INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/emips. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Changes Between The NetBSD 7.1.2 and 7.2 Releases..............3 Features to be removed in a later release......................3 The NetBSD Foundation..........................................3 Sources of NetBSD..............................................3 NetBSD 7.2 Release Contents....................................3 NetBSD/emips subdirectory structure.........................4 Binary distribution sets....................................5 NetBSD/emips System Requirements and Supported Devices.........6 Supported machines..........................................6 Supported devices...........................................6 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media...................6 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation..................8 Installing the NetBSD System...................................8 Install via a NetBSD CD-ROM.................................9 Installing from an existing system..........................9 Install via diskimage.......................................9 Install via netboot install kernel.........................10 Install via diskless boot..................................10 Once you've booted the diskimage...........................11 Running the sysinst installation program...................11 Introduction............................................11 Possible hardware problems..............................11 General.................................................11 Quick install...........................................11 Booting NetBSD..........................................12 Network configuration...................................13 Installation drive selection and parameters.............13 Selecting which sets to install.........................13 Partitioning the disk...................................13 Preparing your hard disk................................14 Getting the distribution sets...........................14 Installation from CD-ROM................................14 Installation using FTP..................................14 Installation using NFS..................................15 Installation from an unmounted file system..............15 Installation from a local directory.....................15 Extracting the distribution sets........................15 Configure additional items..............................15 Finalizing your installation............................15 Post installation steps.......................................16 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................18 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............18 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases.......19 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases.......19 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................19 Administrivia.................................................20 Thanks go to..................................................20 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................21 The End.......................................................27 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 7.2 on the emips platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 7.2 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD website at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 7.1.2 and 7.2 Releases The NetBSD 7.2 release brings support for new devices, the integration of many bug fixes, and many userland improvements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. See http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/formal-7/NetBSD-7.2.html for some of the more noteworthy changes in this release. A more extensive list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-7.2: https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-7.2/CHANGES-7.2 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 7.2 release tree. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o dhclient(8) and rtsol(8) in favor of dhcpcd(8). o groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff. o rtsol(8) and rtsold(8). The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 7.2 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 7.2 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-7.2/ CHANGES Changes between the 6.0 and 7.0 releases. CHANGES-7.0 Changes between the initial 7.0 branch and the final release of 7.0. CHANGES-7.1 Changes between the final release of 7.0 and the final release of 7.1. CHANGES-7.2 Changes between the final release of 7.1 and the final release of 7.2. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. images/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 7.2 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 7.2 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 7.2 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/emips subdirectory structure The emips-specific portion of the NetBSD 7.2 release is found in the emips subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-7.2/emips/. It con- tains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. sets/ emips binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ misc/ Miscellaneous emips installation utilities; see installation section below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD emips binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 7.2 release for emips. The binary distribution sets can be found in the emips/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 7.2 distri- bution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 7.2 emips base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally func- tional. comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. games This set includes the games and their manual pages. kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/emips 7.2 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from /usr/share. modules This set includes kernel modules to add functionality to a run- ning system. text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xserver The X server. The emips binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Note: Each directory in the emips binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/emips System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported machines o Xilinx Ml401 and Ml402 with Virtex-4 FPGAs. XUP board with Vir- tex-5 FPGAs. o BeSquare BEE3 system with four Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGAs. The minimal configuration requires 8 MB of RAM and ~170 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires in excess of 800 MB of disk space, for any serious work at least 64 MB of RAM is recommended. The processor can address the full 4 GB of physical space, but configurations with more than 256 MB of RAM are currently untested. Supported devices o eMIPS serial line as console o Xilinx SystemACE Compact FLASH interface, using cards of any size. o Ethernet using 1 Gbps cabling, both on XUP and BEE3 systems. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installation is supported from several media types, including: o CD-ROM / DVD o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. CD-ROM / DVD Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD-ROM or DVD. Likely locations are binary/sets and emips/binary/sets. Proceed to the instructions on installation. FTP The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a net- work directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_sets where tape_device is the name of the tape device that rep- resents the tape drive you're using. This might be /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from sys- tem to system. In the above example, dist_sets is a list of filenames corresponding to the distribution sets that you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (the absolute minimum required for installation), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-7.2 # cd emips/binary # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC.tgz base.tgz etc.tgz Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation First and foremost, before beginning the installation process, make sure you have a reliable backup of any data on your hard disk that you wish to keep. Mistakes in partitioning your hard disk may lead to data loss. Installing the NetBSD System Note: There may be updates to this procedure available from the NetBSD/emips web page at http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/emips/ . To install or upgrade NetBSD, you need to first boot an installation pro- gram and then interact with the screen-menu program sysinst. The instal- lation program actually consists of the NetBSD kernel plus an in-memory file system of utility programs. From most convenient to least convenient, the installation methods are: 1. Installation from an existing NetBSD system by booting the install kernel from an existing root file system (/). See the Installing from an existing system section later in these INSTALL notes. 2. Copying a bootable diskimage onto the beginning of a disk and installing onto that disk. See the Install via diskimage section later in these INSTALL notes. 3. Booting the install kernel over the network and installing onto a local disk. See the Install via netboot install kernel section later in these INSTALL notes. 4. Using a helper machine with a CompactFLASH controller to copy the bootable diskimage onto the beginning of a disk, and moving the disk to the target machine. See the Install via diskimage section later in these INSTALL notes. 5. For BEE3 machines that do not have local disk storage, you will need to set up an NFS server with a diskless root file system for trimmed-down network install kernel and run the installation system from the NFS root file system. NFS is also your only option for user storage. See the Install via diskless boot section later in these INSTALL notes. You should familiarize yourself with the hardware configuration on your machine or simulator. Be sure you know how to print the configuration of your machine, and how to boot from disk or network, as appropriate. To boot from disk, use: All systems: /netbsd To boot via TFTP, use boot: tftp You will also need to know the total size (in sectors) and the approxi- mate geometry of the disks you are installing onto, so that you can label your disks for the BSD fast file system (FFS). The kernel should cor- rectly detect the disk geometry. The sysinst tool will suggest these as the default. If you're installing NetBSD/emips for the first time it's a very good idea to pre-plan partition sizes for the disks on which you're installing NetBSD. Changing the size of partitions after you've installed is diffi- cult. If you do not have a spare bootable disk, it may be simpler to re- install NetBSD again from scratch. Assuming a classic partition scheme with separate / (root) and /usr file systems, a comfortable size for the NetBSD / partition is about 64 MB. A good initial size for the swap partition is twice the amount of physical memory in your machine. The default swap size is 64 MB, which is ade- quate for doing a full system build. A full binary installation, with X11R7 takes about 700 MB in /usr; a 1 GB /usr should be ample. Install via a NetBSD CD-ROM You can obtain the disk image or diskless boot tar file from the NetBSD 7.2 CD-ROM. To mount the CD-ROM from a NetBSD/emips host, type # mount -r -t cd9660 /dev/cdXc /mnt where X is the ID of the CD-ROM. The diskimage file can be found on the CD-ROM at the following location (relative to the mount point of the CD) emips/installation/diskimage/diskimage.gz and the diskless boot tar file can be found at emips/installation/netboot/diskimage.tgz Once you have located these files, continue on to either Install via netboot install kernel, Install via diskless boot, Install via diskimage or Installing from an existing system section later in the INSTALL notes. Installing from an existing system Using the bootloader you can boot the kernel located in: emips/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz Then boot using: All systems: /netbsd-INSTALL then continue to the Once you've booted the diskimage section Install via diskimage The diskimage file is in emips/installation/diskimage/diskimage.gz. It is shipped compressed and is around 1620 kbytes, uncompressing to exactly 2100 kbytes. To install the diskimage onto disk aceX on a NetBSD/emips system, do: # disklabel -W /dev/raceXc # gunzip -c diskimage.gz | dd of=/dev/raceXc bs=10240 On NetBSD/i386, the ``raw disk partition'' is the `d' partition, so do: # disklabel -W /dev/rsdXd # gunzip -c diskimage.gz | dd of=/dev/rsdXd bs=10240 On NetBSD, be sure to use disklabel -W to enable writing to the label area of the disk. If you forget this and/or use the `block' device, the dd command may silently fail. Then boot using: All systems: /netbsd then continue to the Once you've booted the diskimage section. Install via netboot install kernel Booting NetBSD/emips 7.2 install kernel over a network requires a BOOTP or DHCP server and a TFTP server. (These are usually all run on the same machine.) There are two basic stages to the boot: o The emips boot loader sends a BOOTP request to get its own address, the address of the TFTP server and the file to download. o It downloads the file name obtained from BOOTP, which is the install kernel, via TFTP and then executes it. You will need to set up servers for BOOTP and TFTP. For the BOOTP server you need to specify the: o hardware type (Ethernet) o hardware address (Ethernet MAC address) o IP address of the client o subnet mask of the client o address of the TFTP server o name of the kernel loaded via TFTP Here's an example for a UNIX-like system running bootpd: myhost.mydom.com:\ :ht=ethernet:ha=08002b123456:\ :ip=192.168.1.2:sm=255.255.255.0:\ :sa=192.168.1.1:bf=netbsd-INSTALL:\ :rp=/usr/export/emips: And here's an example for a UNIX-like system running the ISC dhcpd: host emips { hardware ethernet 08:0:2b:12:34:56; fixed-address 192.168.1.2; option host-name "myhost.mydom.com"; filename "netbsd-INSTALL"; option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1; option broadcast-address 255.255.255.0; option domain-name "my.domain"; option root-path "/usr/export/emips"; } For the TFTP server, You will need to copy the netbsd-INSTALL kernel to the directory used by the TFTP server. Then boot using TFTP as described earlier. and continue to the Once you've booted the diskimage section. Install via diskless boot The file emips/installation/netboot/diskimage.tar.gz contains a suitable set of files for installing on an NFS server to set up a diskless root filesytem. (It is a tar copy of the contents of an installation ramdisk file system contained in the install kernel.) You will need to find an NFS server, unpack the tarfile, and setup BOOTP/dhcp service for your emips. Instructions for setting up an NFS server and diskless booting are on the NetBSD/emips netboot webpage at http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/emips/netboot.html Since the system install utility, sysinst, requires a read/write root, installing via diskless boot is only feasible if your NFS server exports the diskless root read-write. If this is not possible, you should install via other of the other installation procedures. Once you have booted the kernel, continue to the Once you've booted the diskimage section. Once you've booted the diskimage Once you've booted the installation kernel you will need to select your terminal type. Use vt100 for a serial console with a vt100-compatible terminal emulator, such as PuTTY, or xterm or xterms for a tip(1) or cu(1) connection running in an xterm(1). The system will then start the sysinst program. Running the sysinst installation program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. Possible hardware problems Should you encounter hardware problems during installation, try rebooting after unplugging removable devices you don't need for installation. Non-removable devices can be disabled with userconf (use boot -c to enter it). 3. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu driven pro- gram that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 4. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install media. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). - One 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy. - A minimum of of memory installed. - An optical drive. - A hard drive with at least 600 MB of free space for a com- plete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. o The Quick Installation - Insert the first boot floppy you just created and boot the computer. After language selection, the main menu will be displayed. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-7.2 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose Install. - You will be guided through the setup of your disk. - You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. - When prompted, choose CD-ROM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default values for the path and device should be ok. - After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select Reboot, after you have removed the bootfloppy from the drive. - NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by sysinst, logging in as root and setting a password should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 5. Booting NetBSD Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, which will print a countdown and begin booting. If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reasonable amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that. It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy, probably around a minute or so, then, the kernel boot messages will be dis- played. This may take a little while also, as NetBSD will be prob- ing your system to discover which hardware devices are installed. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first SATA/PATA disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Note that once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 6. Network configuration If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu and select the Configure network option. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 7. Installation drive selection and parameters To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1. 8. Selecting which sets to install The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, minimal, and custom instal- lations. If you choose sets on your own, base, etc, and a kernel must be selected. 9. Partitioning the disk o Choosing which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, sysinst will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to over- write these. 10. Editing the NetBSD disklabel The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose Use existing partition sizes. Otherwise, select Set sizes of NetBSD partitions. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap parti- tion has a special type called swap. Some partitions in the diskla- bel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (/) b Swap partition. c The entire disk. d-h Available for other use. Traditionally, d is the par- tition mounted on /usr, but this is historical prac- tice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and con- tains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 11. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, select yes. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to con- tain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk prepa- ration tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the begin- ning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 12. Getting the distribution sets The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 13. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 14. Installation using FTP To install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. sysinst will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 15. Installation using NFS To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, ask- ing you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 16. Installation from an unmounted file system In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec- ify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 17. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys- tem that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 18. Extracting the distribution sets A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. 19. Configure additional items The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party soft- ware. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as apt-get or yum. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 20. Finalizing your installation Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 7.2. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by set- ting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. o More information on the package system is available at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the emips/7.2/All subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is correctly configured, you can install them with the following commands: # pkgin install tcsh # pkgin install bash # pkgin install perl # pkgin install apache # pkgin install kde # pkgin install firefox ... Note: Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc directory. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. o If you did not install it from the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling pack- ages can be obtained by retrieving the file https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.tar.gz. It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more informa- tion. 7. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 7.2 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media available. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets avail- able. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are over- written in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 7.2 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're fin- ished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command: # sh MAKEDEV all sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. How- ever, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 7.2. Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be han- dled. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 7.2 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 6.x as well. The following users need to be created: o _mdnsd o _tests o _tcpdump o _tss The following groups need to be created: o _mdnsd o _tests o _tcpdump o _tss The implementation of SHA2-HMAC in KAME_IPSEC as used in NetBSD 5.0 and before did not comply with current standards. FAST_IPSEC does, with the result that old and new systems cannot communicate over IPSEC if one of the affected authentication algorithms (hmac_sha256, hmac_sha384, hmac_sha512) is used. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases The following user needs to be created: o _rtadvd The following groups need to be created: o _gpio o _rtadvd Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. See http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product includes software developed by Intel Corporation and its contributors. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Lulea, Sweden and its contributors. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Lulea. This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi Ravens. 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This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist. This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incorporated. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. 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This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Eiji Kawauchi. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copy- right notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribu- tion@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copy- right notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribu- tion@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (C) 1989 Digital Equipment Corporation. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies. Digital Equipment Corporation makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is pro- vided "as is" without express or implied warranty. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford University makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. The End NetBSD August 29, 2018 NetBSD