INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/sparc. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 Quick install notes for the impatient..........................2 What is NetBSD?................................................3 Changes Between The NetBSD 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 Releases............3 Security Advisory Fixes.....................................3 Kernel......................................................4 Miscellaneous...............................................4 Features to be removed in a later release......................4 The NetBSD Foundation..........................................5 Sources of NetBSD..............................................5 NetBSD 5.2.3 Release Contents..................................5 NetBSD/sparc subdirectory structure.........................6 Binary distribution sets....................................7 NetBSD/sparc System Requirements and Supported Devices.........9 Supported machines..........................................9 Machines not supported by NetBSD/sparc.....................10 Supported devices..........................................10 Unsupported devices........................................13 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................13 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................15 Configuring your PROM......................................15 Determining how to access your SCSI disk from the..........17 Determining how to boot from an SBUS card..................18 Deciding on partition sizes................................19 Configuration of network interfaces........................20 Installing the NetBSD System..................................20 Installing NetBSD by placing a bootable file system on.....20 Installing NetBSD by using a bootable CD-ROM...............21 Installing NetBSD by using the bootable floppies...........21 Installing NetBSD by using a netboot setup.................22 Installing NetBSD by using a bootable tape.................28 Running the installation scripts...........................28 Post installation steps.......................................29 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................32 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............32 Issues when running older binaries on NetBSD 5.2.3.........33 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......34 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases.......34 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................35 Administrivia.................................................36 Thanks go to..................................................36 We are........................................................37 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................43 The End.......................................................49 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 5.2.3 on the sparc platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. Quick install notes for the impatient This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 5.2.3 on a machine of the sparc architecture. o Fetch files needed to install NetBSD. Fetch a CD image, NetBSD-5.2.3-sparc.iso or the floppy disk images, sparc/install/floppy/disk1.gz and sparc/install/floppy/disk2. You need either the pair of floppies or the CD to boot your system. Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel. This process is covered below, in detail. o The actual binary distribution is in the sparc/binary/sets/ direc- tory. When you boot the install floppies or CD-ROM, the installation program can fetch these files for you (using e.g. ftp) if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need the following sets: kern-GENERIC.tgz, base.tgz and etc.tgz. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. o Make sure your sparc's CD-ROM drive is bootable. Burn the CD. Oth- erwise, write the floppy images directly to a pair of floppies (after uncompressing disk1.gz). The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. o You will need to get to the OpenBoot PROM ``ok'' prompt. After your system first powers on and displays some initial information, press the STOP-A keys, or send a BREAK if you're on a serial console. At the ``ok'' prompt, type the command to boot your system into NetBSD. The command to boot from CD is one of the following commands (depend- ing on your model): ``b sd(,30,)'', ``boot sd(,30,)'', or ``boot cdrom''. The command to boot from floppy is either ``boot fd(,,1)'' or ``boot floppy''. The installer will prompt you to insert the second floppy when it is ready for it. o For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis- tribution, you will want to explore the pkgsrc system with its many thousands of third party software applications. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on 57 different system architectures (ports) across 15 distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 5.2.3 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. Please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 Releases NetBSD 5.2.3 is the third critical/security update of the NetBSD 5.2 release branch. It represents a selected subset of fixes deemed critical for security or stability reasons. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-5.2.3: http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.2.3/CHANGES-5.2.3 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 5.2.3 release tree. An abbreviated list is as follows: Security Advisory Fixes o NetBSD-SA2014-005: http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-005.txt.asc libXfont multiple vulnerabilities o NetBSD-SA2014-006: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-006.txt.asc Multiple OpenSSL vulnerabilities o NetBSD-SA2014-007: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-007.txt.asc bozohttpd basic http authentication bypass o NetBSD-SA2014-008: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-008.txt.asc Multiple OpenSSL vulnerabilities o NetBSD-SA2014-010: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-010.txt.asc Multiple vulnerabilities in the compatibility layers o NetBSD-SA2014-011: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-011.txt.asc User-controlled memory allocation in the modctl(2) system call o NetBSD-SA2014-012: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-012.txt.asc Memory leak in the setsockopt(2) system call o NetBSD-SA2014-013: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-013.txt.asc ftp(1) can be made to execute arbitrary commands o NetBSD-SA2014-014: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-014.txt.asc Multiple vulnerabilities in the mount(2) system call o NetBSD-SA2014-015: http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2014-015.txt.asc OpenSSL and SSLv3 vulnerabilities Advisories prior to NetBSD-SA2014-005 do not affect NetBSD 5.2.3: .: http://www.NetBSD.org/support/security/patches-5.2.3.html Kernel o Reject unaligned PCI config register ioctl requests before we kassert. Miscellaneous o Update to tzdata2014f. o Update root.cache to 2014060201. o For consistency with newer branches, ISO images built with ``build.sh iso-images'' are now named NetBSD--.iso and placed under the images directory instead of iso. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o Support for soft dependencies, also knows as soft updates (see ``softdep'' in mount(8)) will be removed in the next major release. NetBSD 5.2.3 includes a preview of WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging), which will replace soft dependencies in the next major release. See wapbl(4) and http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-announce/2008/12/14/msg000051.html for details. o Support for Xen 2.0.x. The Xen-3 and hypervisor interface is diverg- ing from Xen-2 as development is ongoing, increasing the maintenance cost for NetBSD. It should be considered as deprecated. Users are expected to not rely on it any more beyond this major release. Further, at least version 3.1 of Xen will be required to run NetBSD as Dom0 or DomU. The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 5.2.3 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 5.2.3 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-5.2.3/ CHANGES Changes between the 4.0 and 5.0 releases. CHANGES-5.0 Changes between the initial 5.0 branch and final release of 5.0. CHANGES-5.1 Changes between the 5.0 and 5.1 releases. CHANGES-5.2 Changes between the 5.1 and 5.2 releases. CHANGES-5.2.1 Changes between the 5.2 and 5.2.1 releases. CHANGES-5.2.2 Changes between the 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 releases. CHANGES-5.2.3 Changes between the 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 releases. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 5.2.3 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 79 MB gzipped, 450 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. 7 MB gzipped, 32 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 5.2.3 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 59 MB gzipped, 350 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 5.2.3 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. 34 MB gzipped, 197 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 127 MB gzipped, 694 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/sparc subdirectory structure The sparc-specific portion of the NetBSD 5.2.3 release is found in the sparc subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-5.2.3/sparc/. It con- tains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. This kernel supports SMP on systems with more than one CPU. netbsd-GENERIC_SCSI3.gz A kernel with SCSI ID 3 explicitly mapped to sd0. netbsd-KRUPS.gz A kernel for JavaStation-NC (Krups) machines. netbsd-MRCOFFEE.gz A kernel for JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) machines using Open Boot Prom firmware. netbsd-MRCOFFEE_OFW.gz A kernel for JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) machines using OpenFirmware. netbsd-GENERIC_SUN4U.gz A kernel which supports sparc64 hard- ware in 32-bit mode only. See the sparc64 INSTALL notes for help installing this kernel on your sparc64 hardware. sets/ sparc binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ bootfs/ Netbootable RAM disk kernel and the file system in the RAM disk; see below. floppy/ sparc boot and installation floppies; see below. miniroot/ sparc miniroot file system image; see below. netboot/ Netboot bootloader and root filesystem with install tools; see below. tape/ sparc boot and installation tapes; see below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD sparc binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 5.2.3 release for sparc. The binary distribution sets can be found in the sparc/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 5.2.3 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 5.2.3 sparc base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. 27 MB gzipped, 81 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 39 MB gzipped, 141 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 4 MB gzipped, 8 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 5.2.3 GENERIC kernel named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. 2 MB gzipped, 4 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC.MP This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 5.2.3 GENERIC.MP kernel, which will use multiple processors (if present), named /netbsd. 2 MB gzipped, 4 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC_SCSI3 This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 5.2.3 GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel, which will set SCSI ID 3 to sd0, named /netbsd. 2 MB gzipped, 4 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC_SUN4U This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 5.2.3 GENERIC_SUN4U kernel, which supports only UltraSPARC systems in 32 bit mode, named /netbsd. 4 MB gzipped, 9 MB uncompressed kern-KRUPS This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 5.2.3 GENERIC-KRUPS kernel, which supports the JavaStation-NC, named /netbsd. 2 MB gzipped, 3 MB uncompressed kern-MRCOFFEE This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 5.2.3 MRCOFFE kernel, which which supports the OpenBOOT PROM 2 JavaStation-1, named /netbsd. 2 MB gzipped, 3 MB uncompressed kern-MRCOFFEE_OFW This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 5.2.3 MRCOFFE_OFW kernel, which which supports the OpenFirmware JavaStation-1, named /netbsd. 2 MB gzipped, 3 MB uncompressed man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 12 MB gzipped, 50 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from /usr/share. 4 MB gzipped, 13 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 3 MB gzipped, 10 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86 4.5.0. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 7 MB gzipped, 20 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 13 MB gzipped, 47 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. 31 MB gzipped, 39 MB uncompressed xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed xserver The X server. This includes Xsun, Xsun24, XsunMono and Xvfb servers with man pages. 13 MB gzipped, 35 MB uncompressed The sparc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Note: The distribution cannot be extracted using the SunOS tar program Note: Each directory in the sparc binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/sparc System Requirements and Supported Devices The minimum configuration requires 4 MB of RAM and 100 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires considerably more space, and more RAM to achieve reasonable performance. NetBSD with 4 MB of RAM feels like Solaris with 4 MB of RAM -- slow. Note that until you have around 16 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU. Note: The sparc port does not have functional SMP support in this release. We expect this to be fixed in the next release, but in the meantime, NetBSD 4.0.1 has working SMP support. Supported machines o sun4 - 4/100 - 4/200 - 4/300 - 4/400 o sun4c - SPARCstation/server 1 - SPARCstation/server 1+ - SPARCstation/server 2 - IPC - ELC - IPX - SLC o sun4c clones - Aries Parrot II - Opus/5000 - Opus/5250 - FORCE Sparc CPU1e/4 - FORCE Sparc CPU2e/4 (and possibly more) Note: NetBSD doesn't support the VME interface on the FORCE models o sun4m - 4/600 - SPARC Classic - SPARC LX - SPARCstation 4 - SPARCstation/server 5 - SPARCstation/server 10 - SPARCstation/server 20 - SPARCstation Voyager - JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) - JavaStation-NC (Krups) Note: All known SuperSPARC, hyperSPARC, microSPARC, and Tur- boSPARC CPUs are supported o sun4m clones - Axil 245 - Axil 311 - Axil 320 - Cycle C C Cycle 5-IP - DTKstation/Classic+ - RDI PowerLite-85 - RDI PowerLite-110 - RDI BriteLite - Ross sparc 20 - Transtec SS5/170 - Tatung microCOMPstation 5 - Twinhead TWINstation 5G - TWS SuperCOMPstation-20S - Tadpole SPARCbook 3 series (and possibly more) Machines not supported by NetBSD/sparc o sun4d - SPARCcenter 1000 - SPARCcenter 2000 o sun4u and other UltraSPARC based machines in 64-bit mode. They are supported in 32-bit mode with the NetBSD/sparc GENERIC_SUN4U kernel. UltraSPARC based machines in 32-bit or 64-bit mode are sup- ported by the NetBSD/sparc64 port. Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/sparc64/index.html o Solbourne machines Supported devices o sun4m mbus CPU modules; Sun 4/600, SPARCstation/server 10, SPARCstation/server 20, and clones - cpu0; All single-CPU systems are supported - cpuN; All hardware compatible dual-, tri- and quad- CPU SuperSPARC-I, SuperSPARC-II, and hyperSPARC sys- tems are supported with the SMP kernel (GENERIC.MP) http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/sparc/faq.html#smp-cpus o sun4c and sun4m video; Sbus card, on-board, or optional - bwtwo; 1 bpp framebuffer. On-board and Sbus card (MG1 and MG2) - cgthree; 8 bpp framebuffer. On-board and Sbus card - cgsix; 8 bpp accelerated framebuffer. On-board and Sbus card (GX, GX+, TGX, and TGX+) - cgfourteen; SX 24 bpp accelerated framebuffer. On-board SPARCstation 10SX and SPARCstation 20, requires optional 4 or 8 MB VSIMM, limited to cgthree emulation - tcx; S24 accelerated color framebuffer. On-board SPARCstation 4 (8 bpp), JavaStation-1 (24 bpp), and optional on SPARCstation 5 (24 bpp), limited to cgthree emulation - pnozz; Weitek p9100 24 bpp accelerated framebuffer. On-board Tadpole SPARCbook 3GS and 3GX, limited to cgthree emulation - zx; ZX and TZX 24 bpp accelerated framebuffer. Sbus card (leo) limited to text console (no X) - igsfb; 24 bpp IGS C1682 accelerated framebuffer. On-board JavaStation-NC limited to text console (no X) o sun4 video; VME card, on-board, or P4 (supported only on 4/100 and 4/300 series machines) - bwtwo; 1 bpp framebuffer. On-board and P4 - cgtwo; 8 bpp framebuffer. VME card - cgfour; 8 bpp framebuffer with overlay. P4 - cgsix; LEGO 8 bpp accelerated framebuffer. P4 - cgeight; TC 24 bpp framebuffer with overlay. P4 (not well tested) o Network interfaces - be; 100 Mbps half-duplex ``Big Mac'' ethernet. Sbus card - en; Efficient Networks, Inc. ATM interface. Sbus card - hme; 100 Mbps full-duplex ``Happy Meal'' ethernet. On-board (JavaStation-NC) and Sbus card This hardware is not supported on the sun4c platform - ie; 10 Mbps Intel 82586 ethernet. On-board (4/100 and 4/200, may not be working prop- erly on 4/400) and VME card - le; 10 Mbps AMD 9790 Lance ethernet. On-board (4/300, sun4c, and sun4m) and Sbus card - qec; One 100 Mbps be interface and four 10 Mbps Mace ethernet interfaces. Sbus card - qfe; four 100 Mbps full-duplex ``Happy Meal'' ether- net interfaces. Sbus card - misc: various ethernet interfaces are found on multi- function Sbus cards (e.g. along with SCSI), the eth- ernet interfaces work even if the other functions do not o SCSI interfaces - esp; 5 MB/s and 10 MB/s (Fast) NCR 53C9x SCSI con- troller, and 20 MB/s (Fast+Wide) FAS336 controller (known as `fas' on Solaris). On-board (sun4c, sun4m, 4/300, Ultra 1e, and Ultra 2) and Sbus cards - isp; 10 MB/s (Fast) and 20 MB/s (Fast+Wide) Qlogic ISP 10x0 family. Sbus card - si; 5 MB/s NCR 5380 SCSI controller. VME card (Interrupt driven and polled DMA) - sw; 5 MB/s NCR 5380 ``SCSI Weird'' controller. Onboard 4/110 (polled DMA only) - misc: SCSI functionality is sometimes found on multi- function Sbus cards (e.g. along with ethernet), the SCSI esp and isp portions of those cards should work, even if the other functions do not. Note: Non-Sun SCSI CD-ROMs may have trouble booting any OS, NetBSD or otherwise. Your CD-ROM must support 512 byte blocks for the OpenBoot PROM to load a file. Most newer CD-ROM drives sup- port this automatically, and many older drives allow you to set it using a jumper. See http://www.ebsinc.com/solaris/suncdrom.html for information on bootable CD-ROMs o VME disk interfaces - xd; Xylogics 7053 VME/SMD disk controller - xy; Xylogics 450/451 VME disk controller Note: VME/IPI disks are not supported o Floppy drives - fd; floppy disk drive. On-board sun4c and sun4m - sd; SCSI floppy drive, acts as a SCSI drive to ker- nel. found with some SPARCbook 3 machines o PCMCIA/Cardbus devices - nell; PCMCIA interface On-board (SPARCstation Voyager) and Sbus card. All devices listed in the Machine-independent PCMCIA driv- ers page should work, but very few have been tested with NetBSD/sparc. http://www.NetBSD.org/support/hardware/pcmcia.html Note: See the FAQ for more information. http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/sparc/faq.html#nell o Serial interfaces - zs; Zilog 8530 serial ports, which can be used as the system console On-board sun4, sun4c, and sun4m - com; Zilog 85C30 serial ports (ns16550a) On-board Tadpole SPARCbook 3GS and 3GX (internal 14.4 kbps modem, use /dev/ttyC0) JavaStation-1, and JavaS- tation-NC o Input devices - Sun keyboard and mouse - SPARCbook 3 keyboard and joystick - Third-party keyboards, mice, and trackballs - PS/2 keyboards and mice on JavaStation models o Audio interfaces - audioamd; AMD 7930-based 8000 Hz, 8 bit, mono, mu- law. On-board sun4c and SPARC Classic - audiocs; CS4231-based 44 KHz, 16 bit, stereo, PCM. On-board SPARCStation 5, JavaStation-1, JavaStation- NC, and optional on SPARCStation 4. o Misc cards - mtty / mbpp; Magma Serial/Parallel ports. Sbus card - xbox; Sun Sbus expander device o Parallel ports - bpp; Bi-directional parallel port. On-board and Sbus card Unsupported devices o DBRIe-based audio and ISDN. On-board some sun4m machines (such as SPARCstation 10, SPARC- station 20, SPARC LX, SPARCstation Voyager, and Tadpole SPARC- book 3) o sc; Sun SCSI. VME card o cgtwelve; I.e. GS, 24 bpp framebuffer. Sbus card o PCMCIA interface On-board Tadpole SPARCbook 3GS and 3GX Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Note that if you are installing or upgrading from writable media, it can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted. Installation is supported from several media types, including: o CD-ROM / DVD o MS-DOS floppy o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. CD-ROM / DVD Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM or DVD. Likely locations are binary/sets and sparc/binary/sets. Proceed to the instructions on installation. MS-DOS floppy NetBSD does not include split distribution sets for installation by floppy. However, they can be created on a separate machine using the split(1) command, running e.g. split -b 235k base.tgz base. to split the base.tgz file from sparc/binary/sets into files named base.aa, base.ab, and so on. Repeat this for all set_name.tgz files, split- ting them into set_name.xx files. Count the number of set_name.xx files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies. Format all of the floppies with MS-DOS. Do not make any of them bootable MS-DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format /s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the MS-DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for MS-DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. Place all of the set_name.xx files on the MS-DOS disks. Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the sec- tion on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. FTP The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IPv4 address of ftp.NetBSD.org is 204.152.190.15 and the IPv6 address is 2001:4f8:3:7:230:48ff:fec6:9aaa:21 (as of May, 2010). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will proba- bly require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_directories where tape_device is the name of the tape device that describes the tape drive you're using; possibly /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys- tem. (If you can't figure it out, ask your system admin- istrator.) In the above example, dist_directories are the distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (in order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-5.2.3 # cd sparc/binary # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC base etc Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Configuring your PROM Before you start, you should configure your PROM. There are three cate- gories of PROM: ``sunmon'' (sometimes called Restricted Prompt, sun moni- tor, or old command mode), OpenBoot PROM 1, and OpenBoot PROM 2. The sun4 machines only have sunmon. Some of the early sun4c models default to sunmon but have OpenBoot PROM 1. The later sun4c models and all sun4m models have OpenBoot PROM 2. First, you need to stop your system from automatically booting when pow- ered on. Pressing the STOP key (sometimes called the L1 key, found on the left side of your keyboard) and the a key will halt your system and give you a PROM prompt. If you are using a Tadpole SPARCbook, you press the Pause and a keys. If you are using a serial console, send a ``BREAK'' signal from your terminal (the method of sending ``BREAK'' varies from terminal to terminal). If the ethernet address of your sparc system is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, then your NVRAM battery is dead and you will have trouble using ethernet (among other problems). Read the Sun NVRAM/Hostid FAQ. http://www.squirrel.com/squirrel/sun-nvram-hostid.faq.html If you have a valid ethernet address and you plan to netboot, write down your system's ethernet address. Next, you should set your system to always use the OpenBoot PROM (some- times called ``new command mode'') if it defaults to sunmon. The NetBSD kernel relies on some of the functionality provided by the OpenBoot PROM. If your machine gives you a `>' prompt instead of an `ok' prompt, type: > n ok setenv sunmon-compat? false ok Next, if you are using any security features of OpenBoot PROM, you should turn them off -- NetBSD can't deal well with this. ok setenv security-mode none If you are using a serial console, the NetBSD/sparc installer defaults to using 9600 bps, 8N1 settings. You may want to configure your system and serial terminal like this prior to booting the installer. Additionally, a new installation of NetBSD/sparc will default to these settings as well. The OpenBoot PROM 1 machines (SPARCstation/server 1, SPARCstation/server 1+, IPC, and SLC) have an odd SCSI quirk you should be aware of. There are three SCSI addressing schemes used by your system: SCSI target ID (set by physical jumpers on the device), PROM `unit' number (set by Open- Boot PROM 1, based on its SCSI target ID), and the name you reference within an operating system (set by the kernel, based on the PROM `unit' number). Sun shipped these systems with the internal drives set to SCSI target IDs 3 and 1. The default value of the OpenBoot PROM variable `sd-targets' is `31204567.' This variable maps how the OpenBoot PROM 1 assigns `unit' numbers based on the SCSI target ID. Thus the device at SCSI target ID 3 is considered `unit' 0, and the SCSI device at target ID 0 is `unit' 3. When you type ``boot scsi(0,0,0)'', the OpenBoot PROM will boot from `unit' 0 (which is SCSI target ID 3, the internal hard drive). The SunOS kernel is hard-wired to map sd0 to SCSI target 3, and sd3 to SCSI target 0. PROM Unit# SCSI Target SunOS name 0 3 sd0 1 1 sd1 2 2 sd2 3 0 sd3 4 4 st0 5 5 st1 6 6 cdrom The NetBSD/sparc GENERIC kernel does not wire things down as does SunOS. It names the disks in the order that the SCSI targets are probed (01234567). If you only have one disk, it is always sd0 regardless of its SCSI target ID or its PROM `unit' number, and there are no problems. If you have two disks, one at SCSI ID 2 (`unit' 2) and SCSI ID 3 (`unit' 0), then they are recognized as sd0 and sd1 respectively. This can be a prob- lem if you are not aware of it, particularly when creating an fstab. There are two approaches to fixing this problem: changing the mapping that OpenBoot PROM 1 does, and changing the NetBSD kernel configuration. To get OpenBoot PROM 1 to number the SCSI `unit' numbers the same as the SCSI target IDs, you need to run this command: ok setenv sd-targets 01234567 This may, however, cause problems if you were to later attempt to use SunOS on this machine or if you reset the OpenBoot PROM variables. The other approach is to use a NetBSD kernel that matches the PROM's odd target mapping by treating `unit' 0 (i.e. SCSI target ID 3) as sd0 and `unit' 3 (i.e. SCSI target ID 0) as sd3. The GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel per- forms this target mapping, but the GENERIC and INSTALL kernels do not. Note: This is also a concern when you start building your own customised kernels. The machines with OpenBoot PROM 2 (SPARCstation/server 2, ELC, IPX, and all sun4m models) have a similar SCSI target mapping in the form of a devalias entry. That is, the device alias disk is shorthand for the disk at SCSI ID 3 on the internal SCSI controller. Normally, the disk device alias is what the PROM uses as the default boot device, i.e. in the absence of a device argument to the boot command. Note that there are also pre-configured device alias entries for disk0, disk1, disk2 and disk3, which are in fact a one-to-one mapping to the SCSI targets 0 to 3 (all on the internal SCSI controller). Again, it may be advantageous to use a fixed ``SCSI target'' to ``NetBSD disk unit'' mapping in your kernel configuration file (such as is done in the GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel) to ensure that your disks remain showing up at the same NetBSD device unit numbers even if you add disks to your system at a later time. Determining how to access your SCSI disk from the PROM sunmon and OpenBoot PROM 1 use an archaic sd(c,u,p) syntax to address SCSI devices. OpenBoot PROM 2 uses a more intuitive syntax using device aliases. To calculate the parameters for sunmon and OpenBoot PROM 1: c specifies the SCSI controller number (first is 0, second is 1, ...) u the hexadecimal number obtained from evaluating the expression (8 * TARGET) + LUN p the partition number from which to boot (`0' = `a', `1' = `b', etc.) Therefore, to boot from the swap partition on the internal hard drive (first SCSI bus, target 0, lun 0, partition 1), one would use: ok boot sd(0,0,1) To boot from a CD-ROM (first SCSI bus, target 6, lun 0, partition dynami- cally determined), one would use: ok boot sd(0,30,) And, to boot from a kernel named netbsd-GENERIC on the fourth partition (`d', often the /usr partition) on an external hard drive (first SCSI bus, target 2, lun 0, partition 3), one would use: ok boot sd(0,10,3)netbsd-GENERIC Now, for OpenBoot PROM 2, SCSI devices are specified by an OpenBOOT devalias which provides simple mnemonics for the full path to the device. Type devalias in OpenBoot PROM 2 to get a list of all of the available aliases. Just the alias and partition are necessary when booting. Therefore, to boot from the swap partition on the internal hard drive (OpenBoot PROM 2 assumes the internal hard drive is at target 3), one would use: ok boot disk:b To boot from a CD-ROM (OpenBoot PROM 2 assumes the CD-ROM is at target 6), one would use: ok boot cdrom And, to boot from a kernel named netbsd-GENERIC on the fourth partition (`d', often the /usr partition) on an external hard drive (target 2, par- tition 3), one would use: ok boot disk2:d netbsd-GENERIC The full device path specifier for OpenBoot PROM 2 depends on how Open- Boot PROM 2 recognizes your SCSI controller. Typically, one would use something like: /sbus/esp/sd@t,p where t is the SCSI target and p is the partition number. Determining how to boot from an SBUS card Some SBUS cards have firmware that lets you use them as a boot device. These cards do not automatically create a devalias entry, so you must traverse the device tree to figure out what the OpenBoot PROM calls your card. You will be using OpenBoot PROM commands at the `ok' prompt. First `cd' to the top of the device tree and list the nodes there. The follow- ing is the procedure to boot from an HME card in a SPARC Classic. ok cd / ok ls ffd3b790 TI,TMS390S10@0,f8fffffc ffd2d254 virtual-memory@0,0 ffd2d198 memory@0,0 ffd2b65c obio ffd2b310 iommu@0,10000000 ffd2b2a0 openprom ffd24af0 aliases ffd24abc options ffd24a88 packages Usually, you can simply type in the name before the at (@) sign and the OpenBoot PROM will fill in the rest. ok cd iommu ok ls ffd2b454 sbus@0,10001000 ok cd sbus ok ls ffd467e8 cgthree@3,0 ffd42a1c SUNW,hme@1,8c00000 ffd4297c le@0,c00000 ffd40d28 ledma@4,8400010 ffd40c9c SUNW,bpp@4,c800000 ffd40c00 audio@4,1300000 ffd3dc68 espdma@4,8400000 ok cd SUNW,hme ok ls ok pwd /iommu@0,10000000/sbus@0,10001000/SUNW,hme@1,8c00000 OK, now we know the path to the HME device in this example. Now, we need to determine if it's capable of booting. If it is, it will have the word `open'. ok words reset seek load open close watch-net selftest obp-selftest write read preamble-32 enable-link-pulse disable-link-pulse force-speeds reset-transceiver use-bit-bang-mode use-frame-mode dump-phys transfer-speed=10 transfer-speed=100 mii-write mii-read create-rev-id Great! Also, in case you're interested in further details about your hardware, you can use the `.attributes' command. ok .attributes hm-rev 00000022 version 1.18 model SUNW,501-2919 device_type network intr 00000037 00000000 interrupts 00000004 address-bits 00000030 max-frame-size 00004000 reg 00000001 08c00000 00000108 00000001 08c02000 00002000 00000001 08c04000 00002000 00000001 08c06000 00002000 00000001 08c07000 00000020 name SUNW,hme ok So, when it's time to type in a boot command, use the shortened version of the pwd command. In this example, you'd type: ok boot /iommu/sbus/SUNW,hme And when the kernel is done booting, it may not automatically use your card as the root device -- you may need to type in the NetBSD/sparc name for that device: root on sd0a dumps on sd0b no file system for sd0 (dev 0x700) cannot mount root, error = 79 root device (default sd0a): ? use one of: fd0[a-h] le0 le1 hme0 sd0[a-h] halt root device (default sd0a): hme0 dump device: hme0 file system (default generic): nfs root on hme0 Deciding on partition sizes If you're installing NetBSD/sparc for the first time it's a good idea to look at the partition sizes of disk you intend installing NetBSD/sparc on. A minimal installation of NetBSD requires about 100 MB. A full installa- tion requires considerably more. A good initial size for the swap parti- tion is twice the amount of physical memory in your machine (unlike SunOS 4.x, there are no restrictions on the size of the swap partition that would render part of your memory unusable). Note that there are limitations on the size of the root partition for various models. On sun4 machines, the NetBSD sparc boot loader can only boot from RAID partitions that start at the beginning of the disk. On sun4 and early PROM version sun4c machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 1Gb of the disk. On later PROM version sun4c and early PROM version sun4m machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 2Gb of the disk. On later PROM version sun4m machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 4Gb of the disk. Configuration of network interfaces Some network devices (i.e. the built-in le interface on sun4m machines) allow a choice between operating on a UTP or a AUI port once the NetBSD kernel is running. The le driver supports automatic detection of the port which is actually connected to the wire. Additionally, some of the Fast ethernet devices (such as be, hme, qec, and qfe) support selection of various speeds and options. The default is to attempt to automatically detect the speed. If automatic detection is not available or not working properly in your environment, you may have to specify the type connection using the media parameter of ifconfig(8). During installation, you'll get the opportu- nity to specify the appropriate medium. Use 10base5 or AUI to select the AUI connector, or 10baseT or UTP to select the UTP connector. Fast eth- ernet interfaces default to auto, which usually does not detect properly and runs at `10BaseT' speed. The options are 10baseT, 10baseTX, and auto. The hme and qfe interfaces also allow 10baseT-FDX and 100baseT-FDX. Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it shouldn't be too much trouble. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your system. The easiest way is to use the miniroot.fs image copied to your local disk's swap par- tition or a scratch drive. If your Sparc is hooked up in a network, you may configure another UNIX-like machine as a netboot server for your Sparc. Alternatively, there is a pair of floppy images that will boot your system and run the installer. For more information on the commands and variables available in the Open- Boot PROM (present in all sun4c and sun4m machines), go to http://docs.sun.com and search for ``openboot reference'' (without quotes). Installing NetBSD by placing a bootable file system on a partitioned hard drive installation/miniroot/miniroot.fs.gz is a compressed, self-contained NetBSD file system holding all utilities necessary to install NetBSD onto a disk attached to your system. It is distributed as a compressed plain file you will transfer to a raw disk partition. You will then boot this installer using the appropriate PROM command. The simplest case is where you place the miniroot.fs file system on the swap partition of your disk. Alternatively, you can place it on any other unused partition on any disk (such as a Zip disk). Be forewarned that you will not be able to install NetBSD onto the partition that contains the miniroot.fs as this partition is needed during the install process. Loading the file system onto a raw partition is straightforward. First, download miniroot.fs to your system. Next, reboot in single-user mode (i.e. boot -s) to ensure that your system will not be swapping. Finally, place the miniroot.fs on your partition of choice. On NetBSD or SunOS the commands are: # gunzip miniroot.fs.gz # dd if=miniroot.fs of=/dev/rsd0b bs=4k Here, /dev/rsd0b is assumed to be your swap partition. If you decide to place miniroot.fs on a non-swap partition, it will overwrite all of the contents of that partition, but you will not need to reboot into single- user mode to write it. After transferring the file system to disk, bring the system down by: # halt Then boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt (this example is for the swap partition): sunmon > b sd(,,1)netbsd -s OpenBoot PROM 1 ok boot sd(,,1)netbsd -s OpenBoot PROM 2 ok boot disk:b netbsd -s The monitor boot command will load the NetBSD kernel contained in the file system image. After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below. Installing NetBSD by using a bootable CD-ROM If you wish to burn a CD-R containing a bootable NetBSD installation, then you can either burn the prepared disk image in images/NetBSD-5.2.3-sparc.iso or create your own. If you wish to create your own, you should follow the directions on the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO at: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/bootcd.html#sparcimage Once you have downloaded NetBSD-5.2.3-sparc.iso or created your own disk image, then you need to burn it to a CD-R. The CD-ROM attached to your Sparc must support 512 byte sectors to be bootable. All Sun brand CD-ROMs will work, as well as many other manu- facturers. See the Sun CD-ROM FAQ: http://saturn.tlug.org/suncdfaq/ Sun sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 6. We recommend you do the same. Boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt: sunmon > b sd(,30,) OpenBoot PROM 1 ok boot sd(,30,) OpenBoot PROM 2 ok boot cdrom After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below. Installing NetBSD by using the bootable floppies The NetBSD install floppies only work on the sun4c and sun4m machines. Making the install floppies is fairly straightforward. NetBSD and SunOS use the same commands. First, get two 1.44 MB floppy disks and format them either using the fdformat(8) command or a PC. # fdformat Be sure that the `fdformat' command completes successfully before pro- ceeding; on NetBSD success is a string of all `V 's', and on SunOS suc- cess is a string of `. 's'. Next, transfer the two floppy images (installation/floppy/disk1.gz and installation/floppy/disk2) to the disks you just formatted. You can do this step from NetBSD, SunOS, or a Windows machine using rawrite.exe (available in the NetBSD/i386 distribution). Insert the first floppy and run the following commands: # gunzip disk1.gz # dd if=disk1 of=/dev/rfd0a bs=36k # eject floppy Insert the second floppy and run the following commands: # dd if=disk2 of=/dev/rfd0a bs=36k # eject floppy Note that disk2 may be a symlink to .tgz file; do not uncompress it, just follow the instructions above, verbatim. After writing the two floppies, be sure to label them so you can later identify them. Insert the floppy made from disk1 into your Sparc. From the OpenBoot prompt, boot the floppy with the following command: OpenBoot PROM 1 ok boot fd(,,1) OpenBoot PROM 1 (alternate) ok boot /fd OpenBoot PROM 2 ok boot floppy After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to insert the floppy labeled ``NetBSD disk2''. If the floppy is not automatically ejected, you can either use a straightened paperclip to eject the disk or do the following: Press the STOP key (sometimes called the L1 key, found on the left side of your keyboard) and the a key, which will halt your system and give you a PROM prompt. ok eject ok go Now, insert the floppy labeled disk2. After the installation tools have been loaded, you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below. Installing NetBSD by using a netboot setup 1. Introduction To netboot a sparc, you must configure one or more servers to pro- vide information and files to your sparc (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure every- thing. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps neces- sary to configure the netboot services on a variety of platforms. http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/ You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share con- taining the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing the installation tools or init(8). All sparc systems except JavaStations with OpenFirmware PROM use a com- bination of RARP and BOOTP for the discovery stage. In the past, these systems used RARP and BOOTPARAMS. JavaStations booting from OpenFirmware use DHCP. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to down- load the bootstrap program, boot.net, which has been linked to a file name appropriate to the client's architecture and IP address as described in the TFTP section below. JavaStations with OpenFirmware need a special bootstrap program, bootjs.net, which is a version of boot.net in ELF format. It is not linked to the IP address. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the ker- nel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hard- ware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory /export/client/root. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environ- ment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your /etc/dhcpd.conf (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # # Only needed for JavaStations with OpenFirmware! # filename "bootjs.net"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } Note that for JavaStations booting from OpenFirmware you do not need the allow bootp; statement, since this machines use real DHCP. You will need to make sure that the dhcpd.leases file exists. # touch /var/db/dhcpd.leases You will need to start the dhcpd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/dhcpd restart 3. rarpd(8) Note: no rarpd is needed to boot OpenFirmware based JavaStations. Create an /etc/ethers file with the following line: CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC client Add your client to the server's /etc/hosts file: 192.168.1.10 client You will need to start the rarpd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/rarpd restart 4. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the /tftpboot directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mkdir -p /tftpboot Next, edit /etc/inetd.conf and uncomment the line with the TFTP dae- mon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/inetd restart Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your sparc machine to /tftpboot. Get boot.net from the installation/netboot directory of the distribution. # cp boot.net /tftpboot Now, you need to link boot.net to the filename that your sparc will look for. It will look for a filename composed of the machine's IP address (in hexadecimal) followed by the machine's architecture, separated by a period. For example, a sun4c machine which has been assigned IP address 192.168.1.10, will make a TFTP request for C0A8010A.SUN4C. You can use bc(1) to help calculate the filename: # bc obase=16 192 C0 168 A8 1 1 10 A quit # cd /tftpboot # ln -s boot.net C0A8010A.SUN4C For OpenFirmware based JavaStations you use the file bootjs.net and do not create a symlink for the IP address. This machines do full DHCP autoconfiguration, so the bootstrap filename is provided by the DHCP server. Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # chmod -R a+rX /tftpboot Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to /var/log/messages saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # arp -s client CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC 5. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mkdir -p /export/client/root Put the following line in /etc/exports to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/rpcbind start # /etc/rc.d/nfsd start # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart 6. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named netbsd in /export/client/root your client should boot the kernel. Use binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz. # gunzip netbsd-GENERIC.gz # mv netbsd-GENERIC /export/client/root/netbsd If you are netbooting the installer, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory and extract the tools from installation/netboot/rootfs.tgz. # cp *tgz /export/client/root # cd /export/client/root # tar -xpzf rootfs.tgz 7. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client disk- less after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/nfs.html for details. o Extracting distribution sets # cd /export/client/root # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/base.tgz # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/etc.tgz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. o Set up swap # mkdir /export/client/root/swap # dd if=/dev/zero of=/export/client/swap bs=4k count=4k # echo '/export/client/swap -maproot=root:wheel client.test.net' | cat >> /etc/exports # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. o Create device nodes # cd /export/client/root/dev # ./MAKEDEV all This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. o Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in /export/client/root/etc/fstab with the follow- ing lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 o Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit /export/client/root/etc/rc.conf rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. o Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit /export/client/root/etc/hosts ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 8. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your /etc/rc.conf: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" rarpd=YES rarpd_flags="-a" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the tftpd line in /etc/inetd.conf remains uncommented. Now, netboot your Sparc from the server by entering the appropriate boot command at the monitor prompt. Depending on the PROM version in your machine, this command takes one of the following forms: sunmon > b le()netbsd OpenBoot PROM 1 ok b le()netbsd OpenBoot PROM 2 ok boot net netbsd After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below. Installing NetBSD by using a bootable tape Sun sets their tape drives to SCSI ID 4. We recommend you do the same. Get the tape images (installation/tape/tapefile1.gz and installation/tape/tapefile2) and transfer them to a tape. Make sure you use the `no rewind scsi tape' device. Run the following commands: # gunzip tapefile1.gz # mt -f /dev/nrst0 rew # dd if=tapefile1 of=/dev/nrst0 bs=4k conv=osync # dd if=tapefile2 of=/dev/nrst0 bs=4k conv=osync Now you can transfer the NetBSD 5.2.3. distribution sets from (binary/sets) to the tape by using a series of additional # dd if=.tgz of=/dev/nrst0 bs=4k conv=osync commands. See also the section Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media. Be sure to mark the location of these files on the tape; you'll need them during the installation procedure. Insert the tape into your Sparc's tapestation. Boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt: sunmon > b st() OpenBoot PROM 1 ok boot st() OpenBoot PROM 2 ok boot tape After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to confirm the tape device and tape file number containing the installation tools. Then, proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below. Running the installation scripts The first thing that the installation scripts will inquire about is the type of console you're using on your machine. If you're using a Sun frame buffer display, choose the terminal type sun (this is presented as the default). Note: if your frame buffer device is a cgsix Sbus board, you should change the terminal type to sun-cgsix to avoid triggering a bug in the board's firmware code that can garble your screen. If you're using a terminal device connected to a serial port, choose a terminal type appropriate for that device, e.g. vt100 or vt200. Next, you will be presented with a choice of two installation methods: a new full-screen sysinst program, or the traditional script-based miniroot program. The sysinst program is easier to use, but the miniroot program is more flexible. Both of these installation methods will follow the same set of procedures and will fully install NetBSD on your Sparc. You will frequently be asked for confirmation before the system proceeds with each phase of the installation process. Occasionally, you will have to provide a piece of information such as the name of the disk you want to install on, partitioning information, or IP addresses and domain names you want to assign. If your system has more than one disk, you may want to look at the output of the dmesg(8) command to see how your disks have been identified by the kernel. Note: If you repartition a hard drive, be certain that every partition starts on a cylinder boundary for compatibility with the Sparc ROM. The installation script goes through the following phases: o determination of the disk on which to install NetBSD o checking/creation of the partition information on the disk o creating and mounting the NetBSD file systems o setup of network configuration o extraction of the distribution tar files o installation of bootstrap programs Now try a reboot. Initially we'd suggest you boot sd()netbsd -bs, then try multiuser after that. If you boot single-user the NetBSD incantation to make the root file system writable is # mount -u /dev/sd0a / Your PROM might have been setup to instruct the boot program to load a file called vmunix. On OpenBoot PROM systems you can change it to load netbsd instead using the following commands: OpenBoot PROM 1 ok setenv boot-from sd(0,0,0)netbsd OpenBoot PROM 2 ok setenv boot-file netbsd ok setenv boot-device disk:a Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 5.2.3. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with sun for a local console, or whatever is appropriate for your serial console (some systems display garbage with a sun terminal type, you may need to use sun-ss5) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in /etc/rc.conf. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Select the proper terminal devices If you are using a serial console, you will have to edit the /etc/ttys file and change sun to the appropriate terminal type, such as vt220. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: http://netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the soft- ware may depend. o More information on the package system is available at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the sparc/5.2.3/All subdir. You can install them with the following commands under sh(1): # PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/sparc/5.2.3/All # export PKG_PATH # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v bash # pkg_add -v perl # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v kde # pkg_add -v firefox ... If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with the following: # setenv PKG_PATH ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/sparc/5.2.3/All Note: Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc directory. If you would like to use such mirrors, you could also try the /pub/NetBSD/packages/current-packages/NetBSD/sparc/5.2.3/All directory, which may have the same contents. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. Note: In some cases the pkg_add(1) command will complain about a version mismatch of packages with a message like the following: Warning: package `foo' was built for a different version of the OS: NetBSD/i386 M.N (pkg) vs. NetBSD/i386 5.2.3 (this host), This warning is harmless if the formal major release num- bers are the same between the pkg and your host. Please refer to the NetBSD release glossary and graphs at http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/release-map.html for more information about NetBSD's release numbering scheme. o The framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retriev- ing the file ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc.tar.gz It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more informa- tion. 7. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o The /etc/postfix/main.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted. If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using pkgsrc or by hand and adjust /etc/mailer.conf. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 5.2.3 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi- tional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root (/) and /usr partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD. Also, file systems are checked before unpacking the sets. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installa- tion part of the document for help. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 5.2.3 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command: # sh MAKEDEV all Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 5.2.3. If your port uses X.Org and you see messages from the X server indicating that no devices were found, you may need to run X -configure and update your existing xorg.conf to use the BusID line from the newly-generated config file. Dual-head support for PC systems has become broken for many configura- tions with the update to xorg-server 1.6.x, which has removed the user- land PCI configuration mechanism, and needs to rely upon the OS. We hope to correct this for future releases. Workaround: The only workaround is non-trivial and requires programming several PCI BAR registers as they previously were in NetBSD 5.0. If you are updating to NetBSD 5.2.3 without the aid of sysinst or postin- stall and your port uses X.Org, be sure to remove /usr/X11R7/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/pc before extracting the xbase set. In the version of X.Org shipped with 5.0, this was a directory, but in more recent X.Org versions it is a file. On ports using X.Org, libpixman and libXfont had their major versions bumped. This can be a source of trouble if using binary packages built on 5.0.x with a clean install of 5.2.3 (upgrades from 5.0.x will include both old and new versions of libpixman and libXfont). Compatibility packages have been prepared and are available from: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/sparc/5.0/emulators/compat50-5.1.tgz (or a convenient mirror). This URL can be passed directly to the pkg_add(1) command. pkg_install now depends on the pkgdb cache for automatic conflict detec- tion. It is recommended to rebuild the cache with # pkg_admin rebuild audit-packages.conf(5) has been superseded by pkg_install.conf(5). The default configuration is the same. Support for pkg_view(1) has been retired. The functionality of audit-packages(1) and download-vulnerability-list(1) has moved into pkg_admin(1). However, wrapper scripts that handle the common use cases are provided. Issues when running older binaries on NetBSD 5.2.3 The pthread libraries from previous versions of NetBSD require that the sysctl(3) node kern.no_sa_support be set to 0. This affects the follow- ing environments: o Running a 5.x kernel with an older userland. o Running an older userland inside a chroot'ed environment on a 5.x system. o Running older statically linked pthread applications. The 5.x kernel defaults to 0 for kern.no_sa_support, which covers the first case. However, please note that a full installation of 5.x (either from scratch or through an upgrade) will set kern.no_sa_support to 1 dur- ing the boot process. This means that for the last two cases, you will have to manually set kern.no_sa_support to 0, using either the sysctl(8) command or through sysctl.conf(5). Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default (see below) will be handled. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 4.x as well. The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* - /etc/envsys.conf The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The users `_proxy', `_rwhod', and `_sdpd' and the groups `_proxy', `_rwhod' and `_sdpd' need to be created and the user `uucp' needs to be updated. o A number of things were removed in the NetBSD 4.0 release, including: the evbsh5 port, the Fortran 77 compiler (g77), NETCCITT, NETNS, Sendmail, Sushi, UUCP, and Vinum. If you were using any of these, please see the "Components removed from NetBSD" at http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/formal-4/NetBSD-4.0.html#removals o The replacement of Sendmail by Postfix can be handled automati- cally by postinstall but it is not done by default. If you want to transition to Postfix, the command postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix mailerconf will update your /etc/mailer.conf file to use Postfix as the MTA. When using sysinst to upgrade the system, it will ask if you want this to be done. Note that if you have a customized Sendmail setup, you need to set up Postfix in an equivalent way; there is no tool for auto- matic conversion of Sendmail configuration to a Postfix one. Postfix will be started automatically when the system boots. You may see messages like "$sendmail is not set properly" at boot. You can suppress them by removing /etc/rc.d/sendmail and /etc/rc.d/smmsp. Those files and other parts of sendmail con- figuration like files under /usr/share/sendmail are not removed by default while upgrading for those who want to continue using sendmail from outside the base system. If you want to delete them, postinstall can be used: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix sendmail Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* - /etc/envsys.conf The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The users `_httpd' and `_timedc' and the groups `_httpd' and `_timedc' need to be created. o Unprivileged use of the mount(8) command now requires the nosuid and nodev options to be explicitly specified. Previ- ously, these options were automatically enforced even if they were not explicitly specified. o A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 5.2.3 release. See the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near the beginning of this document for a list. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. See http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for a web interface. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Lulea Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services server. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the NYC build cluster. o The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for running the WWU build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org The portmasters (and their ports): Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.org cobalt Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org xen Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org evbmips Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org pmax Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org sbmips Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org atari Marcus Comstedt marcus@NetBSD.org dreamcast Andrew Doran ad@NetBSD.org amd64 Andrew Doran ad@NetBSD.org i386 Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.org cesfic Gavan Fantom gavan@NetBSD.org iyonix Jaime A Fournier ober@NetBSD.org zaurus Matt Fredette fredette@NetBSD.org sun2 Ichiro FUKUHARA ichiro@NetBSD.org hpcarm Chris Gilbert chris@NetBSD.org cats Ben Harris bjh21@NetBSD.org acorn26 Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.org alpha Nick Hudson skrll@NetBSD.org hp700 Martin Husemann martin@NetBSD.org sparc64 IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.org hpcarm Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@NetBSD.org mipsco Takayoshi Kochi kochi@NetBSD.org ia64 Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org sparc Michael Lorenz macallan@NetBSD.org macppc Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.org vax Cherry G. Mathew cherry@NetBSD.org ia64 NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@NetBSD.org x68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org luna68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org sandpoint Andrey Petrov petrov@NetBSD.org sparc64 Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.org mac68k Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org ofppc Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org prep Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org rs6000 Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.org arc Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.org hpcmips Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org alpha Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org netwinder Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org algor Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org evbarm Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org shark Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org ews4800mips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org hp300 Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org news68k Valeriy E. Ushakov uwe@NetBSD.org landisk Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org evbppc Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org mvme68k Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org mvmeppc Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@NetBSD.org acorn32 The NetBSD 5.2.3 Release Engineering team: Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org Stephen Borrill sborrill@NetBSD.org NetBSD Developers: Nathan Ahlstrom nra@NetBSD.org Steve Allen wormey@NetBSD.org Jukka Andberg jandberg@NetBSD.org Julian Assange proff@NetBSD.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@NetBSD.org Christoph Badura bad@NetBSD.org Bang Jun-Young junyoung@NetBSD.org Dieter Baron dillo@NetBSD.org Robert V. Baron rvb@NetBSD.org Alan Barrett apb@NetBSD.org Grant Beattie grant@NetBSD.org Jason Beegan jtb@NetBSD.org Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.org Hiroyuki Bessho bsh@NetBSD.org John Birrell jb@NetBSD.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@NetBSD.org Charles Blundell cb@NetBSD.org Rafal Boni rafal@NetBSD.org Stephen Borrill sborrill@NetBSD.org Sean Boudreau seanb@NetBSD.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org John Brezak brezak@NetBSD.org Allen Briggs briggs@NetBSD.org Mark Brinicombe mark@NetBSD.org Aaron Brown abrown@NetBSD.org Andrew Brown atatat@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@NetBSD.org Jon Buller jonb@NetBSD.org Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org Robert Byrnes byrnes@NetBSD.org Pavel Cahyna pavel@NetBSD.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@NetBSD.org Daniel Carosone dan@NetBSD.org Dave Carrel carrel@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Mihai Chelaru kefren@NetBSD.org Bill Coldwell billc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Ben Collver ben@NetBSD.org Marcus Comstedt marcus@NetBSD.org Jeremy Cooper jeremy@NetBSD.org Chuck Cranor chuck@NetBSD.org Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Aidan Cully aidan@NetBSD.org Garrett D'Amore gdamore@NetBSD.org Johan Danielsson joda@NetBSD.org John Darrow jdarrow@NetBSD.org Jed Davis jld@NetBSD.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@NetBSD.org Arnaud Degroote degroote@NetBSD.org Rob Deker deker@NetBSD.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@NetBSD.org Tracy Di Marco White gendalia@NetBSD.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@NetBSD.org Andy Doran ad@NetBSD.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@NetBSD.org Emmanuel Dreyfus manu@NetBSD.org Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.org Jun Ebihara jun@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Jaime A Fournier ober@NetBSD.org Stoned Elipot seb@NetBSD.org Michael van Elst mlelstv@NetBSD.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@NetBSD.org Bernd Ernesti veego@NetBSD.org Erik Fair fair@NetBSD.org Gavan Fantom gavan@NetBSD.org Hauke Fath hauke@NetBSD.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.org Jason R. Fink jrf@NetBSD.org Matt J. Fleming mjf@NetBSD.org Marty Fouts marty@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org Matt Fredette fredette@NetBSD.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@NetBSD.org Castor Fu castor@NetBSD.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org Thomas Gerner thomas@NetBSD.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@NetBSD.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@NetBSD.org Chris Gilbert chris@NetBSD.org Eric Gillespie epg@NetBSD.org Brian Ginsbach ginsbach@NetBSD.org Paul Goyette pgoyette@NetBSD.org Michael Graff explorer@NetBSD.org Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@NetBSD.org Matthew Green mrg@NetBSD.org Andreas Gustafsson gson@NetBSD.org Ulrich Habel rhaen@NetBSD.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@NetBSD.org HAMAJIMA Katsuomi hamajima@NetBSD.org Adam Hamsik haad@NetBSD.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@NetBSD.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@NetBSD.org Ben Harris bjh21@NetBSD.org Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@NetBSD.org John Hawkinson jhawk@NetBSD.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Rene Hexel rh@NetBSD.org Iain Hibbert plunky@NetBSD.org Kouichirou Hiratsuka hira@NetBSD.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@NetBSD.org Adam Hoka ahoka@NetBSD.org Jachym Holecek freza@NetBSD.org David A. Holland dholland@NetBSD.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@NetBSD.org Ken Hornstein kenh@NetBSD.org Marc Horowitz marc@NetBSD.org Eduardo Horvath eeh@NetBSD.org Nick Hudson skrll@NetBSD.org Shell Hung shell@NetBSD.org Martin Husemann martin@NetBSD.org Dean Huxley dean@NetBSD.org Love Hornquist Astrand lha@NetBSD.org Roland Illig rillig@NetBSD.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@NetBSD.org Tetsuya Isaki isaki@NetBSD.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@NetBSD.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@NetBSD.org Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.org Nicolas Joly njoly@NetBSD.org Chris Jones cjones@NetBSD.org Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.org Takahiro Kambe taca@NetBSD.org Masanori Kanaoka kanaoka@NetBSD.org Antti Kantee pooka@NetBSD.org Frank Kardel kardel@NetBSD.org Mattias Karlsson keihan@NetBSD.org KAWAMOTO Yosihisa kawamoto@NetBSD.org Mario Kemper magick@NetBSD.org Min Sik Kim minskim@NetBSD.org Thomas Klausner wiz@NetBSD.org Klaus Klein kleink@NetBSD.org John Klos jklos@NetBSD.org Wayne Knowles wdk@NetBSD.org Takayoshi Kochi kochi@NetBSD.org John Kohl jtk@NetBSD.org Daniel de Kok daniel@NetBSD.org Jonathan A. Kollasch jakllsch@NetBSD.org Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Lubomir Kundrak lkundrak@NetBSD.org Jochen Kunz jkunz@NetBSD.org Martti Kuparinen martti@NetBSD.org Kentaro A. Kurahone kurahone@NetBSD.org Arnaud Lacombe alc@NetBSD.org Kevin Lahey kml@NetBSD.org David Laight dsl@NetBSD.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@NetBSD.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@NetBSD.org Greg Lehey grog@NetBSD.org Ted Lemon mellon@NetBSD.org Christian Limpach cl@NetBSD.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@NetBSD.org Joel Lindholm joel@NetBSD.org Tonnerre Lombard tonnerre@NetBSD.org Mike Long mikel@NetBSD.org Michael Lorenz macallan@NetBSD.org Warner Losh imp@NetBSD.org Tomasz Luchowski zuntum@NetBSD.org Federico Lupi federico@NetBSD.org Brett Lymn blymn@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@NetBSD.org MAEKAWA Masahide gehenna@NetBSD.org Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.org Cherry G. Mathew cherry@NetBSD.org David Maxwell david@NetBSD.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@NetBSD.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@NetBSD.org Jared D. McNeill jmcneill@NetBSD.org Neil J. McRae neil@NetBSD.org Julio M. Merino Vidal jmmv@NetBSD.org Perry Metzger perry@NetBSD.org Luke Mewburn lukem@NetBSD.org Jean-Yves Migeon jym@NetBSD.org Brook Milligan brook@NetBSD.org Minoura Makoto minoura@NetBSD.org Simas Mockevicius symka@NetBSD.org der Mouse mouse@NetBSD.org Joseph Myers jsm@NetBSD.org Ken Nakata kenn@NetBSD.org Takeshi Nakayama nakayama@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org John Nemeth jnemeth@NetBSD.org Bob Nestor rnestor@NetBSD.org NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@NetBSD.org Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@NetBSD.org Takehiko NOZAKI tnozaki@NetBSD.org Tobias Nygren tnn@NetBSD.org OBATA Akio obache@NetBSD.org Jesse Off joff@NetBSD.org Tatoku Ogaito tacha@NetBSD.org OKANO Takayoshi kano@NetBSD.org Masaru Oki oki@NetBSD.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@NetBSD.org Greg Oster oster@NetBSD.org Rui Paulo rpaulo@NetBSD.org Jonathan Perkin sketch@NetBSD.org Andrey Petrov petrov@NetBSD.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@NetBSD.org Chris Pinnock cjep@NetBSD.org Adrian Portelli adrianp@NetBSD.org Peter Postma peter@NetBSD.org Dante Profeta dante@NetBSD.org Chris Provenzano proven@NetBSD.org Niels Provos provos@NetBSD.org Mindaugas Rasiukevicius rmind@NetBSD.org Michael Rauch mrauch@NetBSD.org Marc Recht recht@NetBSD.org Darren Reed darrenr@NetBSD.org Jeremy C. Reed reed@NetBSD.org Antoine Reilles tonio@NetBSD.org Tyler R. Retzlaff rtr@NetBSD.org Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.org Michael Richardson mcr@NetBSD.org Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org Alan Ritter rittera@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org Hans Rosenfeld hans@NetBSD.org Gordon Ross gwr@NetBSD.org Steve Rumble rumble@NetBSD.org Ilpo Ruotsalainen lonewolf@NetBSD.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@NetBSD.org Blair J. Sadewitz bjs@NetBSD.org David Sainty dsainty@NetBSD.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@NetBSD.org Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@NetBSD.org Curt Sampson cjs@NetBSD.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@NetBSD.org Ty Sarna tsarna@NetBSD.org SATO Kazumi sato@NetBSD.org Jan Schaumann jschauma@NetBSD.org Matthias Scheler tron@NetBSD.org Silke Scheler silke@NetBSD.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@NetBSD.org Amitai Schlair schmonz@NetBSD.org Konrad Schroder perseant@NetBSD.org Georg Schwarz schwarz@NetBSD.org Lubomir Sedlacik salo@NetBSD.org Christopher SEKIYA sekiya@NetBSD.org Reed Shadgett dent@NetBSD.org John Shannon shannonjr@NetBSD.org Tim Shepard shep@NetBSD.org Takeshi Shibagaki shiba@NetBSD.org Naoto Shimazaki igy@NetBSD.org Takao Shinohara shin@NetBSD.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@NetBSD.org Daniel Sieger dsieger@NetBSD.org Chuck Silvers chs@NetBSD.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@NetBSD.org Jeff Smith jeffs@NetBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.org Wolfgang Solfrank ws@NetBSD.org SOMEYA Yoshihiko someya@NetBSD.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@NetBSD.org Jorg Sonnenberger joerg@NetBSD.org Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.org T K Spindler dogcow@NetBSD.org Bill Squier groo@NetBSD.org Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@NetBSD.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@NetBSD.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@NetBSD.org Kimmo Suominen kim@NetBSD.org Robert Swindells rjs@NetBSD.org Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.org TAMURA Kent kent@NetBSD.org Shin'ichiro TAYA taya@NetBSD.org Ian Lance Taylor ian@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Christoph Toshok toshok@NetBSD.org Greg Troxel gdt@NetBSD.org Tsubai Masanari tsubai@NetBSD.org Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@NetBSD.org Masao Uebayashi uebayasi@NetBSD.org Shuichiro URATA ur@NetBSD.org Valeriy E. Ushakov uwe@NetBSD.org Todd Vierling tv@NetBSD.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@NetBSD.org Paul Vixie vixie@NetBSD.org Mike M. Volokhov mishka@NetBSD.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@NetBSD.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@NetBSD.org Leo Weppelman leo@NetBSD.org Assar Westerlund assar@NetBSD.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@NetBSD.org Frank Wille phx@NetBSD.org Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.org Rob Windsor windsor@NetBSD.org Dan Winship danw@NetBSD.org Jim Wise jwise@NetBSD.org Michael Wolfson mbw@NetBSD.org Colin Wood ender@NetBSD.org Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Yuji Yamano yyamano@NetBSD.org David Young dyoung@NetBSD.org Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@NetBSD.org S.P.Zeidler spz@NetBSD.org Maria Zevenhoven maria7@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org Other contributors: Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.netbsd.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product contains software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD project. This product contains software written by Ignatios Souvatzis and Michael L. 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This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist. This product includes software developed by Onno van der Linden. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens. This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE. This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Soren S. Jorvang. This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing. This product includes software developed by Steve Woodford. This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Tetsuya Isaki. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner This product includes software developed by Tobias Weingartner. This product includes software developed by Todd C. Miller. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura and Reinoud Zandijk for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura. for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Wasabi Systems for Zembu Labs, Inc. http://www.zembu.com/ This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Wash- ington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen- dent Media Center. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Chris- tos Zoulas This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna- tios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by David Miller. The End NetBSD November 15, 2014 NetBSD