INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/next68k. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Changes Between The NetBSD 7.1.2 and 7.2 Releases..............2 Features to be removed in a later release......................2 The NetBSD Foundation..........................................3 Sources of NetBSD..............................................3 NetBSD 7.2 Release Contents....................................3 NetBSD/next68k subdirectory structure.......................4 Binary distribution sets....................................4 NetBSD/next68k System Requirements and Supported Devices.......5 Supported hardware..........................................6 Unsupported hardware........................................6 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media...................6 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation..................6 Get to the ROM Monitor prompt...............................6 Change the configuration parameters to netboot..............7 Installing the NetBSD System...................................7 Post installation steps.......................................11 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................13 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............13 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases.......14 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases.......14 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................14 Administrivia.................................................15 Thanks go to..................................................15 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................16 The End.......................................................22 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 7.2 on the next68k platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 7.2 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD website at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 7.1.2 and 7.2 Releases The NetBSD 7.2 release brings support for new devices, the integration of many bug fixes, and many userland improvements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. See http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/formal-7/NetBSD-7.2.html for some of the more noteworthy changes in this release. A more extensive list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-7.2: https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-7.2/CHANGES-7.2 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 7.2 release tree. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o dhclient(8) and rtsol(8) in favor of dhcpcd(8). o groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff. o rtsol(8) and rtsold(8). The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 7.2 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 7.2 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-7.2/ CHANGES Changes between the 6.0 and 7.0 releases. CHANGES-7.0 Changes between the initial 7.0 branch and the final release of 7.0. CHANGES-7.1 Changes between the final release of 7.0 and the final release of 7.1. CHANGES-7.2 Changes between the final release of 7.1 and the final release of 7.2. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. images/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 7.2 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 7.2 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 7.2 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/next68k subdirectory structure The next68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 7.2 release is found in the next68k subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-7.2/next68k/. It contains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. sets/ next68k binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ misc/ Miscellaneous next68k installation utilities; see installation section below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD next68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 7.2 release for next68k. The binary distribution sets can be found in the next68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 7.2 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 7.2 next68k base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. games This set includes the games and their manual pages. kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/next68k 7.2 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from /usr/share. modules This set includes kernel modules to add functionality to a run- ning system. text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xserver The X server. The next68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Note: Each directory in the next68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/next68k System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/next68k 7.2 will run on the 25 MHz 68040-based NeXT workstations. The Turbo (33 MHz) models are not supported. The 68030 model is not sup- ported. NetBSD/next68k 7.2 does not have any local disk support, so you must netboot and run diskless. The minimum configuration requires 4 MB of RAM and a network server capa- ble of netbooting NetBSD/next68k. Serial consoles are poorly supported by the hardware, see the FAQ for help. Typically it is just easier to use the NeXT monitor and keyboard. http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/next68k/faq.html Supported hardware o CPUs - 68040-25 2-bit grayscale (NeXTcube) - 68040-25 2-bit grayscale (NeXTstation) - 68040-25 16-bit color (NeXTstation Color) o RS232 interfaces - on-board A and B serial ports (zsc). o Network interfaces: - on-board ethernet (xe). o Displays - on-board NeXT monochrome display (nextdisplay). - on-board NeXT 12-bit color display (nextdisplay). o Input devices - NeXT non-adb keyboard (nextkbd). o Miscellaneous - Battery-backed real-time clock. Unsupported hardware o CPUs - 68030-25 2-bit grayscale (NeXT Computer) - 68040-33 2-bit grayscale (NeXTcube Turbo) - 68040-33 2-bit grayscale (NeXTstation Turbo) - 68040-33 16-bit color (NeXTstation Color Turbo) o Disk interfaces - on-board SCSI interface and disks - Floppy drive - Optical disk - non-SCSI CD-ROM o Miscellaneous devices - NeXTdimension 32-bit color framebuffer - 16-bit digital audio - DSP - NeXT Printer Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Because NetBSD/next68k must run diskless, the distribution must be installed to a remote machine that NFS exports to the NeXT machine. As a result, there is no automated install procedure. Begin by retrieving the NetBSD set files onto the serving machine. These can be found at ftp.NetBSD.org. You may want to keep the following information handy: IP Address: ftp.NetBSD.org Login: anonymous Password: Server path: /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-7.2/next68k/binary/sets Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Get to the ROM Monitor prompt After the system performs its power-on self test, and while it tries to boot an operating system, press the COMMAND-` keys (the backquote is above 7 on the keypad on the right of the keyboard). You should see a prompt like this: NeXT ROM Monitor 2.5 (v66) CPU MC68040 25 MHz, memory 100 nS Backplane slot #0 Ethernet address: 0:0:f:0:fb:90 Memory size 40 MB NeXT> Write down the ethernet address. You will need this later to configure the netboot server for your NetBSD/next68k system. Change the configuration parameters to netboot Press the p key to modify the configuration parameters. You will need to change the boot command to en()netbsd which is to boot from the en() eth- ernet device the kernel named netbsd. You should write down what the original boot command was in case you wish to boot NEXTSTEP in the future. It will probably be sd(). While modifying the parameters, you may wish to set the system to use verbose test mode which will print detailed messages while it is attempting to load the kernel, as opposed to the normal graphic of a network cable. You should not set the extended diagnostics as the system will try to boot a diagnostic kernel. Here is an example configuration session: NeXT> p boot command: sd()? en()netbsd DRAM tests: yes? yes perform power-on system test: yes? yes sound out tests: yes? yes SCSI tests: yes? yes loop until keypress: no? no verbose test mode: no? yes boot extended diagnostics: no? no serial port A is alternate console: no? yes allow any ROM command even if password protected: no? no allow boot from any device even if password protected: no? no allow optical drive #0 eject even if password protected: yes? yes enable parity checking if parity memory is present: no? no Now, whenever you reset or power on your system, it will attempt to net- boot. From the ROM Monitor prompt, you can simply type b to netboot. You can also press the power key (above the arrows) to turn off the sys- tem. Installing the NetBSD System 1. Introduction To netboot a next68k, you must configure one or more servers to pro- vide information and files to your next68k (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure every- thing. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps neces- sary to configure the netboot services on a variety of platforms. http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/ Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share con- taining the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. The kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing init(8). All next68k systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to download the bootstrap program, boot. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hard- ware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory /export/client/root. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environ- ment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your /etc/dhcpd.conf (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # filename "boot"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # #next68k machines require non-RFC1048 BOOTP # always-reply-rfc1048 false; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the dhcpd.leases file exists. # touch /var/db/dhcpd.leases You will need to start the dhcpd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/dhcpd restart 3. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the /tftpboot directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mkdir -p /tftpboot Next, edit /etc/inetd.conf and uncomment the line with the TFTP dae- mon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/inetd restart Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your next68k machine to /tftpboot. Get boot from the installation directory of the distri- bution. # cp boot /tftpboot Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # chmod -R a+rX /tftpboot Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to /var/log/messages saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address: # arp -s client CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mkdir -p /export/client/root Put the following line in /etc/exports to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/rpcbind start # /etc/rc.d/nfsd start # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart 5. NetBSD kernel Now, if you place a kernel named netbsd in /export/client/root your client should boot the kernel. Use binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz. # gunzip netbsd-GENERIC.gz # mv netbsd-GENERIC /export/client/root/netbsd 6. Client file system You need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/nfs.html for details. o Extracting distribution sets # cd /export/client/root # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/base.tgz # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/etc.tgz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. o Set up swap # mkdir /export/client/root/swap # dd if=/dev/zero of=/export/client/swap bs=4k count=4k # echo '/export/client/swap -maproot=root:wheel client.test.net' >> /etc/exports # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. o Create device nodes # cd /export/client/root/dev # ./MAKEDEV all This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. o Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in /export/client/root/etc/fstab with the follow- ing lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 o Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit /export/client/root/etc/rc.conf rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. o Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit /export/client/root/etc/hosts ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons You need these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your /etc/rc.conf: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the tftpd line in /etc/inetd.conf remains uncommented. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_xe0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_xe0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by set- ting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. o More information on the package system is available at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the next68k/7.2/All subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is correctly configured, you can install them with the following commands: # pkgin install tcsh # pkgin install bash # pkgin install perl # pkgin install apache # pkgin install kde # pkgin install firefox ... Note: Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc directory. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. o If you did not install it from the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling pack- ages can be obtained by retrieving the file https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/pkgsrc.tar.gz. It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more informa- tion. 7. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System NetBSD/next68k does not currently support an upgrade procedure. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 7.2. Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be han- dled. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 7.2 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 6.x as well. The following users need to be created: o _mdnsd o _tests o _tcpdump o _tss The following groups need to be created: o _mdnsd o _tests o _tcpdump o _tss The implementation of SHA2-HMAC in KAME_IPSEC as used in NetBSD 5.0 and before did not comply with current standards. FAST_IPSEC does, with the result that old and new systems cannot communicate over IPSEC if one of the affected authentication algorithms (hmac_sha256, hmac_sha384, hmac_sha512) is used. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases The following user needs to be created: o _rtadvd The following groups need to be created: o _gpio o _rtadvd Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. See http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product includes software developed by Intel Corporation and its contributors. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Lulea, Sweden and its contributors. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Lulea. This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and Colin Wood for the NetBSD Projet. This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda. This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Bodo Moeller. (If available, substitute umlauted o for oe) This product includes software developed by Boris Popov. This product includes software developed by Brini. This product includes software developed by Bruce M. Simpson. This product includes software developed by Causality Limited. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps, Ezra Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael Teske. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers. 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This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen and by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, and Michael Teske. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore. This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross This product includes software developed by Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Harvard University. This product includes software developed by Henrik Vestergaard Draboel. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. 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This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi. This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H. Shimokawa. This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu. This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara. This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berke- ley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg. This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh. This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki. This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette. This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis. This product includes software developed by Michael Smith. This product includes software developed by Microsoft. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist. This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incorporated. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens. This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE. This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing. This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Texas A&M University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska Hoegskolan and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen- dent Media Center. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Eiji Kawauchi. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copy- right notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribu- tion@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copy- right notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribu- tion@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford University makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. The End NetBSD August 29, 2018 NetBSD