhaarrkk Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eewwss44880000mmiippss Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhpp330000 Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneewwss6688kk Valeriy E. Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g llaannddiisskk Nathan Williams _n_a_t_h_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssuunn33 Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbppppcc Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmvvmmee6688kk Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmvvmmeeppppcc Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aaccoorrnn3322 _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _5_._0_._1 _R_e_l_e_a_s_e _E_n_g_i_n_e_e_r_i_n_g _t_e_a_m_: Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g James Chacon _j_m_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Liam J. Foy _l_i_a_m_j_f_o_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Heasley _h_e_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Geert Hendrickx _g_h_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_e_r_s_: Nathan Ahlstrom _n_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Allen _w_o_r_m_e_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jukka Andberg _j_a_n_d_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Assange _p_r_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lennart Augustsson _a_u_g_u_s_t_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christoph Badura _b_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bang Jun-Young _j_u_n_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dieter Baron _d_i_l_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert V. Baron _r_v_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alan Barrett _a_p_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Grant Beattie _g_r_a_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason Beegan _j_t_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hiroyuki Bessho _b_s_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Birrell _j_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mason Loring Bliss _m_a_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Charles Blundell _c_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rafal Boni _r_a_f_a_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stephen Borrill _s_b_o_r_r_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sean Boudreau _s_e_a_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Brezak _b_r_e_z_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Allen Briggs _b_r_i_g_g_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mark Brinicombe _m_a_r_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aaron Brown _a_b_r_o_w_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andrew Brown _a_t_a_t_a_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frederick Bruckman _f_r_e_d_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jon Buller _j_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert Byrnes _b_y_r_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Pavel Cahyna _p_a_v_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g D'Arcy J.M. Cain _d_a_r_c_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel Carosone _d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dave Carrel _c_a_r_r_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g James Chacon _j_m_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mihai Chelaru _k_e_f_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bill Coldwell _b_i_l_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ben Collver _b_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marcus Comstedt _m_a_r_c_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy Cooper _j_e_r_e_m_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chuck Cranor _c_h_u_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aidan Cully _a_i_d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Garrett D'Amore _g_d_a_m_o_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johan Danielsson _j_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Darrow _j_d_a_r_r_o_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jed Davis _j_l_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt DeBergalis _d_e_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Degroote _d_e_g_r_o_o_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Deker _d_e_k_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris G. Demetriou _c_g_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tracy Di Marco White _g_e_n_d_a_l_i_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jarom'ir Dolecek _j_d_o_l_e_c_e_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andy Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Dowdeswell _e_l_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Emmanuel Dreyfus _m_a_n_u_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun Ebihara _j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jaime A Fournier _o_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stoned Elipot _s_e_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael van Elst _m_l_e_l_s_t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Enami Tsugutomo _e_n_a_m_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernd Ernesti _v_e_e_g_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Fair _f_a_i_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hauke Fath _h_a_u_k_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hubert Feyrer _h_u_b_e_r_t_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason R. Fink _j_r_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt J. Fleming _m_j_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marty Fouts _m_a_r_t_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Liam J. Foy _l_i_a_m_j_f_o_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Fredette _f_r_e_d_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thorsten Frueauf _f_r_u_e_a_u_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Castor Fu _c_a_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ichiro Fukuhara _i_c_h_i_r_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Quentin Garnier _c_u_b_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Gerner _t_h_o_m_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon J. Gerraty _s_j_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Justin Gibbs _g_i_b_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Gilbert _c_h_r_i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Gillespie _e_p_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brian Ginsbach _g_i_n_s_b_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Goyette _p_g_o_y_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Graff _e_x_p_l_o_r_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brian C. Grayson _b_g_r_a_y_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Green _m_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andreas Gustafsson _g_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ulrich Habel _r_h_a_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino _i_t_o_j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g HAMAJIMA Katsuomi _h_a_m_a_j_i_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adam Hamsik _h_a_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Juergen Hannken-Illjes _h_a_n_n_k_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Charles M. Hannum _m_y_c_r_o_f_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ben Harris _b_j_h_2_1_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ross Harvey _r_o_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Haszlakiewicz _e_r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Hawkinson _j_h_a_w_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g HAYAKAWA Koichi _h_a_y_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Heasley _h_e_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Geert Hendrickx _g_h_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ren'e Hexel _r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Iain Hibbert _p_l_u_n_k_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kouichirou Hiratsuka _h_i_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael L. Hitch _m_h_i_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g 'Ad'am H'oka _a_h_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jachym Holecek _f_r_e_z_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David A. Holland _d_h_o_l_l_a_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian E. Hopps _c_h_o_p_p_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Hornstein _k_e_n_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Horowitz _m_a_r_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eduardo Horvath _e_e_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Shell Hung _s_h_e_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dean Huxley _d_e_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Love H"ornquist oAstrand _l_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Illig _r_i_l_l_i_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernardo Innocenti _b_e_r_n_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tetsuya Isaki _i_s_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ITOH Yasufumi _i_t_o_h_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g IWAMOTO Toshihiro _t_o_s_h_i_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Jacob _m_j_a_c_o_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj _l_o_n_h_y_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darrin Jewell _d_b_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nicolas Joly _n_j_o_l_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Jones _c_j_o_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takahiro Kambe _t_a_c_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masanori Kanaoka _k_a_n_a_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antti Kantee _p_o_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Kardel _k_a_r_d_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mattias Karlsson _k_e_i_h_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g KAWAMOTO Yosihisa _k_a_w_a_m_o_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mario Kemper _m_a_g_i_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Min Sik Kim _m_i_n_s_k_i_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Klausner _w_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Klaus Klein _k_l_e_i_n_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Klos _j_k_l_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Wayne Knowles _w_d_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takayoshi Kochi _k_o_c_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Kohl _j_t_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel de Kok _d_a_n_i_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan A. Kollasch _j_a_k_l_l_s_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Kranenburg _p_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lubomir Kundrak _l_k_u_n_d_r_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jochen Kunz _j_k_u_n_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martti Kuparinen _m_a_r_t_t_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kentaro A. Kurahone _k_u_r_a_h_o_n_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Lacombe _a_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kevin Lahey _k_m_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Laight _d_s_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johnny C. Lam _j_l_a_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin J. Laubach _m_j_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Lehey _g_r_o_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ted Lemon _m_e_l_l_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian Limpach _c_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank van der Linden _f_v_d_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joel Lindholm _j_o_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tonnerre Lombard _t_o_n_n_e_r_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike Long _m_i_k_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Warner Losh _i_m_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tomasz Luchowski _z_u_n_t_u_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Federico Lupi _f_e_d_e_r_i_c_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brett Lymn _b_l_y_m_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Mackerras _p_a_u_l_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g MAEKAWA Masahide _g_e_h_e_n_n_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Cherry G. Mathew _c_h_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Maxwell _d_a_v_i_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gregory McGarry _g_m_c_g_a_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dan McMahill _d_m_c_m_a_h_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jared D. McNeill _j_m_c_n_e_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Neil J. McRae _n_e_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julio M. Merino Vidal _j_m_m_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Perry Metzger _p_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Luke Mewburn _l_u_k_e_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jean-Yves Migeon _j_y_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brook Milligan _b_r_o_o_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Minoura Makoto _m_i_n_o_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simas Mockevicius _s_y_m_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g der Mouse _m_o_u_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joseph Myers _j_s_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Nakata _k_e_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takeshi Nakayama _n_a_k_a_y_a_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Nemeth _j_n_e_m_e_t_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bob Nestor _r_n_e_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NONAKA Kimihiro _n_o_n_a_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takehiko NOZAKI _t_n_o_z_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tobias Nygren _t_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OBATA Akio _o_b_a_c_h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jesse Off _j_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tatoku Ogaito _t_a_c_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OKANO Takayoshi _k_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masaru Oki _o_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Atsushi Onoe _o_n_o_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Oster _o_s_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rui Paulo _r_p_a_u_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan Perkin _s_k_e_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andrey Petrov _p_e_t_r_o_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Herb Peyerl _h_p_e_y_e_r_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Pfaller _m_a_t_t_h_i_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Pinnock _c_j_e_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adrian Portelli _a_d_r_i_a_n_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Peter Postma _p_e_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dante Profeta _d_a_n_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Provenzano _p_r_o_v_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Niels Provos _p_r_o_v_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mindaugas Rasiukevicius _r_m_i_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Rauch _m_r_a_u_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Recht _r_e_c_h_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darren Reed _d_a_r_r_e_n_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy C. Reed _r_e_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antoine Reilles _t_o_n_i_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tyler R. Retzlaff _r_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Richardson _m_c_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alan Ritter _r_i_t_t_e_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hans Rosenfeld _h_a_n_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gordon Ross _g_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Rumble _r_u_m_b_l_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ilpo Ruotsalainen _l_o_n_e_w_o_l_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Heiko W. Rupp _h_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Blair J. 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Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Todd Vierling _t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aymeric Vincent _a_y_m_e_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Vixie _v_i_x_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike M. Volokhov _m_i_s_h_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Krister Walfridsson _k_r_i_s_t_e_r_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lex Wennmacher _w_e_n_n_m_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Leo Weppelman _l_e_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Assar Westerlund _a_s_s_a_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Todd Whitesel _t_o_d_d_p_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Wille _p_h_x_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nathan Williams _n_a_t_h_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Windsor _w_i_n_d_s_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dan Winship _d_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jim Wise _j_w_i_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Wolfson _m_b_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Colin Wood _e_n_d_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Yuji Yamano _y_y_a_m_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Young _d_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S.P.Zeidler _s_p_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Maria Zevenhoven _m_a_r_i_a_7_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _O_t_h_e_r _c_o_n_t_r_i_b_u_t_o_r_s_: Dave Burgess _b_u_r_g_e_s_s_@_c_y_n_j_u_t_._i_n_f_o_n_e_t_._n_e_t Brian R. 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This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Tetsuya Isaki. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner This product includes software developed by Tobias Weingartner. This product includes software developed by Todd C. Miller. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura and Reinoud Zandijk for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura. for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Wasabi Systems for Zembu Labs, Inc. http://www.zembu.com/ This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Wash- ington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen- dent Media Center. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Chris- tos Zoulas This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna- tios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material This product includes software developed by Allen K. Briggs. This product includes software developed by Apple Computer, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Studenmund. This product includes software developed by Bradley A. Grantham. This product includes software developed by Carnegie-Mellon University. This product includes software developed by Chris P. Cputo. This product includes software developed by Colin Wood. This product includes software developed by David Huang. This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc. This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski. This product includes software developed by Open Software Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom, Opsycon AB and RTMX Inc, USA. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Tsubai Masanari. This product includes software developed by University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank. TThhee EEnndd NetBSD July 29, 2009 NetBSD