INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/sparc64. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document............................................2 Quick install notes for the impatient..........................3 What is NetBSD?................................................3 Dedication.....................................................4 Changes Between the NetBSD 5.1 and 5.1.1 Releases..............4 Security Advisory Fixes.....................................4 Other Security Fixes........................................5 Kernel......................................................5 Networking..................................................5 Miscellaneous...............................................5 Known Problems..............................................5 Features to be removed in a later release......................5 The NetBSD Foundation..........................................6 Sources of NetBSD..............................................6 NetBSD 5.1.1 Release Contents..................................6 NetBSD/sparc64 subdirectory structure.......................7 Binary distribution sets....................................7 NetBSD/sparc64 System Requirements and Supported Devices.......9 Supported machines..........................................9 Unsupported machines........................................9 Supported devices..........................................10 Unsupported devices........................................11 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................11 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................13 Deciding on partition sizes................................13 Setting up Open Firmware...................................13 Determining how to boot from an SBUS or PCI................14 Configuration of network interfaces........................15 Installing the NetBSD System..................................16 Installing NetBSD from CD-ROM..............................16 Installing NetBSD by using the NetBSD miniroot.............16 Installing NetBSD by using a NetBSD kernel on a............17 Installing NetBSD by using a netboot setup.................17 Running the sysinst installation program...................22 Introduction............................................22 General.................................................22 Quick install...........................................22 Booting NetBSD..........................................23 Network configuration...................................24 Installation drive selection and parameters.............24 Selecting which sets to install.........................24 Partitioning the disk...................................24 Preparing your hard disk................................25 Getting the distribution sets...........................25 Installation from CD-ROM................................25 Installation using ftp..................................25 Installation using NFS..................................26 Installation from an unmounted file system..............26 Installation from a local directory.....................26 Extracting the distribution sets........................26 Ensure you have the correct kernel installed............26 Finalizing your installation............................27 Manual Installation of NetBSD using Solaris................27 Preparing the disk in Solaris...........................27 Installing NetBSD Software from Solaris.................28 Creating NetBSD Device Nodes under Solaris..............29 Configuring the NetBSD system from Solaris..............29 Booting NetBSD for the first time.............................29 Post installation steps.......................................29 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................32 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............32 Issues when running older binaries on NetBSD 5.1.1.........33 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......34 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases.......34 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................35 Administrivia.................................................36 Thanks go to..................................................36 We are........................................................37 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................43 The End.......................................................49 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 5.1.1 on the _s_p_a_r_c_6_4 platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally pre- sented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. QQuuiicckk iinnssttaallll nnootteess ffoorr tthhee iimmppaattiieenntt This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 5.1.1 on a machine of the sparc64 architecture. ++oo Fetch files needed to install NetBSD. This is either a CD image, _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_c_d_-_5_._1_._1_._i_s_o or the installation kernel and bootloader, _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z and _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t which can be booted from a Solaris or NetBSD partition. Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel. This process is covered below, in detail. ++oo The actual binary distribution is in the _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s_/ direc- tory. When you boot the install CD-ROM or installation kernel, the installation program can fetch these files for you (using e.g. ftp) if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need the following sets: _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z, _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z and _e_t_c_._t_g_z. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. ++oo Burn the CD or put the installation kernel and bootloader at the root level of a bootable Solaris or NetBSD partition. The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. ++oo You will need to get to the OpenFirmware ``ookk'' prompt. After your system first powers on and displays some initial information, press the STOP-A keys, or send a BREAK if you're on a serial console. At the ``ookk'' prompt, type the command to boot your system into NetBSD. The command to boot from CD is: ``bboooott ccddrroomm''. The command to boot the NetBSD kernel from a Solaris or NetBSD partition depends on which disk and partition it is on. To boot from the first partition of the first (primary) disk: ``bboooott ddiisskk::aa //ooffwwbboooott --aa''. When it asks you for a kernel, specify ``nneettbbssdd--IINNSSTTAALLLL..ggzz'' ++oo For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis- tribution, you will want to explore the ppkkggssrrcc system with its many thousands of third party software applications. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on 57 different system architectures (ports) across 15 distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 5.1.1 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. Please see the NetBSD web site at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. DDeeddiiccaattiioonn NetBSD 5.1.1 is dedicated to the memory of Yoshihiro Masuda, who passed away in May 2011. He was a spiritual pillar of the BSD community in Japan. Through an impressive number of books and articles on BSD, he gave courage to BSD developers. We remember his passion and deep love for BSD. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn tthhee NNeettBBSSDD 55..11 aanndd 55..11..11 RReelleeaasseess NetBSD 5.1.1 is the first critical/security update of the NetBSD 5.1 release branch. It represents a selected subset of fixes deemed critical for security or stability reasons. Please note that all fixes in security/critical updates (i.e., NetBSD 5.0.1, 5.0.2, etc.) are cumulative, so the latest update contains all such fixes since the corresponding minor release. These fixes also appear in minor releases (i.e., NetBSD 5.1, 5.2, etc.). The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-5.1.1: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--55..11..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS--55..11..11 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 5.1.1 release tree. An abbreviated list is as follows: _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y _A_d_v_i_s_o_r_y _F_i_x_e_s ++oo NetBSD-SA2010-012: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001100--001122..ttxxtt..aasscc OpenSSL TLS extension parsing race condition. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-001: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000011..ttxxtt..aasscc BIND DoS due to improper handling of RRSIG records. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-002: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000022..ttxxtt..aasscc OpenSSL TLS extension parsing race condition. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-003: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000033..ttxxtt..aasscc Exhausting kernel memory from user controlled value. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-004: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000044..ttxxtt..aasscc Kernel stack overflow via nested IPCOMP packet. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-005: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000055..ttxxtt..aasscc ISC dhclient does not strip shell meta-characters in environment variables passed to scripts. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-006: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000066..ttxxtt..aasscc BIND DoS via packet with rrtype zero. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-007: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000077..ttxxtt..aasscc LZW decoding loop on manipulated compressed files. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-008: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000088..ttxxtt..aasscc OpenPAM privilege escalation. ++oo NetBSD-SA2011-009: _,_: hhttttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//sseeccuurriittyy//aaddvviissoorriieess//NNeettBBSSDD--SSAA22001111--000099..ttxxtt..aasscc BIND resolver DoS. Advisories prior to NetBSD-SA2010-012 do not affect NetBSD 5.1.1: _._: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseeccuurriittyy//ppaattcchheess--55..11..11..hhttmmll _O_t_h_e_r _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y _F_i_x_e_s ++oo Fix a buffer overflow in libtelnet. ++oo OpenSSL: Fix CVE-2010-4180. ++oo Postfix: Update to 2.6.9, fixing CVE-2011-0411. ++oo dhcpcd: Fix CVE-2011-0996. ++oo xrdb: Fix CVE-2011-0465. ++oo glob(3): Prevent resource DoS from brace expansion. _K_e_r_n_e_l ++oo wapbl(4): Fix errors that can lead to file system corruption and pan- ics. ++oo Several stability fixes. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g ++oo Clean up setting ECN bit in TOS. PR 44742. ++oo Prevent NFS server hang under load. PR 45093. ++oo gem(4): Fix corrupted packet problem on 100Mb/s half duplex links. _M_i_s_c_e_l_l_a_n_e_o_u_s ++oo Update and add some TNF ssh keys to /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts. ++oo Update tzdata to 2011n. _K_n_o_w_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s Using block device nodes (e.g., wd0a) directly for I/O may cause a kernel crash when the file system containing _/_d_e_v is FFS and is mounted with -o log. Workaround: use raw disk devices (e.g., rwd0a), or remount the file system without -o log. Occassionally, gdb may cause a process that is being debugged to hang when ``single stepped''. Workaround: kill and restart the affected process. gdb cannot debug running threaded programs correctly. Workaround: gener- ate a core file from the program using gcore(1) and pass the core to gdb, instead of debugging the running program. The sparc port does not have functional SMP support in this release. FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo Support for soft dependencies, also knows as soft updates (see ``softdep'' in mount(8)) will be removed in the next major release. NetBSD 5.1.1 includes a preview of WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging), which will replace soft dependencies in the next major release. See wapbl(4) and hhttttpp::////mmaaiill--iinnddeexx..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//nneettbbssdd--aannnnoouunnccee//22000088//1122//1144//mmssgg000000005511..hhttmmll for details. ++oo Support for Xen 2.0.x. The Xen-3 and hypervisor interface is diverg- ing from Xen-2 as development is ongoing, increasing the maintenance cost for NetBSD. It should be considered as deprecated. Users are expected to not rely on it any more beyond this major release. Further, at least version 3.1 of Xen will be required to run NetBSD as Dom0 or DomU. TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 55..11..11 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 5.1.1 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_5_._1_._1_/ CHANGES Changes between the 4.0 and 5.0 releases. CHANGES-5.0 Changes between the initial 5.0 branch and final release of 5.0. CHANGES-5.1 Changes between the 5.0 and 5.1 releases. CHANGES-5.1.1 Changes between the 5.1 adn 5.1.1 releases. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 5.1.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 5.1.1 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 5.1.1 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_s_p_a_r_c_6_4 _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The sparc64-specific portion of the NetBSD 5.1.1 release is found in the _s_p_a_r_c_6_4 subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_5_._1_._1_/_s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._M_P_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. This kernel supports SMP on systems with more than one CPU. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z The install kernel. _s_e_t_s_/ sparc64 binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/ sparc64 miniroot file system image; see below. _m_i_s_c_/ Miscellaneous sparc64 installation utilities; see installation section below. _n_e_t_b_o_o_t_/ Netboot bootloader; see below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD sparc64 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 5.1.1 release for sparc64. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 5.1.1 distribution tree. _N_o_t_e_: If you want to install 32-bit only binaries, you will still need to boot using the sparc64 installation tools. When sysinst asks you for the distribution set to install, provide the NetBSD/sparc _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. Be sure to use the 32 bit sparc _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___S_U_N_4_U_._t_g_z kernel distribution. Otherwise, continue to follow the sparc64 installation procedure, not the sparc instructions. Most people will want the 64-bit sparc64 distribution tree: bbaassee The NetBSD 5.1.1 sparc64 bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. eettcc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/sparc64 5.1.1 GENERIC kernel named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this or the kern-GENERIC.MP distribu- tion set. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..MMPP This set contains a NetBSD/sparc64 5.1.1 GENERIC.MP kernel, which will use multiple processors (if present), named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xxsseerrvveerr The X server. This includes the modular Xorg and Xvfb servers. The sparc64 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the sparc64 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//ssppaarrcc6644 SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_a_c_h_i_n_e_s The minimal configuration requires 32 MB of RAM and ~120 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space, and to run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended, as NetBSD with 32 MB of RAM feels like Solaris with 32 MB of RAM - slow. Note that until you have at least 64 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU. Not all of the machines listed here have been tested. Often Sun will use the same motherboard design in multiple models. For example, they'll release a Blade ("workstation") model, Enterprise or Fire ("server") model, and Netra or ft ("telco") model with essentially the same devices, as far as NetBSD is concerned. If one model in this scheme works, it is highly likely another will work. Sun has also released a few models with names that might imply the sys- tems are UltraSPARC-based but actually have an i386 class CPU. These systems might be supported by the i386 port of NetBSD. See the following site for more info on what system boards are in which models. hhttttpp::////ssuunnssoollvvee..ssuunn..ccoomm//hhaannddbbooookk__ppuubb//DDeevviicceess//SSyysstteemm__BBooaarrdd//SSYYSSBBDD__TTOOCC..hhttmmll (requires a SunSolve login with a valid Sun Service Plan) ++oo Sbus-based UltraSPARC I or II systems -- Ultra 1 family (Ultra 1, Ultra 1 Creator, Ultra 1 Creator 3D, Netra i 150, Netra nfs 150, Enterprise 1, Enterprise 150) -- Ultra 2 family (Ultra 2, Ultra 2 Creator, Ultra 2 Creator 3D, Enterprise 2) -- Enterprise (3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 500x, 5500, 600x, 6500, 10000) ++oo PCI-based UltraSPARC II, IIi, or IIe systems -- Ultra 5/10 family (Ultra 5, Ultra 10, Enterprise 5, Enter- prise 10) -- Ultra 30 family (Ultra 30, Netra T 1100) -- Ultra 60 family (Ultra 60, E220R, Netra T 1120 and T 1125) -- Ultra 80 family (Ultra 80, E420R, Netra T 1400 and T 1405) -- Ultra 250 family (Enterprise 250 and E250R) -- Ultra 450 family (Ultra 450, Enterprise 450, Netra ft 1800) -- Blade 100 and 150 -- SPARCengine CP1400 or SPARCengine CP1500 system boards (Netra T1 (models 100 and 105), CT400, CT800, CT1600) -- SPARCengine Ultra AXi family (Netra X1, Fire v100, Fire v120, Netra 120, Netra AC 200, Netra DC 200) -- SPARCengine Ultra AXe system board _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_a_c_h_i_n_e_s ++oo Systems with an UltraSPARC III CPU ++oo Systems with an UltraSPARC IIIi CPU ++oo Systems with an UltraSPARC IV CPU ++oo Systems with an UltraSPARC T1 or T2 _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo Ethernet devices -- Sbus LANCE ethernet (_l_e) -- Sbus BigMac ethernet (_b_e) -- On-board, PCI, and Sbus HME ethernet (_h_m_e) -- PCI ERI (_g_e_m) -- Many other PCI and PCMCIA Ethernet interfaces, including: ++oo Tulip-compatible (_t_l_p) ++oo Intel (_f_x_p) ++oo Intel gigabit (_w_m) ++oo NE2000-compatible (_n_e) ++oo Realtek (_r_t_k or _r_e) ++oo SysKonnect XMAC II (_s_k) ++oo Marvell GMAC (_m_s_k) -- Several USB Ethernet interfaces, such as (_a_u_e, _c_u_e, and _k_u_e) ++oo Wireless network adapters -- Atheros wireless cards (_a_t_h) ++oo Video devices -- All on-board frame buffers Unless otherwise specified, only text console is supported -- On-board and SBUS card (GX, GX+, TGX, TGX+) (_c_g_s_i_x) 8 bpp accelerated framebuffer. Accelerated X via the inte- grated Xorg. -- UPA devices (ffb and afb, also called Creator3D) 24 bpp accelerated framebuffer. Accelerated X via the integrated Xorg. -- On-board ATI mach64 framebuffers (found in Ultra 5/10). ++oo SCSI host controllers -- ncr53c9x based controllers (_e_s_p) -- ncr53c8xx based controllers (_s_i_o_p or _e_s_i_o_p) -- ISP10x0 based controllers (_i_s_p) -- Adaptec AHA-2x4x[U][2][W] cards and onboard PCI designs using the AIC-7770, AIC-7850, AIC-7860, AIC-7870, AIC-7880 and AIC-789x chipsets. _N_o_t_e_: Some Adaptec cards that support booting on MacOS may be bootable on sparc64 systems. -- Many other PCI SCSI controllers should work, but no one has tried them -- Most SCSI disk/tape/CD-ROM devices should work ++oo PCI IDE host controllers -- Generic IDE controllers (_p_c_i_i_d_e) -- Acard ATP-850/860 based IDE controllers (_p_c_i_i_d_e) (including the Acard AEC-6210/6260 and the Sonnet Tempo ATA/66 cards) -- CMD Tech PCI064[3689] and Silicon Image 0680 IDE Con- trollers (_c_m_d_i_d_e) -- Silicon Image 3112, 3114, and 3512 SATA Controller (_s_a_t_a_l_i_n_k) _N_o_t_e_: Some IDE cards that support booting on MacOS may be bootable on sparc64 systems. -- Many other PCI IDE controllers should work, but no one has tried them -- Most IDE and ATAPI disk/tape/CD-ROM devices should work ++oo Floppy drives -- On-board Floppy Disk Controller -- SBus machines only for now (_f_d_c) ++oo Serial devices -- On-board Sbus z8530 serial (_z_s) -- On-board PCI 16550-based su and su-pnp serial (_c_o_m) -- On-board PCI SAB82532 dual UART serial (_s_a_b) ++oo Parallel devices -- On-board and Sbus parallel ports (_b_p_p) -- On-board PCI/Ebus parallel ports (_l_p_t) ++oo Audio devices -- On-board, PCI, and SBus based CS4231-based 44 KHz, 16 bit, stereo, PCM audio (_a_u_d_i_o_c_s) ++oo Other PCI devices -- PCI ``universal'' communications cards (_p_u_c) There are a large number of untested PCI drivers that have never been tested on UltraSPARC PCI systems that may `just work'. _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s Smart card readers. GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa Note that if you are installing or upgrading from writable media, it can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted. Installation is supported from several media types, including: ++oo CD-ROM / DVD ++oo MS-DOS floppy ++oo FTP ++oo Remote NFS partition ++oo Tape ++oo Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. _N_o_t_e_: If you are installing the 32-bit sparc distribution sets, you will need to rename _s_p_a_r_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s_/_k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___S_U_N_4_U_._t_g_z to _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z since the sparc64 installation tools would other- wise attempt to install the kernel for 32-bit sparc computers which does not boot on sparc64 systems. _C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM or DVD. Likely locations are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. Proceed to the instructions on installation. _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_l_o_p_p_y NetBSD does not include split distribution sets for installation by floppy. However, they can be created on a separate machine using the split(1) command, running e.g. sspplliitt --bb 223355kk bbaassee..ttggzz bbaassee.. to split the _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z file from _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s into files named _b_a_s_e_._a_a, _b_a_s_e_._a_b, and so on. Repeat this for all _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._t_g_z files, splitting them into _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._x_x files. Count the number of _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._x_x files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies. Format all of the floppies with MS-DOS. Do _n_o_t make any of them bootable MS-DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format /s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the MS-DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for MS-DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. Place all of the _s_e_t___n_a_m_e_._x_x files on the MS-DOS disks. Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the sec- tion on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _F_T_P The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IPv4 address of ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg is 199.233.217.249 and the IPv6 address is 2001:470:1f05:53::21 (as of January, 2012). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _N_F_S Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will proba- bly require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _T_a_p_e To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e _d_i_s_t___d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_i_e_s where _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e is the name of the tape device that describes the tape drive you're using; possibly _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys- tem. (If you can't figure it out, ask your system admin- istrator.) In the above example, _d_i_s_t___d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_i_e_s are the distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC,, bbaassee,, and eettcc distributions on tape (in order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you would do the following: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--55..11..11 # ccdd ssppaarrcc6644//bbiinnaarryy # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC bbaassee eettcc _N_o_t_e_: You still need to fill in _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn _D_e_c_i_d_i_n_g _o_n _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n _s_i_z_e_s If you're installing NetBSD/sparc64 for the first time it's a good idea to look at the partition sizes of the disk you plan to install NetBSD on. Will you be installing NetBSD onto the same disk as Solaris, on its own disk, or will you be netbooting? While NetBSD can work just fine on a disk shared with Solaris, the NetBSD installer does not currently support this. The limitation is that the NetBSD disklabel(8) writes partition info that Solaris is not familiar with. Therefore, if you are sharing a disk with Solaris, any time you change a partition table, you must do it from Solaris. Assuming a classic partition scheme with _/ (root) and _/_u_s_r file systems, a comfortable size for the NetBSD _/ partition is about 200 MB. A full binary installation including X takes over 600 MB in _/_u_s_r. Since the pkgsrc binaries are typically installed in _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g you may want a sig- nificantly larger _/_u_s_r partition. A good initial size for the swap par- tition is the amount of physical memory in your machine if you've got more than 128 MB RAM. If you've got less RAM, you may want swap to be at least 128 MB. Note that the OBP on Ultra 1 and Ultra 2 machines can only boot from the first 4Gb of the disk, so this limits the size of the root partition on these models. _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e First, you need to stop your system from automatically booting when pow- ered on. Pressing the STOP key (sometimes called the L1 key, found on the left side of your keyboard) and the a key will halt your system and give you the ``ok'' prompt. If you are using a serial console, send a ``BREAK'' signal from your terminal (the method of sending ``BREAK'' varies from terminal to terminal). If the ethernet address of your sparc64 system is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff (check with the Open Firmware ``banner'' command), then your NVRAM bat- tery is dead and you will have trouble using ethernet (among other prob- lems). Read the Sun NVRAM/Hostid FAQ. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ssqquuiirrrreell..ccoomm//ssqquuiirrrreell//ssuunn--nnvvrraamm--hhoossttiidd..ffaaqq..hhttmmll If you have a valid ethernet address and you plan to netboot, write down your system's ethernet address. You cannot use the security modes of the SPARC OpenFirmware. ok sseetteennvv sseeccuurriittyy--mmooddee nnoonnee If you are using a serial console, the NetBSD/sparc64 installer defaults to using 9600 bps, 8N1 settings. You may want to configure your system and serial terminal like this prior to booting the installer. A new installation of NetBSD/sparc64 will default to these settings as well. SCSI devices are specified by an Open Firmware ddeevvaalliiaass which provides simple mnemonics for the full path to the device. Type ddeevvaalliiaass to get a list of all of the available aliases. At a minimum, the alias and parti- tion are necessary when booting. Therefore, to boot from the swap partition on the internal hard drive one would use: ok bboooott ddiisskk::bb To boot from a CD-ROM (Open Firmware assumes SCSI CD-ROMs are at target 6), one would use: ok bboooott ccddrroomm And to boot from a kernel named netbsd-GENERIC on the fourth partition ( `d', often the _/_u_s_r partition) on an external SCSI hard drive (target 2, partition 3), one would use: ok bboooott ddiisskk22::dd nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC If you get ``.... Fast Data MMU Miss'' when booting after the NetBSD installation, your OpenBoot PROM may need updating. It has been reported that version 3.31 lead to a successful boot on an Ultra Enterprise 420R, while version 3.23 did not. Exact values may vary, depending on your hardware, current OpenBoot PROM version and moon phase. _D_e_t_e_r_m_i_n_i_n_g _h_o_w _t_o _b_o_o_t _f_r_o_m _a_n _S_B_U_S _o_r _P_C_I _c_a_r_d Some SBUS and PCI cards have firmware that lets you use them as boot devices. These cards do not automatically create ddeevvaalliiaass entries, so you must traverse the device tree to figure out what Open Firmware calls your card. You will be using Open Firmware commands at the `ok' prompt. First `cd' to the top of the device tree and list the nodes there. The following is the procedure to boot from an IDE card in an UltraSPARC 30. ok ccdd // ok llss f006cf08 SUNW,ffb@1e,0 f006c32c SUNW,UltraSPARC-II@0,0 f006002c counter-timer@1f,1c00 f005f410 pci@1f,2000 f005eb54 pci@1f,4000 f004cf84 virtual-memory f004c9a4 memory@0,0 f002ce38 aliases f002cdc8 options f002cc90 openprom f002cc24 chosen f002cbb4 packages Usually, you can simply type in the name before the at (@) sign and Open- Firmware will fill in the rest. ok ccdd ppccii@@11ff,,44000000 ok llss f0081524 ide@2 f007be50 scsi@3 f0074688 network@1,1 f0060324 ebus@1 ok ccdd iiddee@@22 ok llss 0081fe4 cdrom f0081938 disk ok ccdd ddiisskk ok llss ok ppwwdd /pci@1f,4000/ide@2/disk OK, now we know the path to the IDE device in this example. Now, we need to determine if it's capable of booting. If it is, it will have the wwoorrdd `open'. ok wwoorrddss close load write read seek open write-blocks read-blocks max-transfer block-size dma-free dma-alloc spin-down spin-up Great! Also, in case you're interested in further details about your hardware, you can use the ..pprrooppeerrttiieess command. So, when it's time to type in a boot command, use the shortened version of the ppwwdd command. You need to be more specific if there are two devices with the same name (in this case, two /pci entries). In this example, you'd type: ok bboooott //ppccii@@11ff,,44000000//iiddee//ddiisskk@@00,,00 You can also store this device path across reboots using the nnvvaalliiaass com- mand. ok nnvvaalliiaass wwdd00 //ppccii@@11ff,,44000000//iiddee//ddiisskk@@00,,00::aa And when the kernel is done booting, it may not automatically use your card as the root device -- you may need to type in the NetBSD/sparc64 name for that device: root on sd0a dumps on sd0b no file system for sd0 (dev 0x700) cannot mount root, error = 79 root device (default sd0a): ? use one of: hme0 sd0[a-h] wd0[a-h] halt root device (default sd0a): wwdd00aa dump device: wwdd00aa file system (default generic): ffffss root on wd0a The root device can also be specified in your kernel config file. _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n _o_f _n_e_t_w_o_r_k _i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e_s Some network devices (i.e., certain SBus cards) allow a choice between operating on a UTP or a AUI port. The le driver supports automatic detection of the port which is actually connected to the wire. If auto- matic detection is not available or not working properly in your environ- ment, you may have to specify the type connection using the _m_e_d_i_a parame- ter of ifconfig(8). During installation, you'll get the opportunity to specify the appropriate medium. Use 10base5/AUI to select the AUI con- nector, or 10baseT/UTP to select the UTP connector. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it shouldn't be too much trouble. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto a disk. The easiest way in terms of preliminary setup is to install from CD-ROM. If you don't have access to a CD-ROM or CD-ROM burner, you can use a miniroot image that can be booted off your local disk's swap partition. Alternatively, if your UltraSPARC is hooked up in a network you can find a server and arrange for a diskless setup which is a convenient way to install on a machine whose disk does not currently hold a usable operating system (see the section _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _d_i_s_k_l_e_s_s _s_e_t_u_p below). If you have problems with these or you are installing NetBSD onto the same disk as Solaris, see the section below on _M_a_n_u_a_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _o_f _N_e_t_B_S_D _u_s_i_n_g _S_o_l_a_r_i_s _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M Installing from CD-ROM is the least painful way to install NetBSD. Sim- ply insert the CD-ROM in the drive, power up the computer, and type: ok bboooott ccddrroomm This Open Firmware boot command will cause the NetBSD kernel contained in the CD-ROM to be booted. After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m below. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t The miniroot is a self-contained NetBSD file system holding all utilities necessary to install NetBSD on a local disk. It is distributed as a plain file designed to be transferred to a raw disk partition from which it can be booted using the appropriate OpenFirmware command. Usually, the miniroot will be loaded into the swap partition of a disk. If needed, you can use any other unused partition, but remember that the partition will then not available during the installation process. Loading the miniroot onto your raw partition is simple using the dd(1) command. Just remember to first uncompress the miniroot image and boot your OS with the -s flag so that it runs ``single-user'' and does not attempt to start swapping. ok bboooott --ss On Solaris you use a command like: # gguunnzziipp mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz # dddd iiff==mmiinniirroooott..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrddsskk//cc00tt00dd00ss11 bbss==44kk On NetBSD the command is: # gguunnzziipp mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz # dddd iiff==mmiinniirroooott..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb bbss==44kk Replace /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1 or /dev/rsd0b with your swap partition. After transferring the miniroot to disk, bring the system down by: # hhaalltt Then boot the miniroot by typing the appropriate command at the Open- Firmware prompt: ok bboooott ddiisskk::bb nneettbbssdd If you've loaded the miniroot onto some other disk than sd0 use the cor- rect _d_e_v_a_l_i_a_s, such as ok bboooott ddiisskk11::bb nneettbbssdd This Open Firmware boot command will cause the NetBSD kernel contained in the miniroot image to be booted. After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the sec- tion _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m below. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _N_e_t_B_S_D _k_e_r_n_e_l _o_n _a _S_o_l_a_r_i_s _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n This procedure is very straightforward. You will be putting the NetBSD installation kernel (kernel with a RAM disk installer) on your Solaris partition and telling Open Firmware to boot the NetBSD kernel. CAVEAT: this method is a bit fragile. Depending on physical partition layout, partition size, and parameters used to create the filesystem of your Solaris root partition, bugs in the bootloader might be triggered and cause this method to fail. First, copy the _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z kernel and bootloader to the root level of your hard drive and halt your system # ccpp bbiinnaarryy//kkeerrnneell//nneettbbssdd--IINNSSTTAALLLL..ggzz // # ccpp iinnssttaallllaattiioonn//mmiisscc//ooffwwbboooott // # hhaalltt At the Open Firmware prompt, boot NetBSD. ok bboooott ddiisskk::aa //ooffwwbboooott --aa The -a flag is needed so that the bootloader will ask you to find your installation kernel. Rebooting with command: boot disk:a /ofwboot -a Boot device: /pci@1f,4000/scsi@3/disk@0,0:a File and args: /ofwboot -a Enter filename [/ofwboot]: <> >> NetBSD/sparc64 OpenFirmware Boot, Revision 1.7 >> (autobuild@tgm.netbsd.org, Thu May 20 16:29:20 UTC 2004) Boot: nneettbbssdd--IINNSSTTAALLLL..ggzz After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m below. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_t_u_p 1. Introduction To netboot a sparc64, you must configure one or more servers to pro- vide information and files to your sparc64 (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure every- thing. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps neces- sary to configure the netboot services on a variety of platforms. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott// You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share con- taining the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing the installation tools or init(8). All sparc64 systems use a combination of RARP and DHCP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to download the boot- strap program, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._n_e_t, which has been linked to a file name appropriate to the client's IP address as described in the TFTP sec- tion below. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hard- ware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environ- ment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your _/_e_t_c_/_d_h_c_p_d_._c_o_n_f (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the _d_h_c_p_d_._l_e_a_s_e_s file exists. # ttoouucchh //vvaarr//ddbb//ddhhccppdd..lleeaasseess You will need to start the ddhhccppdd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//ddhhccppdd rreessttaarrtt 3. rarpd(8) Create an _/_e_t_c_/_e_t_h_e_r_s file with the following line: CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC client Add your client to the server's _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s file: 192.168.1.10 client You will need to start the rraarrppdd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rraarrppdd rreessttaarrtt 4. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with the TFTP dae- mon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your sparc64 machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Get _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._n_e_t from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_n_e_t_b_o_o_t directory of the distribution. # ccpp ooffwwbboooott..nneett //ttffttppbboooott Now, you need to link _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._n_e_t to the filename that your sparc64 will look for. It will look for a filename composed of the machine's IP address (in hexadecimal). For example, a machine which has been assigned IP address 192.168.1.10, will make a TFTP request for _C_0_A_8_0_1_0_A. You can use bc(1) to help calculate the filename: # bbcc oobbaassee==1166 119922 C0 116688 A8 11 1 1100 A qquuiitt # ccdd //ttffttppbboooott # llnn --ss ooffwwbboooott..nneett CC00AA88001100AA Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC 5. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt 6. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel. Use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z. # gguunnzziipp nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC..ggzz # mmvv nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//nneettbbssdd If you are netbooting the installer, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory and extract the tools from _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c_/_i_n_s_t_f_s_._t_g_z. # ccpp **ttggzz //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff iinnssttffss..ttggzz 7. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client disk- less after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll for details. ++oo Extracting distribution sets # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. ++oo Set up swap # mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk # eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' || ccaatt >>>> //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. ++oo Create device nodes # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv # ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. ++oo Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with the follow- ing lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 ++oo Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. ++oo Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 8. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" rarpd=YES rarpd_flags="-a" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented. Now, netboot your system from the server by entering the appropriate bboooott command at the Open Firmware prompt. ok bboooott nneett nneettbbssdd After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m below. _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu driven installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the installation. Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t pro- gram from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 3. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD-ROM install as an example. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD). -- A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), a hard disk and a minimum of 32 MB of memory installed. -- The hard disk should have at least 200 + _n megabytes of space free, where _n is the number of megabytes of main mem- ory in your system. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 215 MB more. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Boot the system as described above. You should be at the ssyyssiinnsstt main menu. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-5.1.1 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose iinnssttaallll. -- You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of your disk, and the selection of distributed components to install. When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document for details. WARNING: If you are installing onto a disk which you want to use with Solaris, stop here. You will need to perform a manual installation as ssyyssiinnsstt overwrites the Solaris parti- tion table. See the section on _M_a_n_u_a_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _o_f _N_e_t_B_S_D _u_s_i_n_g _S_o_l_a_r_i_s -- After your disk has been prepared, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the medium. The default values for the path and device should be ok. -- After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main menu and select rreebboooott.. -- Once the system reaches the Open Firmware prompt, you will need to type the correct command to boot from your hard drive. NetBSD will now boot. If you haven't already done so in ssyyssiinnsstt, you should log in as root and set a password for that account. You are also advised to edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f to match your needs. -- Your installation is now complete. 4. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D You may want to read the boot messages, to notice your disk's name and capacity. Its name will be something like sd0 or wd0 and the geometry will be printed on a line that begins with its name. As mentioned above, you may need your disk's geometry when creating NetBSD's partitions. You will also need to know the name, to tell ssyyssiinnsstt which disk to use. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 5. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and select the CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk option. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 6. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s To start the installation, select IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. ssyyssiinnsstt will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like wd0, wd1, sd0 or sd1. 7. _S_e_l_e_c_t_i_n_g _w_h_i_c_h _s_e_t_s _t_o _i_n_s_t_a_l_l The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, minimal, and custom instal- lations. If you choose sets on your own, bbaassee, eettcc, and a kernel must be selected. 8. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k ++oo Which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, ssyyssiinnsstt will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to over- write these. 9. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose UUssee eexxiissttiinngg ppaarrttiittiioonn ssiizzeess. Otherwise, select SSeett ssiizzeess ooff NNeettBBSSDD ppaarrttiittiioonnss. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 44..22BBSSDD. A swap parti- tion has a special type called sswwaapp. Some partitions in the diskla- bel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (_/) b Swap partition. c The NetBSD portion of the disk. d-h Available for other use. Traditionally, g is the par- tition mounted on _/_u_s_r, but this is historical prac- tice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and con- tains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 10. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, select yyeess. The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys- tems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installa- tion program after pressing the return key. 11. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 12. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0), and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _f_t_p To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. ssyyssiinnsstt will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 14. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 15. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec- ify the device that the file system resides on (for example sd1e) the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 16. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys- tem that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 17. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being extracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles. Alternatively, you can choose to see a progress bar. This is the preferred option as it shows progress without significantly slowing down the installa- tion process. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. The next menu will allow you to select the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC. Finally you will be asked to select a password encryption algorithm and can then set a password for the "root" account, to prevent the machine from coming up without access restrictions. 18. _E_n_s_u_r_e _y_o_u _h_a_v_e _t_h_e _c_o_r_r_e_c_t _k_e_r_n_e_l _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_e_d If you are installing from the 32-bit sparc distribution set, make sure that you installed the correct kernel. The sparc64 installa- tion tools do not by default copy the correct 32-bit kernel. Unless you prepared ahead of time by renaming the _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___S_U_N_4_U_._t_g_z to _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z then you will need to follow the next few instruc- tions. Go to the main installation menu, and select UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then select the RRuunn //bbiinn//sshh option, which will give you a shell prompt. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' Type the following command (replacing _w_d_0_a with the partition name of your destination root partition): # mmoouunntt //ddeevv//wwdd00aa //mmnntt # ccdd //mmnntt Now you ned to mount the location of your distribution sets: # mmoouunntt //ddeevv//ccdd00aa //mmnntt22 # ttaarr xxppzzvvff //mmnntt22//ssppaarrcc//bbiinnaarryy//kkeerrnneell//kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC__SSUUNN44UU..ttggzz # uummoouunntt //mmnntt # uummoouunntt //mmnntt22 # eexxiitt 19. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 5.1.1. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. Skip down to the section on _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _f_o_r _t_h_e _f_i_r_s_t _t_i_m_e _M_a_n_u_a_l _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _o_f _N_e_t_B_S_D _u_s_i_n_g _S_o_l_a_r_i_s (Adapted from Murray Stokely's instructions) You can use Solaris to prepare the NetBSD user-friendly installer or to perform a full manual installation of NetBSD. If you want to use the user-friendly miniroot installer or RAM disk installation kernel, follow the sections _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t or _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _b_y _u_s_i_n_g _a _N_e_t_B_S_D _k_e_r_n_e_l _o_n _a _S_o_l_a_r_i_s _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n. Manual installation from Solaris 10 is not possible because NetBSD cannot use the resulting UFS file system. It is possible to install Solaris 10 and NetBSD on the same disk. To do so, partition the disk with the Solaris format command, then boot NetBSD and perform a manual installa- tion. Be careful not to write a NetBSD disklabel. Use the disklabel command to read the partition size, as constructed from the Solaris disklabel. By default the NetBSD newfs command writes a NetBSD diskla- bel. Avoid this by using the -F and -s arguments to newfs. ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k _i_n _S_o_l_a_r_i_s The first step is to format and label the disk that you would like to use with NetBSD. This can be accomplished with the format(1M) com- mand in Solaris, which allows you to partition a disk and write a disklabel. It also is used to perform a low-level format on SCSI drives. You will want to create a root partition and a swap parti- tion. Depending on your preferences, you may also wish to create separate _/_u_s_r or _/_v_a_r partitions. # //uussrr//ssbbiinn//ffoorrmmaatt Searching for disks... Mode sense page(3) reports nsect value as 280, adjusting it to 218 done c0t1d0: configured with capacity of 16.95GB AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c0t0d0 /pci@1f,4000/scsi@3/sd@0,0 1. c0t1d0 /pci@1f,4000/scsi@3/sd@1,0 Specify disk (enter its number): 11 selecting c0t1d0 [disk formatted] Disk not labeled. Label it now? yy format> ffoorrmmaatt Ready to format. Formatting cannot be interrupted and takes 114 minutes (estimated). Continue? y Beginning format. The current time is Sat May 29 22:15:13 2004 Formatting... done Verifying media... pass 0 - pattern = 0xc6dec6de 8151/19/208 pass 1 - pattern = 0x6db6db6d 8151/19/208 Total of 0 defective blocks repaired. format> ppaarrttiittiioonn partition> pprriinntt Current partition table (original): Total disk cylinders available: 8152 + 2 (reserved cylinders) Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks 0 root wm 0 - 60 129.86MB (61/0/0) 265960 1 swap wu 61 - 121 129.86MB (61/0/0) 265960 2 backup wu 0 - 8151 16.95GB (8152/0/0) 35542720 3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 6 usr wm 122 - 8151 16.69GB (8030/0/0) 35010800 7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0 partition> llaabbeell Ready to label disk, continue? yy partition> qquuiitt format> qquuiitt After your disk has been labeled you need to create file systems on your slices. The Solaris newfs(1M) command will create ffs file sys- tems that can be used by NetBSD. # //uussrr//ssbbiinn//nneewwffss //ddeevv//ddsskk//cc00tt11dd00ss00 # //uussrr//ssbbiinn//nneewwffss //ddeevv//ddsskk//cc00tt11dd00ss66 ++oo _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _f_r_o_m _S_o_l_a_r_i_s You should now mount your NetBSD root and _/_u_s_r partitions under Solaris so that you can populate the file systems with NetBSD bina- ries. # //uussrr//ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt //ddeevv//ddsskk//cc00tt11dd00ss00 //mmnntt # mmkkddiirr //mmnntt//uussrr # //uussrr//ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt //ddeevv//ddsskk//cc00tt11dd00ss66 //mmnntt//uussrr Now extract the distribution file sets # ccdd ~~//nneettbbssdd//bbiinnaarryy//sseettss # gguunnzziipp **..ttaarr..ggzz # eecchhoo ~~//nneettbbssdd//bbiinnaarryy//sseettss//**..ttaarr || ((ccdd //mmnntt;; xxaarrggss --nn11 ppaaxx --rrppee --ff )) Now you should copy the NetBSD second stage bootloader into your new root partition and install the bootblocks using Solaris's installboot(1M) command. # ccpp ~~//nneettbbssdd//iinnssttaallllaattiioonn//mmiisscc//ooffwwbboooott //mmnntt # //uussrr//ssbbiinn//iinnssttaallllbboooott ~~//nneettbbssdd//iinnssttaallllaattiioonn//mmiisscc//bboooottbbllkk //ddeevv//rrddsskk//cc00tt11dd00ss00 ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _D_e_v_i_c_e _N_o_d_e_s _u_n_d_e_r _S_o_l_a_r_i_s This is not a necessary step. If your _/_d_e_v directory is empty, init(8) will create a RAM disk with all of the essential device nodes each time the system boots. If you want to create the device nodes on disk, you will need to use the Solaris mknod(1M) command. Look in _/_d_e_v_/_M_A_K_E_D_E_V for the correct names, major and minor numbers, owner- ship, and permissions. ++oo _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _s_y_s_t_e_m _f_r_o_m _S_o_l_a_r_i_s To save effort, you may want to use your favorite Solaris editor to configure some of the files in _/_e_t_c before booting into NetBSD the first time. In particular, you should look at _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b, _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f, and _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s. See the section below on _P_o_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _s_t_e_p_s before _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _f_o_r _t_h_e _f_i_r_s_t _t_i_m_e. BBoooottiinngg NNeettBBSSDD ffoorr tthhee ffiirrsstt ttiimmee Now it is time to boot NetBSD for the first time. You will boot from your disk using similar syntax as described above in _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e and _D_e_t_e_r_m_i_n_i_n_g _h_o_w _t_o _b_o_o_t _f_r_o_m _a_n _S_B_U_S _o_r _P_C_I _c_a_r_d. To boot from your first disk, type: ok bboooott ddiisskk PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with ssuunn for a local console, or whatever is appropriate for your serial console (some systems display garbage with a ssuunn terminal type, you may need to use ssuunn--ssss55) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_hme0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_hme0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. Other files in _/_e_t_c that may require modification or setting up include _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f, _/_e_t_c_/_n_s_s_w_i_t_c_h_._c_o_n_f, and _/_e_t_c_/_w_s_c_o_n_s_._c_o_n_f. 2. Select the proper terminal devices If you are using a serial console, you will have to edit the _/_e_t_c_/_t_t_y_s file and change sun-ss5 to the appropriate terminal type, such as vt220. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: hhttttpp::////nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the soft- ware may depend. ++oo More information on the package system is available at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_5_._1_._1_/_A_l_l subdir. You can install them with the following commands under sh(1): ## PPKKGG__PPAATTHH==ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//ssppaarrcc6644//55..11..11//AAllll ## eexxppoorrtt PPKKGG__PPAATTHH ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ttccsshh ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv bbaasshh ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ppeerrll ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv aappaacchhee ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv kkddee ## ppkkgg__aadddd --vv ffiirreeffooxx ... If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with the following: ## sseetteennvv PPKKGG__PPAATTHH ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//ssppaarrcc6644//55..11..11//AAllll _N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror the _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory. If you would like to use such mirrors, you could also try the _/_p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_p_a_c_k_a_g_e_s_/_c_u_r_r_e_n_t_-_p_a_c_k_a_g_e_s_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_s_p_a_r_c_6_4_/_5_._1_._1_/_A_l_l directory, which may have the same contents. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. _N_o_t_e_: In some cases the pkg_add(1) command will complain about a version mismatch of packages with a message like the following: Warning: package `foo' was built for a different version of the OS: NetBSD/i386 M.N (pkg) vs. NetBSD/i386 5.1.1 (this host), This warning is harmless if the formal major release num- bers are the same between the pkg and your host. Please refer to the NetBSD release glossary and graphs at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//rreelleeaasseess//rreelleeaassee--mmaapp..hhttmmll for more information about NetBSD's release numbering scheme. ++oo The framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retriev- ing the file ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more informa- tion. 7. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. ++oo The _/_e_t_c_/_p_o_s_t_f_i_x_/_m_a_i_n_._c_f file will almost definitely need to be adjusted. If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using pkgsrc or by hand and adjust _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 5.1.1 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi- tional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root (_/) and _/_u_s_r partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD. Also, file systems are checked before unpacking the sets. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installa- tion part of the document for help. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 5.1.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command: # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 5.1.1. Note: None of the items mentioned below are relevant if upgrading from 5.1. They still apply if you are upgrading from a pre-5.1 release, though. If your port uses X.Org and you see messages from the X server indicating that no devices were found, you may need to run XX --ccoonnffiigguurree and update your existing xorg.conf to use the BusID line from the newly-generated config file. Dual-head support for PC systems has become broken for many configura- tions with the update to xorg-server 1.6.x, which has removed the user- land PCI configuration mechanism, and needs to rely upon the OS. We hope to correct this for future releases. Workaround: The only workaround is non-trivial and requires programming several PCI BAR registers as they previously were in NetBSD 5.0. If you are updating to NetBSD 5.1.1 without the aid of sysinst or postin- stall and your port uses X.Org, be sure to remove _/_u_s_r_/_X_1_1_R_7_/_l_i_b_/_X_1_1_/_x_k_b_/_s_y_m_b_o_l_s_/_p_c before extracting the xbase set. In the version of X.Org shipped with 5.0, this was a directory, but in more recent X.Org versions it is a file. On ports using X.Org, libpixman and libXfont had their major versions bumped. This can be a source of trouble if using binary packages built on 5.0.x with a clean install of 5.1.1 (upgrades from 5.0.x will include both old and new versions of libpixman and libXfont). Compatibility packages have been prepared and are available from: ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//ssppaarrcc6644//55..00//eemmuullaattoorrss//ccoommppaatt5500--55..11..ttggzz (or a convenient mirror). This URL can be passed directly to the pkg_add(1) command. pkg_install now depends on the pkgdb cache for automatic conflict detec- tion. It is recommended to rebuild the cache with # ppkkgg__aaddmmiinn rreebbuuiilldd audit-packages.conf(5) has been superseded by pkg_install.conf(5). The default configuration is the same. Support for pkg_view(1) has been retired. The functionality of audit-packages(1) and download-vulnerability-list(1) has moved into pkg_admin(1). However, wrapper scripts that handle the common use cases are provided. _I_s_s_u_e_s _w_h_e_n _r_u_n_n_i_n_g _o_l_d_e_r _b_i_n_a_r_i_e_s _o_n _N_e_t_B_S_D _5_._1_._1 The pthread libraries from previous versions of NetBSD require that the sysctl(3) node kern.no_sa_support be set to 0. This affects the follow- ing environments: ++oo Running a 5.x kernel with an older userland. ++oo Running an older userland inside a chroot'ed environment on a 5.x system. ++oo Running older statically linked pthread applications. The 5.x kernel defaults to 0 for kern.no_sa_support, which covers the first case. However, please note that a full installation of 5.x (either from scratch or through an upgrade) will set kern.no_sa_support to 1 dur- ing the boot process. This means that for the last two cases, you will have to manually set kern.no_sa_support to 0, using either the sysctl(8) command or through sysctl.conf(5). Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default (see below) will be handled. _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _3_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 4.x as well. The following issues can generally be resolved by running _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l with the eettcc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l: ++oo Various files in _/_e_t_c need upgrading. These include: -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_t_r_e_e_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_a_i_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_w_e_e_k_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_o_n_t_h_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_u_b_r -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_h_u_t_d_o_w_n -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_s_y_s_._c_o_n_f The following issues need to be resolved manually: ++oo The users `_proxy', `_rwhod', and `_sdpd' and the groups `_proxy', `_rwhod' and `_sdpd' need to be created and the user `uucp' needs to be updated. ++oo A number of things were removed in the NetBSD 4.0 release, including: the evbsh5 port, the Fortran 77 compiler (g77), NETCCITT, NETNS, Sendmail, Sushi, UUCP, and Vinum. If you were using any of these, please see the "Components removed from NetBSD" at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//rreelleeaasseess//ffoorrmmaall--44//NNeettBBSSDD--44..00..hhttmmll##rreemmoovvaallss ++oo The replacement of Sendmail by Postfix can be handled automati- cally by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l but it is not done by default. If you want to transition to Postfix, the command postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix mailerconf will update your _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_e_r_._c_o_n_f file to use Postfix as the MTA. When using ssyyssiinnsstt to upgrade the system, it will ask if you want this to be done. Note that if you have a customized Sendmail setup, you need to set up Postfix in an equivalent way; there is no tool for auto- matic conversion of Sendmail configuration to a Postfix one. Postfix will be started automatically when the system boots. You may see messages like "$sendmail is not set properly" at boot. You can suppress them by removing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l and _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_s_m_m_s_p. Those files and other parts of sendmail con- figuration like files under _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l are not removed by default while upgrading for those who want to continue using sendmail from outside the base system. If you want to delete them, _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l can be used: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix sendmail _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _4_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s The following issues can generally be resolved by running _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l with the eettcc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by _p_o_s_t_i_n_s_t_a_l_l: ++oo Various files in _/_e_t_c need upgrading. These include: -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_t_r_e_e_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_d_a_i_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_w_e_e_k_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_m_o_n_t_h_l_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_s_e_c_u_r_i_t_y -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_u_b_r -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._s_h_u_t_d_o_w_n -- _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._d_/_* -- _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_s_y_s_._c_o_n_f The following issues need to be resolved manually: ++oo The users `_httpd' and `_timedc' and the groups `_httpd' and `_timedc' need to be created. ++oo Unprivileged use of the mount(8) command now requires the _n_o_s_u_i_d and _n_o_d_e_v options to be explicitly specified. Previ- ously, these options were automatically enforced even if they were not explicitly specified. ++oo A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 5.1.1 release. See the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near the beginning of this document for a list. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropos(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for a web interface. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Luleoa Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services server. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the NYC build cluster. ++oo The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for running the WWU build cluster. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) WWee aarree...... (in alphabetical order) _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _c_o_r_e _g_r_o_u_p_: Alan Barrett _a_p_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Green _m_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chuck Silvers _c_h_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _T_h_e _p_o_r_t_m_a_s_t_e_r_s _(_a_n_d _t_h_e_i_r _p_o_r_t_s_)_: Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ccoobbaalltt Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g xxeenn Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbmmiippss Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ppmmaaxx Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssbbmmiippss Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aattaarrii Andrew Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aammdd6644 Andrew Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ii338866 Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g cceessffiicc Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiyyoonniixx Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhpp770000 Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssppaarrcc6644 S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssggiimmiippss Takayoshi Kochi _k_o_c_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iiaa6644 Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmaaccppppcc Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g vvaaxx Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g lluunnaa6688kk Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ssaannddppooiinntt Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmaacc6688kk Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ooffppppcc Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g pprreepp Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g rrss66000000 Noriyuki Soda _s_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aarrcc Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aammiiggaa Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aammiiggaappppcc NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g xx6688kk Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aallpphhaa Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g iibbmmnnwwss Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneettwwiinnddeerr Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eewwss44880000mmiippss Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhpp330000 Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g nneewwss6688kk Valeriy E. Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g hhppccsshh Valeriy E. Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g llaannddiisskk Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g eevvbbppppcc Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmvvmmee6688kk Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mmvvmmeeppppcc Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g aaccoorrnn3322 _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _5_._1_._1 _R_e_l_e_a_s_e _E_n_g_i_n_e_e_r_i_n_g _t_e_a_m_: Stephen Borrill _s_b_o_r_r_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g James Chacon _j_m_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alistair Grooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Heasley _h_e_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mark Kirby _m_k_i_r_b_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy C. Reed _r_e_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g SAITOH Masanobu _m_s_a_i_t_o_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_e_r_s_: Nathan Ahlstrom _n_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Allen _w_o_r_m_e_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jukka Andberg _j_a_n_d_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Assange _p_r_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lennart Augustsson _a_u_g_u_s_t_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christoph Badura _b_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bang Jun-Young _j_u_n_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dieter Baron _d_i_l_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert V. Baron _r_v_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alan Barrett _a_p_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Grant Beattie _g_r_a_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason Beegan _j_t_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hiroyuki Bessho _b_s_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Birrell _j_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mason Loring Bliss _m_a_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Charles Blundell _c_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rafal Boni _r_a_f_a_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stephen Borrill _s_b_o_r_r_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sean Boudreau _s_e_a_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Brezak _b_r_e_z_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Allen Briggs _b_r_i_g_g_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mark Brinicombe _m_a_r_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aaron Brown _a_b_r_o_w_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andrew Brown _a_t_a_t_a_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frederick Bruckman _f_r_e_d_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jon Buller _j_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert Byrnes _b_y_r_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Pavel Cahyna _p_a_v_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g D'Arcy J.M. Cain _d_a_r_c_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel Carosone _d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dave Carrel _c_a_r_r_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g James Chacon _j_m_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mihai Chelaru _k_e_f_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bill Coldwell _b_i_l_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ben Collver _b_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marcus Comstedt _m_a_r_c_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy Cooper _j_e_r_e_m_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chuck Cranor _c_h_u_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aidan Cully _a_i_d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Garrett D'Amore _g_d_a_m_o_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johan Danielsson _j_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Darrow _j_d_a_r_r_o_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jed Davis _j_l_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt DeBergalis _d_e_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Degroote _d_e_g_r_o_o_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Deker _d_e_k_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris G. Demetriou _c_g_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tracy Di Marco White _g_e_n_d_a_l_i_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jarom'ir Dolecek _j_d_o_l_e_c_e_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andy Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Dowdeswell _e_l_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Emmanuel Dreyfus _m_a_n_u_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun Ebihara _j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jaime A Fournier _o_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stoned Elipot _s_e_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael van Elst _m_l_e_l_s_t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Enami Tsugutomo _e_n_a_m_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernd Ernesti _v_e_e_g_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Fair _f_a_i_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hauke Fath _h_a_u_k_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hubert Feyrer _h_u_b_e_r_t_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason R. Fink _j_r_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt J. Fleming _m_j_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marty Fouts _m_a_r_t_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Liam J. Foy _l_i_a_m_j_f_o_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Fredette _f_r_e_d_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thorsten Frueauf _f_r_u_e_a_u_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Castor Fu _c_a_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ichiro Fukuhara _i_c_h_i_r_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Quentin Garnier _c_u_b_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Gerner _t_h_o_m_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon J. Gerraty _s_j_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Justin Gibbs _g_i_b_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Gilbert _c_h_r_i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Gillespie _e_p_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brian Ginsbach _g_i_n_s_b_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Goyette _p_g_o_y_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Graff _e_x_p_l_o_r_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brian C. Grayson _b_g_r_a_y_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Green _m_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andreas Gustafsson _g_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ulrich Habel _r_h_a_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino _i_t_o_j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g HAMAJIMA Katsuomi _h_a_m_a_j_i_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adam Hamsik _h_a_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Juergen Hannken-Illjes _h_a_n_n_k_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Charles M. Hannum _m_y_c_r_o_f_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ben Harris _b_j_h_2_1_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ross Harvey _r_o_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Haszlakiewicz _e_r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Hawkinson _j_h_a_w_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g HAYAKAWA Koichi _h_a_y_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Heasley _h_e_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Geert Hendrickx _g_h_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ren'e Hexel _r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Iain Hibbert _p_l_u_n_k_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kouichirou Hiratsuka _h_i_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael L. Hitch _m_h_i_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g 'Ad'am H'oka _a_h_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jachym Holecek _f_r_e_z_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David A. Holland _d_h_o_l_l_a_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian E. Hopps _c_h_o_p_p_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Hornstein _k_e_n_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Horowitz _m_a_r_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eduardo Horvath _e_e_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Shell Hung _s_h_e_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dean Huxley _d_e_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Love H"ornquist oAstrand _l_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Illig _r_i_l_l_i_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernardo Innocenti _b_e_r_n_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tetsuya Isaki _i_s_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ITOH Yasufumi _i_t_o_h_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g IWAMOTO Toshihiro _t_o_s_h_i_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Jacob _m_j_a_c_o_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj _l_o_n_h_y_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darrin Jewell _d_b_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nicolas Joly _n_j_o_l_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Jones _c_j_o_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takahiro Kambe _t_a_c_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masanori Kanaoka _k_a_n_a_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antti Kantee _p_o_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Kardel _k_a_r_d_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mattias Karlsson _k_e_i_h_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g KAWAMOTO Yosihisa _k_a_w_a_m_o_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mario Kemper _m_a_g_i_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Min Sik Kim _m_i_n_s_k_i_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Klausner _w_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Klaus Klein _k_l_e_i_n_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Klos _j_k_l_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Wayne Knowles _w_d_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takayoshi Kochi _k_o_c_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Kohl _j_t_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel de Kok _d_a_n_i_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan A. Kollasch _j_a_k_l_l_s_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Kranenburg _p_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lubomir Kundrak _l_k_u_n_d_r_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jochen Kunz _j_k_u_n_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martti Kuparinen _m_a_r_t_t_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kentaro A. Kurahone _k_u_r_a_h_o_n_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Lacombe _a_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kevin Lahey _k_m_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Laight _d_s_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johnny C. Lam _j_l_a_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin J. Laubach _m_j_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Lehey _g_r_o_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ted Lemon _m_e_l_l_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian Limpach _c_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank van der Linden _f_v_d_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joel Lindholm _j_o_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tonnerre Lombard _t_o_n_n_e_r_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike Long _m_i_k_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Warner Losh _i_m_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tomasz Luchowski _z_u_n_t_u_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Federico Lupi _f_e_d_e_r_i_c_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brett Lymn _b_l_y_m_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Mackerras _p_a_u_l_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g MAEKAWA Masahide _g_e_h_e_n_n_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Cherry G. Mathew _c_h_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Maxwell _d_a_v_i_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gregory McGarry _g_m_c_g_a_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dan McMahill _d_m_c_m_a_h_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jared D. McNeill _j_m_c_n_e_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Neil J. McRae _n_e_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julio M. Merino Vidal _j_m_m_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Perry Metzger _p_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Luke Mewburn _l_u_k_e_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jean-Yves Migeon _j_y_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brook Milligan _b_r_o_o_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Minoura Makoto _m_i_n_o_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simas Mockevicius _s_y_m_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g der Mouse _m_o_u_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joseph Myers _j_s_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Nakata _k_e_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takeshi Nakayama _n_a_k_a_y_a_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Nemeth _j_n_e_m_e_t_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bob Nestor _r_n_e_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NONAKA Kimihiro _n_o_n_a_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takehiko NOZAKI _t_n_o_z_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tobias Nygren _t_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OBATA Akio _o_b_a_c_h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jesse Off _j_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tatoku Ogaito _t_a_c_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OKANO Takayoshi _k_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masaru Oki _o_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Atsushi Onoe _o_n_o_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Oster _o_s_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rui Paulo _r_p_a_u_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan Perkin _s_k_e_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andrey Petrov _p_e_t_r_o_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Herb Peyerl _h_p_e_y_e_r_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Pfaller _m_a_t_t_h_i_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Pinnock _c_j_e_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adrian Portelli _a_d_r_i_a_n_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Peter Postma _p_e_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dante Profeta _d_a_n_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Provenzano _p_r_o_v_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Niels Provos _p_r_o_v_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mindaugas Rasiukevicius _r_m_i_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Rauch _m_r_a_u_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Recht _r_e_c_h_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darren Reed _d_a_r_r_e_n_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy C. Reed _r_e_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antoine Reilles _t_o_n_i_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tyler R. Retzlaff _r_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Richardson _m_c_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alan Ritter _r_i_t_t_e_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hans Rosenfeld _h_a_n_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gordon Ross _g_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Rumble _r_u_m_b_l_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ilpo Ruotsalainen _l_o_n_e_w_o_l_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Heiko W. Rupp _h_w_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Blair J. 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Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Todd Vierling _t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aymeric Vincent _a_y_m_e_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Vixie _v_i_x_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike M. Volokhov _m_i_s_h_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Krister Walfridsson _k_r_i_s_t_e_r_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lex Wennmacher _w_e_n_n_m_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Leo Weppelman _l_e_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Assar Westerlund _a_s_s_a_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Todd Whitesel _t_o_d_d_p_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Wille _p_h_x_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nathan Williams _n_a_t_h_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Windsor _w_i_n_d_s_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dan Winship _d_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jim Wise _j_w_i_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Wolfson _m_b_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Colin Wood _e_n_d_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Yuji Yamano _y_y_a_m_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Young _d_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S.P.Zeidler _s_p_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Maria Zevenhoven _m_a_r_i_a_7_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _O_t_h_e_r _c_o_n_t_r_i_b_u_t_o_r_s_: Dave Burgess _b_u_r_g_e_s_s_@_c_y_n_j_u_t_._i_n_f_o_n_e_t_._n_e_t Brian R. 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This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Tetsuya Isaki. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner This product includes software developed by Tobias Weingartner. This product includes software developed by Todd C. Miller. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura and Reinoud Zandijk for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura. for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Wasabi Systems for Zembu Labs, Inc. http://www.zembu.com/ This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Wash- ington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen- dent Media Center. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Chris- tos Zoulas This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna- tios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by David Miller. TThhee EEnndd NetBSD January 3, 2012 NetBSD